E-Translation Machine Translation vs Human Translation

1. E-TRANSLATION
(MACHINE TRANSLATION)
Marcielyne A. Razalan
PhD-MLE Student

2. Translation
is usually defined as the act of transmitting the language of the source text into the
language of the target text, taking into consideration cultural and linguistic
differences.
Machine Translation and Computer-Assisted
Translation: a New Way of Translating?

3. History of Machine Translation
The goal was the automatic translation of all kinds of
documents at a quality equaling that of the best
human translators.
In fact, it became apparent very soon that this goal
was impossible

4. 7 JANUARY 1954 the first public demonstration of a Russian-English MT system held in New
York at the head office of IBM (system having just 250 words and translating just 49 Russian
sentences into English
THE COLD WAR system producing rough translation of Russian scientific journals in order
to intercept secret information
THE EARLY 70S the Russian-English project called SYSTRAN - an attempt to translate a
vast body of terminology connected with the military
2010 the IBM company will have released a computer (Super Human Speech Recognition) able
to comprehend 20 languages, irrespective of context, tone of voice and the speaker’s accent

5. Currently, most machine
translation systems
produce a "gisting
translation" - a rough
translation that gives the
"gist" of the ST which is
then revised
(post-edited) by
translators
Despite their limitations, MT
programs are currently used by
various organizations and
multilingual bodies around the
world, such as the European
Union, which has large volumes
of technical and administrative
documentation that have to be
translated into many languages.

6. Machine translation (MT) vs
Machine-assisted translation (MAT) =
Computer-assisted translation (CAT)
In MT, the translator supports the machine: the
computer program translates the text, which is
then edited by the translator
In MAT/CAT, the computer program supports the translator,
who translates the text himself, making all the essential
decisions involved
MT concentrates on transferring from one language to another
lexical phrases standing in isolation, neglecting the context

7.  Human translators use their creative
skills to find the most appropriate and
relevant phrases or expressions in
order to convey the correct intended
message.
 Human translators can focus on
cultural sensitive content that has a
proper tone for the audience to
understand.
 A human translator must interpret and
analyse all of the elements within the
text and understand how each word
may influence the context of the text.
This requires extensive expertise in
grammar, syntax (sentence structure),
semantics (meanings), etc., in the
source and target languages, as well as
 Machine translation may appear as a
good way to save money and time.
These kinds of translators first analyze
the structure of each term and phrase
within the source text.
 Machine translation may seem correct,
but the quality of the translation is much
lower than a human translation.
 Machine Translation faces some
challenges, if implemented correctly MT
users can achieve benefits from
economies of scale when translating in
domains suited to Machine Translation.

8. People refer to Machine translation 32%
People claim to be a Human
translation
68
%

9. The Translation Market
The development of
machine translation is
based on supply and
demand. At the
beginning of the 1990s
the translation market
was as follows (Loffler-
Laurian, 1996):
HUMAN
TRANSLATION
MACHINE
TRANSLATION
Europe & the
United States
300 million
pages
2.5 million pages
Japan
150 million
pages
3.5 million
pages

10. It can be seen that only 6 million pages were translated through
machine translation, compared with 450 million through human
translation, i.e. MT represented only 1.3% of the total. Market analysts
predict that this percentage will not change radically by 2007. They say
that machine translation will remain only about 1% of an over US $10
billion translation marketplace (Oren, 2004). The languages for which
there was most translation demand in 1991 were:

11. Machine Translation Strategies
Machine translation is an autonomous operating system with strategies and
approaches that can be classified as follows:
DIRECT
STRATEGY
TRANSFER
STRATEGY
PIVOT
LANGUAGE
STRATEGY

