Crypto Dev Report · 2022

Developer Report
January — December 2022

Introduction
Electric Capital is a leading crypto venture firm. We are early-stage investors in many well-known  
Layer-1 platforms, DeFi protocols, NFT projects, DAOs, and breakout crypto businesses. Learn more  
at
We share this data publicly in the hopes of helping the crypto community have a clearer  
understanding of the industry's collective progress. We are grateful to everyone in the community 
who helps by contributing to our Github, the foundations who help us validate our analysis, and  
the friends who offer feedback on drafts.
ElectricCapital.com

developerreport.com
Contributors
+300 volunteers in the crypto community who added to our Github taxonomy and scrubbed data!
Maria  
Shen
Author
@mariashen
Enrique  
Herreros
Data
@eherrerosj
Curtis  
Spencer
Data
@jubos
Emre 
Caliskan
Engineer
@n4motto
Avichal  
Garg
Author
@avichal
Ken 
Deeter
Data
@puntium
Mitchell 
Hammer
Contributor
@mitchelljhammer
Martha 
Shear
Contributor
@martha_shear
Adam  
Wolff
Contributor
@dmwlff
Mark 
Xia
Contributor
@sheatgm
Gary 
Thung
Contributor
@garythung
Photon 
Contributor
@photon0x
Emily 
Myers
Contributor
@EmilyMMeyers
2

how we Measure Developer Activity
An early and leading indicator of value creation in emerging platforms is developer engagement.
Developers build killer applications that deliver value to end users, which attracts more customers,  
which then draws more developers.

Because crypto is significantly open source, we have a unique and unprecedented ability to  
understand an emerging industry that may be worth many trillions.

For the 2022 report, we analyzed 250M code commits. The taxonomy of projects is crowdsourced  
from , the foundations from many of the ecosystems, as well as CoinGecko,
CoinMarketCap, DappRadar, DefiLlama, Github,Gitlab, and others.

We infer non-original commits, which account for 65% of the total, and credit only the original  
authors and original ecosystems that produce code. We try our best to eliminate bots and  
de-duplicate developers with multiple accounts.

More details are in the appendix.

The taxonomy of projects is available at our Github:  
Crypto Ecosystems
github.com/electric-capital/crypto-ecosystems
developerreport.com 3

Caveats
We undercount developers because we rely
on open-source repositories only 
There are many more crypto developers than are accounted
for in our report. Some teams are working on closed-source
projects or deploy their code on-chain without ever open-
sourcing their contracts. We also undercount developers in
roles such as backporting, testing, or release engineering as
their efforts may not result in unique code contributions.

Some teams first work in a closed source environment, then
open-source their code later. We and the community add
new open-source repositories to a common mapping found
at . Not all open-source repositories will
make it into the taxonomy in time for this report every year.

It requires more than just software engineers to build  
crypto products that reach mainstream adoption, so this is
a dramatic undercounting of the number of people building
in crypto.
Crypto Ecosystems
Not all commits are created equal 
Some code commits may be routine changes, whereas
others represent hours of accumulated research and
analysis. Despite these caveats, we consider the analysis  
in this report directionally and relatively accurate.

Feedback 
We are always looking to improve. Please share feedback
with us at devreport@electriccapital.com
4
developerreport.com

Executive Summary
Crypto developers are +5% YoY,
despite 70%+ decline in pricesK
J 23,343 monthly developers as of Dec 202<
J 471,000+ monthly code commits are made
toward open-source crypto projectM
J +8% YoY growth in Full-Time developers. Full-
Time devs contribute 76% of code commitM
J All-time high of 61,000+ developers
contributed code for the first time in 2022
Crypto developers increased
meaningfully since 2018K
J Crypto network value is back to Jan 2018
levels, but monthly developers increased
+297%^
J 3x growth in Bitcoin monthly active
developers, from 372 to to 946 since Jan 1f
J 5x growth in Ethereum monthly active
developers, from 1084 to 5819 since Jan 201f
J Solana, Polkadot, Cosmos, & Polygon grew
from fewer than 200 devs to 1,000+
developers since Jan 2018
Major ecosystems are emerging
beyond Bitcoin and EthereumK
J 72% of monthly active devs work outside the
Bitcoin and Ethereum ecosystemM
J Solana, NEAR, and Polygon grew 40% YoY and
have 500+ total monthly active developerM
J Sui, Aptos, Starknet, Mina, Osmosis, Hedera,
Optimism, and Arbitrum grew 50%+ YoY and
have 100+ total monthly active developerM
J 3,901 developers work in DeFi every month
across multiple chains, +240% since DeFi
summer. 50% of DeFi developers are outside
of EthereuÕ
J 900+ developers write code monthly in NFTs
across chains, +299% since 2021
Developers are a leading indicator of value creation.  
Developers build apps that deliver value to users. Killer apps attract customers,  
and those customers bring more developers. Because crypto is significantly open  
source, we have an unprecedented ability to measure developer adoption and  
fundamental traction in an emerging industry.

