A research paper writing is a problem for every newcomer in the research field. This slide deck explains research writing in simple words and examples.
2. 2
Disclaimer
This presentation is purely for academic purpose and does not carry any
commercial value.
All images used in this presentation are property of respective image holders.
Images are used only for indicative purpose and does not carry any other
meaning.
4. What is Engineering ?
4
Engineers identify a problem, and come up with a solution – often creating
something completely new in the process.
Traditionally, engineering is about infrastructure. Engineers were known to create
bridges and vehicles that got us from A to B faster more efficiently. Now engineering is
acknowledged as a discipline that opens up opportunities and creates technology
and products that help make our lives easier.
Engineers are shaping the future by applying their skills to almost everything you can
think of, from medicine to renewable energy, food technologies to sustainable mining.
There really is no limit to what engineers can do.
Reference: http://www.engineering.unsw.edu.au/what-is-engineering
5. What is Research ?
5
Solve a Problem.
Do Engineering.
We do research everyday.
But our eyes are closed hence we could not notice it.
9. Method to Solve Problem
9
Problem: Top 5 Discussion Topics of Teenager Girls
Steps to solve problem:
Identify all possible topics
Conduct survey
Analyses survey responses
What is outcome?
10. Top 5 Discussion Topics of Teenager Girls
Study Food Fashion
Relationship Gossip
11. Top 5 Discussion Topics of Teenager Girls
Study Food Fashion
Relationship Gossip
12
345
13. Who am I ?
13
I may be any one of
these
Expert,
Thought Leader,
Researcher
I may be more
than one.
I may be all.
14. I can see future challenges and emerging trends in testing.
I have innovative ideas to influence business and community.
I have in-depth knowledge and skill in particular area.
E.g. Knowledge of Machine Learning
Who am I ?
14
I know the problems, which need to addressed.
I can systematically analyze the problem and find out the most
appropriate solution.
Expert
Thought
Leader
Researcher
15. Knowledge and IT Industry
15
IT industry is knowledge based business.
IT project/product development is a team work.
One has to collaborate within team/organization/outside-
organization to complete task/solve problems/write cases etc.
In this process knowledge is generated.
16. Knowledge: Share & publish
16
Knowledge should be shared.
PublishHow to share?
17. Publish
17
Fallacy about Research…
You need a fantastic idea to write a research paper.
Greatest ideas are worthless if you keep them to yourself.
Spread your idea and get feedback, do research and publish.
21. Method for Problem
Solving
Gather information and
Study of research material
Think of possible solutions;
Choose the best solution
Implement solution; Gather
experimental data
Evaluate results and make
necessary changes
Repeat necessary steps.
SolutionProblem
Research Path?
Start End
22. Journey - Idea to Research Paper
22
Idea Do research
Write research
paper
Idea
Write
working
paper
Do
research
Write
research
paper
Clear focus
Crystallizes
understanding
Opens ways for
discussions
Preferred approach
when conclusions
are to be published
23. General Approach to Research
23
Identify problem/idea: Rationale behind why this problem is important; Is it a open
problem? survey of available solutions to the problem?
Support the problem with theory (Literature study)
Study and identify/decide the method to solve the problem.
Develop solution/ alternative solution
Do Experiments, Simulations, collection of Data etc.
Validation of solution
25. Research Methods
25
Controlled experiments
Case studies
Survey research
Ethnographic
Action research
Mixed-methods approach
Reference: www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/papers/2007/SelectingEmpiricalMethods.pdf
26. Research Methods (1/3)
26
Case Studies
Selection of cases is crucial.
Case studies are used for investigation, experiments, confirmation of
theories
Controlled Experiments
Experiments are conducted in controlled manner to reduce complexity.
Few factors/variables of interest/critical are allowed to vary while keeping
other controlled/constant.
One has to be very careful while selecting critical variables, otherwise
generalization of results will not be possible.
Reference:www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/papers/2007/SelectingEmpiricalMethods.pdf
http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
27. Research Methods (2/3)
27
Ethnographic
How designer community is adopting UML.
How technical communities build a culture of practices and communication
strategies that enable them to perform technical work collaboratively.
Survey
Questionnaire or Structured interview
Select of representative sample from well defined population.