12. Machine Translation Strategies
 The first to be used in machine translation
systems, involves a minimum of linguistic
theory.
 This approach is based on a predefined source
language-target language binomial in which
each word of the source language syntagm is
directly linked to a corresponding unit in the
target language with a unidirectional
correlation, for example from English to Spanish
but not the other way round.
 The mechanisms for morphological analysis are
highly developed and the dictionaries
extremely complex, but the processes of
syntactical analysis and disambiguation are
limited, so that texts need a second stage of
translation by human translators.
Machine translation is an autonomous operating system with strategies and
approaches that can be classified as follows:
DIRECT
STRATEGY

13. DIRECT STRATEGY
The following is an example that
follows the direct translation
model:
 Source languages: English,
French, German, Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese, and Greek.
 Target languages: English, French,
German, Spanish, Italian,
Portuguese, Greek, Dutch, Finnish,
and Swedish.
In addition, programs are being created for other European languages, such as Hungarian,
Polish and Serbo-Croatian.

14. Machine Translation Strategies
Focuses on the concept of "level of
representation" and involves three stages.
The analysis stage describes the source
document linguistically and uses a source
language dictionary.
The transfer stage transforms the results of the
analysis stage and establishes the linguistic and
structural equivalents between the two languages. It
uses a bilingual dictionary from source language to
target language.
The generation stage produces a document in the
target language on the basis of the linguistic data of
the source language by means of a target language
dictionary.
TRANSFER
STRATEGY

15. Machine Translation Strategies
This representation functions as a neutral,
universal central axis that is distinct from both the
source language and the target language.
 In theory this method reduces the machine
translation process to only two stages: analysis
and generation.
 The analysis of the source text leads to a
conceptual representation, the diverse components
of which are matched by the generation module to
their equivalents in the target language.
 The research on this strategy is related to artificial
intelligence and the representation of knowledge.
 The systems based on the idea of a pivot language
do not aim at direct translation, but rather
reformulate the source text from the essential
information.
PIVOT
LANGUAGE
STRATEGY

16. PIVOT LANGUAGE STRATEGY
The following is a relatively recent
classification of some MT
programs based on the results
obtained from a series of tests
that focused on errors and
intelligibility in the target texts
(Poudat, p.51):

17. Analysis of Some Errors in Machine-translated Texts
Depuis le 11 septembre 2001,
l'esprit guerrier qui souffle sur
Washington semble avoir balayé
ces scrupules. Désormais
comme l'a dit le président
George W. Bush, "qui n'est pas
avec nous est avec les
terroristes".
SOURCE TEXT: Le Monde Diplomatique, September 2002

18. Errors in usage
The translation is understandable in that the MT
produces the meaning but does not respect
usage:
Original: semble avoir balayé ces scrupules
Systran: seems to have swept these scruples
Reverso: seems to have swept (annihilated)
these scruples
HT: seems to have swept away such scruples
Original: qui n'est pas avec nous est avec les
terroristes
Systran: which is not with us is with the
terrorists
Reverso: which (who) is not with us is with the
terrorists
HT: either you are with us or with the
terrorists

19. Errors that change the meaning
of the lexeme:
1. Words or phrases that are apparently correct but
which do not translate the meaning in context:
Original: l'esprit guerrier
Systran: the warlike spirit
Reverso: the warlike spirit
HT: the warmongering mood
2. Words without meaning:
Original: comme l'a dit le président George W.
Bush
Systran: like said it the president George W. Bush
Reverso: as said it the president George W. Bush
HT: as President George Bush put it
Although Reverso's translation is not completely correct,
it translates comme into "as", which is the correct choice
for this context.

20. TRANSLATION SOFTWARE OF 2020
Machine translation has significantly evolved over time, especially in
terms of accuracy levels in its output.

21. 1. Google Translate
According to the below
image released by
Google in 2016, Google
Translate performs
translations in varying
levels of accuracy on
par with human
translators, from
Spanish, Chinese and
French to English and
vice versa.