Table of contents
6
01. Developer Overview 7 —— 46
47 —— 155
50 —— 54
55 —— 62
63 —— 155
156 —— 176
159 —— 169
170 —— 176
177 —— 178
183 —— 186
02. Ecosystem Deepdive
DEFI
NFTS
ETHEREUM
BITCOIN
TOP 200 ECOSYSTEMS by Net Value
03. USE CASES
04. DEVELOPERREPORT.COM
05. APPENDIX

8
We are now 14 years into the creation of open-source crypto
developerreport.com
Bitcoin v0.1 released

Satoshi Nakamoto satoshi at vistomail.com

Thu Jan 8 14:27:40 EST 2009

Announcing the first release of Bitcoin, a new electronic
cash system that uses a peer-to-peer network to prevent
double-spending.

It's completely decentralized with no server or central
authority.

See bitcoin.org for screenshots.

Download link:

Windows only for now.
- Unpack the files into a directory

- Run BITCOIN.EXE

- It automatically connects to other nodes

http://downloads.sourceforge.net/bitcoin/bitcoin-0.1.0.rar

Open source C++ code is included.

If you can keep a node running that accepts incoming
connections, you'll really be helping the network a lot.

Port 8333 on your firewall needs to be open to receive
incoming connections.

The software is still alpha and experimental. There's no
guarantee the system's state won't have to be restarted

at some point if it becomes necessary, although I've done
everything I can to build in extensibility and versioning.

You can get coins by getting someone to send you some, or
turn on Options->Generate Coins to run a node and generate
blocks. I made the proof-of-work difficulty ridiculously

easy to start with, so for a little while in the beginning

a typical PC will be able to generate coins in just a few
hours. It'll get a lot harder when competition makes the
automatic adjustment drive up the difficulty. Generated

coins must wait 120 blocks to mature before they can be
spent.

In the first 7 years: monthly active developers wrote code
1,000+
9
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
All Crypto Monthly Active Developers Since 2009
Jan 2010 Jan 2012 Jan 2014 Jan 2016 Jan 2018 Jan 2020 Jan 2022
6.5 Years

Bitcoin Launch

2009
Developers: 1
Ethereum Launch

July 2015
Developers: 1,164
We use July 30, 2015 as the Ethereum Launch Date, when the genesis block was created.
Developers

IN THE NEXT 7 years: crypto gained more monthly active Devs
+22,000
10
developerreport.com
We use July 30, 2015 as the Ethereum Launch Date, when the genesis block was created.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
First

6.5 Years
Second

7.5 Years

Bitcoin Launch

2009
Developers: 1
Ethereum Launch

July 2015
Developers: 1,164
December 2022
Developers: 23,343
Developers

There are now monthly active developers in crypto
23,343
11
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
Developers
December 2022
Developers: 23,343

+5% monthly active developers from December 2021 to December 2022
12
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
+5%
Dec 2021
22,309
Dec 2022
23,343
+1,034
Developers

Monthly active devs increase alongside prices in a market cycle
13
developerreport.com
Total Network Value is the value of total crypto market cap from CoinGecko. Total Network Value reached a high Jan 6, 2018. Total Network Value reached an all-time high Nov 8, 2021.
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
Monthly Active Developers vs Crypto Network Value
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
Network Value ATH
Network Value Peak
Developer All-Time High 
During Last Market Cycle