Analysis of data to generalize/answer base-rate questions
Reference:www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/papers/2007/SelectingEmpiricalMethods.pdf
http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
28. Research Methods (3/3)
28
Mixed Method Approach
Methods discussed earlier are combined depending upon the problem
Action Research
Implement, observe, modify
Cyclic process
Reference:www.cs.toronto.edu/~sme/papers/2007/SelectingEmpiricalMethods.pdf
http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
29. Research Results & Examples (1/2)
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Research result Example
Procedure or
Technique
New or better way to do some task such as design, implementation,
maintenance, measurement, evaluation, selection from alternatives
Use technique to implement, represent, management and analysis
Technique should be operational, not advise or guideline, but a procedure
Qualitative or
Descriptive Model
Structure or taxonomy for a problem area; architectural style, framework, or
design pattern.
Non-formal domain analysis, well-grounded checklist, well-argued informal
generalization, guidance for integrating other results, well-organized
interesting observations
Empirical Model Empirical model based on observed data
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE, Computer
Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
30. Research Results & Examples (2/2)
30
Research result Example
Analytic/ Mathematical
Model
Structural model that permits formal analysis
Tool or Notation Implemented tool that embodied a technique
Specific Solution,
Prototype, Judgment
Solution to application problem that shows application of software
engineering – may be design, prototype, or full implementation; careful
analysis of a system or its development, result of a specific analysis,
evaluation, or comparison
Report
Interesting observations, rules of thumb, but not sufficiently general or
systematic to raise to level of a descriptive model
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE, Computer
Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
32. What is Research Writing ?
32
Is it synonymous to
End-to-end
Story Writing ?
33. Bollywood Movies - Earning Clubs
33
250 crore club Dhoom 3
PK
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
200 crore club Kick
Chennai Express
3 Idiots
100 crore club Krrish 3
Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani
Dabangg
Bodyguard
What is your
observation ?
Have these
movies done
something
different?
34. How ? Movie Story Writing
34
Idea
Background
Plot
Climax
Resolution
Message
Think you
are writing
a movie
story.
35. Story and Research Paper Writing
35
Research
Idea
Background
Plot
Climax
Resolution
Message
Research Paper
Idea/Problem
Background
Experimentation
Result
Validation
Conclusion
36. Contribution to body of
knowledge/theory
Important Points for Research Paper
36
Results and Validation of
solutions/results
Problem, Solution,
Experiments/Data Collection
Useful to academicians as
well as business
Publish in Journals and Conference of Repute
37. Research Questions
37
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,
IEEE, Computer Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
1. What is problem and your contribution solve the problem ?
2. What is your result?
3. Why reader should believe in your result?
Following questions has to be answered in research paper.
38. What is Your Contribution?
38
What question did you answer?
Why should the reader care?
What larger question does this address?
What is contribution to Industry, body of knowledge & society?
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,
IEEE, Computer Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
39. What is New Result ?
39
What new knowledge have you contributed that the reader can use
elsewhere?
What previous work do you build on? What do you provide superior
alternative to?
How is your result different from and better than this prior work?
What precisely and in details, is your new result?
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,
IEEE, Computer Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
40. Why Should Reader Believe Your Results ?
40
What standard should be used to evaluate your claim?
Which metrics are used to evaluate results?
What concrete evidence shows that your result satisfies your claim?
Reference: Mary Shaw, "Writing good software engineering research paper", Proceedingof the 25th International Conference on Software Engineering,
IEEE, Computer Society, 2003, pp. 726-736 http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~Compose/shaw-icse03.pdf
41. General Structure of Research Paper
41
Abstract
Problem and solution
Short paragraph
Introduction
Background of problem
Necessity to solve the problem
Problem Definition
Contribution of work
Literature Review
Earlier research work done in the same
area and gap analysis to show that your
are not repeating the work
Body
Detailed Problem
Methodology used
Solution/experiment Details
Validation of solution/results
Discussion and Conclusion
Discussion of result and show that your
results are better.
Conclusion
References
List all the references used during the
research, provide appropriate credit
Reference: lemire.me/blog/rules-to-write-a-good-research-paper
42. Abstract
42
What is Abstract?
The abstract is a summary of the entire
paper and hence should be written at the
end.
Abstract contains the purpose of the
study - hypothesis, overall question,
research objective , brief of the
experiment, Important conclusions
What should Abstract Contain?
The abstracts to address 4 questions
State the problem
Explain why the problem need to be
solved
Explain how your solution solved the
problem
Explain what follows your solution.
43. Introduction
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What is Introduction?
Your introductions should not exceed one
page (double spaced, typed).
The purpose of an introduction is to
acquaint the reader with the
rationale behind the work, with the
intention of defending it. It places your
work in a theoretical context, and
enables the reader to understand and
appreciate your objectives.
What should Introduction Contain?
Describe the problem
State your contribution (all
contributions of your research)
This section should create an entice the
reader to read it fully
44. Literature Review
44
What is Literature Review?