22. 2. GlobalLink : Enterprise level translation and localization tools
The service offers a string
of applications built to
manage the obstacles of
localization. Each
application can function
independently or as part of
an integrated globalization
management system (GMS)
to drive efficiency across the
board for organizations
looking to expand into
foreign markets.
GlobalLink helps organizations break down borders with website and software
localization and professional translation services.
https://translations.com/globallink/products/globallink_modulesYou can sign up for GlobalLink here

23. 3. Pairaphrase: Text and audio translations for businesses
 Focusing on straight translations
rather than business localization
tools, Pairaphrase applies its
specialist technology to translating
57 different languages for
professionals.
You can sign up for Pairaphrase here https://www.pairaphrase.com/subscriptions/

24. 4. Text United: Easy-to-use translation and localization platform
Text United has built a cloud-based
platform for all your translating and
localization needs. Bringing together
outsourced and in-house professional
translators, it promises “consistent
and quality translation” that outdoes
the service offered by agencies
working in the same market.
Text United provides a multi-faceted
environment for teams to work
together on projects while monitoring
and editing translations throughout.
These range from simple text
translations for your website to
complex software localizations.
You can sign up for Text United here https://www.textunited.com/pricing/

25. 5. Phrase: Localization specialist offers a collaborative platform
 Focusing on the sizeable task of software
and service localization, Phrase enables
organizations to collaborate with translators
in a simple, fast and transparent manner.
The platform is powered by API-driven
software that extracts language data from
source code and makes it available for
localization through an online editor.
 Users operate their projects from an easy-
to-use dashboard that offers a real-time
status of the whole translating process at a
glance. You can keep track of new tasks,
missing translations and texts that require
proofreading with just a few clicks. When
you’re away from the dashboard, Phrase
allows you to receive updates on translations
and comments via email, in-app notifications
or through integrated messengers like
Slack.
You can sign up for Text United here https://phrase.com/pricing/

26. 6.Geoworkz: Translations for freelancers through to enterprises
Geoworkz by Lionbridge pitches its
translation software at freelancers,
agencies and enterprises alike, with a range
of tools that support large-scale
translations and localization projects.
Dubbed the Translation Workspace,
features include a live assets tool which
provides live updates to all translations,
glossaries and review packages. It also
offers project management tools like asset
aliasing, which controls individual or group
access to all live assets, thus protecting
customer security.
https://geoworkz.com/PlansYou can sign up for Text United here

27. THE TRANSLATION APPS

28. A. Talk Tough
1. iTranslate Voice 3
Ever wished for a professional translator
without the hefty price tag? iTranslate
Voice 3 enables “magical” voice-to-voice
communication across languages. Simply
speak into your phone and the app will
translate, and speak, that sentence into
one of 42 languages.

29. A. Talk Tough
2. Google Translate
Probably the most popular of any
language service, Google Translate’s web
platform, iOS app and Android app are
constantly innovating. Their typed
translation feature supports 103 different
languages, 52 of which continue to work
offline (which is perfect for your off-the-
grid travel plans).
The real zinger is its ever-expanding Word
Lens feature, which prompts users to point
their phone camera at a nearby sign or
piece of text. Word Lens then transforms
the original image with an AR text overlay
in the user’s preferred language.

30. A. Talk Tough
3. SayHi
No typing is necessary when you
use SayHi — simply speak into
your device and the app will
translate and then transcribe a
message to be seen and heard
by your counterpart. SayHi has
90 languages and dialects
covered, and even allows you to
choose the speed at which your
translated voice will be
expressed.

31. A. Talk Tough
4. TextGrabber
Listening to someone speak
another language can be
daunting enough, but reading
menus, street signs, and
electronic manuals in other
languages is often a downright
herculean
task. TextGrabber allows you to
point your phone’s camera at
the inscrutable text in front of
you, and instantly translates it
to a language of your choosing.

32. A. Talk Tough
5. Microsoft Translator
Offering both enterprise and
consumer versions, Microsoft
Translator is probably the most
versatile option on the market. Users
can type the text they want
translated, speak aloud, or take a
photo of an image containing the
text. The translator is also available
as a Smartwatch app, for both iOS
and Android, making it easily
accessible for on-the-go travelers.