August 2019
10,893
Jun 2022
26,323
Developers
Jan 2014 Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017 Jan 2018 Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022

during the last Market cycle: monthly developers grew by to
over 10,000 for the first time
+8,043
14
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
10,893
Developers
2,850
+8,043 monthly active
developers through the
last market cycle
Network Value Climb
Network Value Trough
Total Network Value is the value of total crypto market cap from Coingecko. Total Network Value began to climb May 11, 2017. Total Network Value reached a trough Dec 14, 2018. Previous Dev ATH was on Dec 16, 2018.
Developers

during the current market cycle: monthly active developers grew by  
AND Hit an all-time high
+15,621
15
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
Total Network Value is the value of total crypto market cap from Coingecko. Total Network Value began to climb May 11, 2020. Total Network Value reached an All-Time High Nov 8, 2021.
Developers
10,702
Developer All-Time High
26,323
Network Value Climb
+15,621 monthly active
developers & hit an all-time high
Developers

from last cycle’s developer peak to this cycle’s developer peak:

Monthly active developers grew by +141%
16
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
10,893
Previous Developer ATH was on Dec 16, 2018. Developer All Time High was on June 16, 2022.
+141%
26,323
Developers

Developers are staying while network value is down: developers are
down from peak while network value is down
-11% -71%
17
developerreport.com
-11%
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
-71%
Total Network Value is the value of total crypto market cap from Coingecko. Total Network Value reached an all-time high Nov 8, 2021.
Nov 2021

Network Value Peak
26,323
Dec 2022
23,343
Developers

developers are sticky: network value is roughly back to January 2018
levels, but monthly active developers increased +297%
18
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
$0.0T
$0.5T
$1.0T
$1.5T
$2.0T
$2.5T
$3.0T
$3.5T
Network
Value
Dec 2022
23,343 Developers
Jan 2018
5,879 Developers
+297%
Network Value Dec 2022

is roughly back to Jan 2018
T
otal Network Value is the value of total crypto market cap from Coingecko.
Developers

How many new developers entered crypto?
19

The highest number of new developers ever wrote open-source crypto
code in 2022: new developers
61,127
20
developerreport.com
2022 saw the highest
number of new crypto
developers in history
2,961 3,141
5,285
13,546
30,717
22,789
21,615
48,596
61,127
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
Number of Developers by Year Joined
Developers
All 2022 numbers end at Dec 15, 2022. This means 2022 new developers is an undercounting of new developers for that year.

In the 2021 & 2022 market upswing, new developers contributed
open-source code, A INCREASE compared to 2017 and 2018 at 44,263
109,723
+148%
21
developerreport.com
109,723 new developers
contributed open source
code in this market cycle
44,263 new developers
contributed open-source
code in the last market cycle
All 2022 numbers end at Dec 15, 2022. This means 2022 new developers is an undercounting of new developers for that year.
2,961 3,141
5,285
13,546
30,717
22,789
21,615
48,596
61,127
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
65,000
Developers

52%ofmonthlyactivedevelopersstartedcontributingin2022
22
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percent
of
Developers
Before 2016
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Developers by Start Year
52% of active developers today
come from 2022
52% of active developers today
come from 2022
Before 2016

How active are developers?

Let’s look at activity by frequency and Volume of commits
23

Frequency: 30% of devs commit code 1 day in a month, 50% commit code
2-9 days, and 20% of developers commit code 10+ days in a month
24
developerreport.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
*Developers active for one-day in a month are not necessarily One-Time developers. One-Time developers are those who were active only one day in a 3-month period.
All Crypto Developers by Active Days Histogram
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
One day of contribution:
~30% of devs

2 to 9 days of contributions:  
~50% of devs

10+ days of contributions:  
~20% of devs

Days with Code Commits
Developers

We can bucket these developers into One-Time, Part-Time, & Full-time
25
developerreport.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28+
All Crypto Developers by Active Days Histogram
0
8,000
Part-Time
Developers

Full-Time
Developers

Days with Code Commits
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
Developers
One-Time Developer
Candidates*
*Developers active for one-day in a month are not necessarily One-Time developers. One-Time developers are those who were active only one day in a 3-month period.