A literature review is a text of a scholarly
paper, which includes the current
knowledge including substantive findings,
as well as theoretical and methodological
contributions to a particular topic.
Evaluate all necessary knowledge areas
about problem and solution and do
critical analysis.
What should Literature Review
Contain?
Analysis of current knowledge about
problem, methodology, solution
and results.
IEEE Xplore Digital Library (ieeexplore.ieee.org)
Springer Verlag (springer.com)
Elsevier (sciencedirect.com)
ACM Digital Library (dl.acm.org)
45. Body
45
What is Body?
This is your work on problem.
Key concept has to be kept in this section
as concise as you possibly can.
Reader will want to read this material
selectively. The reader may only be
interested in one formula or part of a
procedure.
What should Body Contain?
Describe the hypothesis, methodology,
solution, experiments, data gathered,
analysis, benchmarking, validation and
comparison with earlier published results
Attach data and supporting evidences
about your claims in Appendix
46. Conclusion
46
What is Conclusion?
Conclusion is summary of your findings
The purpose of a results section is to
present and illustrate your findings.
Make this section a completely objective
report of the results, and use all
interpretation for the discussion.
What should Conclusion Contain?
Summarize your findings in text
Provide a context, such as by describing the
question that was addressed by making a
particular observation
Describe results of control experiments and
include observations that are not presented
in a formal figure or table, if appropriate
Analyze your data, then prepare the
analyzed (converted) data in the form of a
figure(graph), table, or in text form.
47. References
47
What is Reference?
References is the list of all the literature
used for the paper
Note:
Giving credit to others does not diminish the
credit you get from your paper
Failing to give credit to others can kill your
paper
Warmly acknowledge people who have
helped you
What should References Contain?
List all literature cited in your paper, in
alphabetical order, by first author.
Use style suggested by publisher.
Common styles are Harvard and IEEE
Be cautious about using web sites as
references - anyone can put just about
anything on a web site, and you have no
sure way of knowing if it is truth or
fiction.
49. Different Types of Papers (1/2)
49
Analytical Paper
Contains multiple points of views
Author analyzes all the points and draws a conclusion
Argumentative Paper
Contain arguments and personal points of view and solution by the writer
Contains the two sides of a controversial issue
Author needs to be unbiased and neutral
Compare and Contrast Paper
Contains two works of the same nature
Discuss about the PROS and CONS of the two works
Always based on Literature and Balanced comparison essential
Reference: http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
50. Different Types of Papers (2/2)
50
Subject-based Paper
Papers based on a particular subject
Mostly written by students as assignments
Reports
Contain data about multiple professional fields
These are professional type of research papers
Frequency based Annual, quarterly, monthly etc.
Cause and Effect Paper
Talk about the probable reason (cause) and the expected outcome or result
(effect).
Useful in the field of business and education
Reference: http://valwriting.com/blog/research-papers/the-different-types-of-research-paper%E2%80%A6
52. 52
Ok. I hope you liked the cartoons. Now tell what is wrong with using this? These images
are property of Times of India, and its unlawful use may lead to copyright violation.
54. Things to Avoid
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Copyright Violation
Copyright is the exclusive
right granted to the author or
creator of an original work,
including the right to copy,
distribute and adapt the
work.
Original works of authorship
includes literary, dramatic,
musical, artistic, and certain
other intellectual works.
Plagiarism
Using someone else's ideas or
phrasing and representing those ideas
or phrasing as our own, either, is a
serious offense known as plagiarism.
written or spoken material from
whole papers and paragraphs to
sentences phrases — but it also
includes statistics, lab results, art
work, etc.
56. Where can I publish?
56
Journal
IEEE
ACM
Springer
Elsevier
Conferences: International and National
IEEE - Conferences & Events
Scientific Conference Index (https://index.conferencesites.eu)
Conference Alerts: Academic conferences worldwide
Information about the primer conferences where one can publish papers is
available at http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/~zaiane/htmldocs/ConfRanking.html#2
57. Publication process
57
Content Acquisition
Pre-Production
Process
Production Process Distribution
Call For Papers
(CFP)
Abstract
Abstract Review
Selection
Full Paper
Full Paper
Review and
Selection
Workshop /
Conference
Short listing of
Papers For SB
Author Rewrites Copy Editing
Layout and
content
proofing
IP Audit
Author Signoff Printing
Distribution
Start
End
59. Disclaimer
This presentation is purely for academic purpose and does not carry any commercial value.
All images used in this presentation are property of respective image holders. Images are used
only for indicative purpose and does not carry any other meaning.