33. A. Talk Tough
6. Waygo
Never eat Ant Egg Soup by accident
again. Focusing on image
recognition, Waygo instantly
translates signs and menus from
Chinese, Japanese, and Korean into
English.

34. A. Talk Tough
7. MyLingo
For native Spanish speakers who
want to take in an English-
language movie, your theater
options are pretty
scarce. MyLingo aims to fix that
– they’ve partnered with Sony,
Paramount, and Disney to bring
real-time translation to movie
theaters.

35. A. Talk Tough
8. TripLingo
The app from TripLingo takes a
more holistic approach by
digging deep into the nuances
of local customs, etiquette,
and slang. In addition to a
voice translator, the app offers
up a currency converter,
flashcards and quizzes, a
“culture crash course,” and
four “slang levels” jam-packed
with essential expressions and
phrases.
•Get more than two thousand phrases that will help get a proper translation.
•Get around thirty thousand recorded audio files here.
•Enjoy the instant live human and voice translator.
•This app provides you a huge number of an offline dictionary.
•This handy translator app for Android provides an intelligent tip calculator.
•This app provides a currency converter and a quiz mode to help the user to learn.
Important
Features:

36. A. Talk Tough
9. iTranslate
If you are looking for one of
the most popular translator
apps for Android in the
marketplace, iTranslate
would be the best choice for
you. It translates hundreds of
languages instantly. You can
use this app both as a
translator and dictionary
app. It is very user-friendly..
•Choose translation voice mode and hear translations in female or male voices.
•It can switch between different dialects and produce vocabularies with distinctive meanings.
•Enjoy a well-defined Phrasebook – having more than 250 phrases.
•Get the Keyboard Extension, iMessage App, and voice to voice conversations.
•It will provide you an App for Apple Watch.
•You can share your favorite portion, history, and much more.
Important
Features:

37. A. Talk Tough
10. Papago: An User-
Friendly Translator App
Papago is a dependable
translation app for Android,
which is specialized in Asian
language but also translates
other languages like English,
French, Japanese, Korean, and
many more. You can have the
privilege of both written and
voice translation. Moreover, it
allows you the facility of multi-
language conversation using
this app. Here you will get the
dictionary and a wonderful
phrasebook to find out more
meanings.

38. A. Talk Tough
11. Easy Language
Translator
If you are an Android user and
looking for the best translator apps
for your Android, probably, this is the
suitable translator app for you. This
app is very simple to use. It can
translate more than one hundred
languages, including both text and
voice translation. It can convert both
speeches to text and text to speech.
• Fast and accurate translator.
• You can listen to your voice in the process of translation.
• Get the ‘Add to favorite’ option for future use.
• You can share your translation with others.
• You can save and send the translated portion as MP3 also.
Important
Features:

39. A. Talk Tough
12. Microsoft Translator
Microsoft Translator is an amazing
free translator app for Android in the
market. It offers you to translate
your text, voice, or images. It will
provide you with a fascinating real-
time video translation facility. Its
superb design will mesmerize you.
This translation app will help you to
communicate with the foreign people
you meet on travel.

40. A. Talk Tough
13. SayHi: The Multidimensional
Speech to speech Translator
If you want to get the speech to speech translation, it
would be a great online translator app for your
Android devices. It offers to translate over ninety
natives and dialects too. Its voice recognition
capability is excellent. Its user-friendly interface will
attract you. You can change the voice tone and
language with a single tap.
• You can speed up or slow down the rate of your speech.
• Get quick navigation and a nicely designed modern interface.
• This translation app offers you to share the translation via online social media, SMS,
and email.
• Get a chatting option that will allow you to chat with your foreign friends in your local
language.
• Get the latest updates and find the fabulous features in this app.
Important
Features:

41. A. Talk Tough
14. Offline translator 8
languages
This translation app for Android will help you
a lot when you visit a country. It can translate
numerous languages in offline mode too. So
you won’t have to think about the data
connection and roaming facility and cost. It
is a unique translator app that excels both on
google translate and Microsoft Translator. It
uses a very small amount of storage.

