This document provides an overview of breeding methods for cross-pollinated crop species. It discusses the characteristics of cross-pollinated crops and various population improvement methods including mass selection, progeny selection, recurrent selection, and reciprocal recurrent selection. Mass selection involves selecting plants based on phenotype and bulking seed, while progeny selection evaluates progeny through ear-to-row or modified ear-to-row methods. Recurrent selection cycles involve selecting superior plants, intermating them, and repeating selection to increase frequencies of desirable genes in a population. The document concludes breeding methods are important for increasing genetic variability and desirable traits in crop plants.

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Presentation on Breeding methods in
cross – pollinated crop species
Submitted by :- Manoj Kumar Saini
Submitted to :- Dr. Amit Tomar
Department of genetics and plant breeding
College of Agriculture
Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University, NH-
75, Near Pahuj Dam, Gwalior Road,
Jhansi (Uttar Pradesh) - 284003

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Contents
Introduction
Characteristics of cross pollinated crops
Methods of breeding in cross pollinated
crops
Conclusion
References
Methods of
breeding in
cross
pollinated
crops
Recurrent
selection
Mass
selection
Progeny
selection or
ear-to-row
methods
Modified
ear to
methods

3. Various approaches that are used for genetic
improvement of crop plants are referred to as plant
breeding methods or plant breeding procedures or plant
breeding techniques.
The choice of breeding methods mainly depends on the
mode of pollination, mode of reproduction, mode of gene
action and breeding objective of crop species.
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4. Characteristics of cross pollinated crops
1. Individuals are highly heterozygous in nature.
2. Higher degree of in breeding depression.
3. Each genotype has equal chances of mating with all other
genotypes.
4. Wide adaptability and more flexibility to environmental changes
due to heterozygosity and heterogeneity.
5. Cross pollination permits new gene combination from different
sources.
6. Individuals have deleterious recessive genes which are concealed
masking effect of dominant genes.
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5. Methods of breeding in cross pollinated crops
Population
improvement
1. With
progeny testing
1.Progeny
selection
2.Recurrent
selection
2.Without
progeny testing
1.Mass
selection
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6. Mass selection is often described as the oldest breeding
scheme for cross pollinated crops.
In mass selection plants are selected on the basis of
their phenotype and open pollinated seed from them
is bulked together to raise the next generation.
Mass selection is n example of selection from a
biologically variable population.
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8. Merits of mass selection
Extremely simple and rapid.
Selection cycle is very short. (Only one generation)
Have high heritability.
Effective in improving yield of cross pollinated crops
Extensive yield trials may not be required before release as
anew variety.
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9. Demerits of Mass selection
No control on pollination.
Some inbreeding depression.
Phenotypic characters are considerably
affected by the environment.
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10. Achievements through mass selection
1. Pearlmillet :- Babapuri, Jamnagar Giant, AF3, S530, Pusa Moti
(Early varieties)
2. Rai :- Type 11, L16
3. Toria :- Abohar
4. Yellow sarson :-T42, T46
5. Brown sarson :- 17 dwarf, 17 medium, DS1, DS2
6. Maize :- T41, T19, Jaunpuri
7. Cotton :- C402, C520, C1281,K12 (Desi cotton)
100F, 216F, A19 (American cotton)
8. Castor :- S20, B1, B4
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11. Progeny selection
 The simplest form of progeny selection is
Ear-to-row method.
 Developed by Hopkins (1908).
 This method was extensively used in maize.
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14. Merits of progeny Selection
1. Selection is based on progeny test and not on
phenotype of individual plants.
2. It is far more efficient than mass selection in improving
the yielding ability of open-pollinated varieties of
maize.
3. Selection scheme is easy and simple.
4. Inbreeding may be avoided if care is taken to select a
sufficiently large number of plants.
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15. Demerits of progeny selection
1. Many of the schemes are complicated and
involve considerable work.
2. Selection cycle is usually of two years.
3. Selection is based on maternal parent only,
which reduces the efficiency of selection.
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16.  Selection scheme followed by intermating of the selected
plants of their Selfed progeny to produce the population
for the next cycle of selection.
 First suggested by Hayes and Garber in 1919 and
independently East and Jones in 1920.
 The procedure of Recurrent selection was
described by Jenkins in 1940.
 The term Recurrent selection was given by Hull in
1945.
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17. Types of
Recurrent
selection
Reciprocal
recurrent
selection
Simple
recurrent
selection
Recurrent
selection
for GCA
Recurrent
selection
for SCA
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18. Simple Recurrent selection
Selection is based on phenotypic characters of plants.
Tester is not used in this scheme.
It does not measure the combining ability.
This method is useful only for those characters which
have high heritability.
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20. Recurrent selection for general combine ability
 In this method selection is based on heterozygous tester
cross performance.
 Improves general combining ability of population for a
character.
 This method is used for genetic improvement of
quantitative characters.
 Improves those characters governed by additive gene
action.
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22. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability
 In this method selection is based on homozygous tester
cross performance.
 Improves specific combining ability of population for a
character.
 This method is used for genetic improvement of
polygenic character.
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24. Reciprocal recurrent selection
 In this method two heterozygous testers are used for
crossing. The scheme was proposed by Comstock, Robinson and
Harvey in 1949.
 Improves both GCA and SCA of population for a character.
 This method is used for genetic of polygenic characters.
 This method is also known as recurrent reciprocal half sib
selection.
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26. Merits of Recurrent selection
 Recurrent selection is efficient breeding method for
increasing the frequency of superior genes in
population.
 It helps in maintaining high genetic variability in a
population due to repeated intermating of
heterozygous population.
 The selection is made on the basis of test cross
performance and only selected plants are allowed for
inter mating.
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27. Demerits of Recurrent selection
 This method involves lot of selection, crossing and
selfing work.
 This method permits selfing which leads to loss of
genetic variability.
 This method is not used directly for the
development of new varieties.
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28. Conclusion
In general wild species have wide adaptability but not
have desirable characters like yield , resistance , etc.
because undesirable crossings may occur in nature so
that they become more desirable agronomically and
economically. Various breeding methods which
discussed above helps increasing genetic variability and
desirable crossings in plants.
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29. References
1. Singh, B.D. Plant Breeding Principles & Methods
2. Singh, Phundan Essentials of plant breeding
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