42. A. Talk Tough
15. Dict Box
If you want a multilingual
dictionary with a translator, you
may like Dict Box. It will provide
you translation of various
languages. It will give you word
corrections, memorization
practice, flashcards, etc. Its
camera features, offline
translation capability, and cross-
device synchronization will amaze
you. It has a modern and decent
design. It is very user-friendly.

43. A. Talk Tough
16. All Language Translator Free
You can also try All Language Translator Free for the
best and fastest Translation service. It doesn’t
matter which language you want to translate from or
to, and this app will help you with all of its excellent
features. Just install it in your Android device and
chose the languages you want to transform from and
to. Input the source using the convertible keyboard.
You can also use voice input too. Press has done
and finds the meaning you need.
•Almost all popular languages are supported.
•Very user-friendly and simplistic interface.
•Voice input and output system.
•One button translating text system is also available.
•Social sharing option.
•Help to learn a language.
Important
Features:

44. A. Talk Tough
17. Hi Translate – Language Translator,
Online Translate
Hi translate is another popular translation app for
Android that will always help you by translating a text to
speech and vice versa. It can translate 88 languages,
including many Indian languages like Marathi, Tamil, etc.
hi translate is the most powerful translator, you know. It
can be used in many social media like Facebook
Whatsapp, messenger, etc. hi translation also can be
used by image translation. You can click a photo, then hi
translator will translate it to your desired language. You
can use it your chat and communicate with friends all
over the world.

45. A. Talk Tough
18. Translate On Screen
Translate on screen is a screen translating app. It
translates anything on the screen to your desired
languages with its huge library of 100 languages.
While surfing the web, we always suffer to
understand foreign languages. Translate on
screen can translate for you in real-time.
Translate on screen can also translate from
voice, text, and using a camera, you can
translate any image. It works on any other apps.
It can also be used in games while playing. Try to
Translate on-screen app; it’s free.

46. A. Talk Tough
19. Snap Trans – Language Translate, Post
Translate
Snap Trans is an Android Translation app that
has been famous as it can translate the screen
to any other language. With its big language
support, you can translate it to 33 other
languages. It’s very easy to use and works with
no time. All you have to do is drag the line to the
input box and wait for a few seconds to make it
translated. Thus, Snap Trans makes it easier to
communicate with foreign friends.

47. A. Talk Tough
20. Air Translate – Offline
Translation
It is Air Translate. This supportive app can
translate voice to text, image to text, and text to
text with the support of most advanced
translation tools. Even you can use Air Translate
offline. There is a phrasebook to help you make
your words more meaningful. In its simple but
stylish interface, all the translations are done
instantly. You can also listen to your translation
and save time from reading it. You can use it as
your regular dictionary to solve your daily
translating problems.

48. REFERENCE:
 Austermühl, Frank (2001) Electronic Tools For Translators
 Free-to-use machine translation on the web:
 http://www.translatorsbase.com/ (Free human translation service)
 http://www.google.com/language_tools (uses Systran software)
 http://www.freetranslation.com/
 http://www.tranexp.com:2000/InterTran?from=fre
 http://www.systransoft.com/
 http://www.systranet.com (the Systran site)
 http://ez2find.com/channel/translate.php (uses Systran software)
 http://babelfish.altavista.com/ (uses Systran software)
 http://www.babylon.com/
 http://www.reverso.net/textonly/default_ie.asp
 http://www.translatorsfamily.com/blog/for-clients/modern-technology-changed-the-translation-
industry.html
 http://www.oneworldlanguage.com/general/machine-translation-replace-human-translation/
 http://www.economist.com/news/business/21642187-technology-may-not-replace-human-
translators-it-will-help-them-work-better-say-what
 http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1326.php