Volume: There are in open-source crypto
471k+ monthly commits
26
developerreport.com
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
500,000
550,000
600,000
All Crypto Monthly Commits
471,739 monthly open-source crypto commits
Commits
Jan 2015 Jan 2016 Jan 2017 Jan 2018 Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022

We can segment by frequency of contribution: Full-time devs
contribute the most commits: commits a month
356k
27
developerreport.com
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
450,000
All Crypto Monthly Commits
Full-Time developers contribute

356,208 commits per month
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
0
Commits

Full-time Developers are the biggest code contributors: Full-time
developers contribute of all commits
76%
28
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percent
of
Commits
76% of commits from
Full-Time Devs
76% of commits from
Full-Time Devs
One-Time
Devs
Part-Time
Devs
Full-Time
Devs
All Monthly Commits

part-time Developers contribute more commits in bull markets
29
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percent
of
Commits
Part-Time developers contribute close to
40% of commits in the 2017 bull market
and 30%+ during 2021 bull market
Part-Time developers contribute close to
40% of commits in the 2017 bull market
and 30%+ during 2021 bull market
One-Time
Devs
Part-Time
Devs
Full-Time
Devs
All Monthly Commits

Apply this frequency based segmentation

to developers in 2022…
30

+5% monthly active developers from December 2021 to December 2022
31
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
+5%
Dec 2021
22,309
Dec 2022
23,343
+1,034
Developers

We can segment developers based on frequency of contribution
32
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
One-Time

Active just
once in the
last 3 months
Part-Time

Active for
fewer than 10
days per month
Full-Time

Active for 10
or more days
per month
All Crypto Monthly Active Developers
Developers

+8% full-time developers year over year to 7,179 Full-Time Developers
33
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
Dec 2021
6,658
Dec 2022
12,619
+832
Dec 2021
11,787
Dec 2022
3,545
-319
Dec 2021
3,864
Dec 2022
7,179
+521
+8%
-8%
+7%
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
Developers

Developers reached All-time high in June 2022
34
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
Jun 2022

All-Time High
26,323
Developers

Since All-Time High: monthly active developers fell -11%
35
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
24,000
26,000
28,000
-11%
Jun 2022

All-Time High

26,323
Dec 2022
23,343
-2,980
Developers

Since All-time high: Developer losses are mostly from Part-time ( )
and one-time ( ) Developers
-13%
-14%
36
developerreport.com
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
June 2022
14,486
Dec 2022
12,619
-1,867
June 2022
7,707 Dec 2022
7,179
-528
June 2022
4,130
Dec 2022
3,545
-585
-13%
-7%
-14%
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
Developers

How do we reconcile

61k developers who contributed to crypto in 2022

vs. 23k monthly active developers?
37

We can look more granularly at retention by monthly cohorts
38
developerreport.com
Each row represents the developers  
that joined each month
Each column represents the percent of developers from 
that month that commited code the next month
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
15%
Year 7
1 2 3 4 5 6
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Full-Time Developer Retention

FULL-TIME Developers have significantly better retention over time:
of Full-Time Devs continued to contribute through year 2
30%
39
developerreport.com
7
1 2 3 4 5 6
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Full-Time Developer Retention
7
1 2 3 4 5 6
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
15%
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
Total Developer Retention
Year
Only 8% of total developers
continued to commit code
through Year 2
Only 8% of total developers
continued to commit code
through Year 2
On average, 30% of full-time
developers continued to
commit code through Year 2
On average, 30% of full-time
developers continued to
commit code through Year 2

How active were developers who left?
40

95%ofmonthlydeveloperswholeaveareone-timeand  
part-timedevelopers
41
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percent
of
Churned
Developers
All Developer Churn
One-Time
Part-Time
Full-Time
95% of all churned
developers are One-Time
and Part-Time
95% of all churned
developers are One-Time
and Part-Time

Heavy contributors stay: full-time developers only account  
for of churn
5%
42
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Percent
of
Churned
Developers
All Developer Churn
5% of churn
from Full-Time
developers
5% of churn
from Full-Time
developers
One-Time
Part-Time
Full-Time

What are these developers working on?

Let’s segment by Ecosystems
43

Bitcoin & ethereum account for of all developers in crypto
28%
44
developerreport.com
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Other
Top 200
from 2022
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Percentage
of
Developers
Normalized Monthly Active Developers - Top 200 from 2022 vs Ethereum vs Bitcoin vs Other
Jan 2018 Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022
BTC & ETH account for 28% of
all developers in crypto
BTC & ETH account for 28% of
all developers in crypto

50%ofdevelopersworkinthetop200ecosystemsbynetworkvalue
outsideofBitcoin&ethereum
45
developerreport.com
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Percentage
of
Developers
50% of all developers in crypto today work in
the Top 200 ecosystems (excl ETH & BTC)
50% of all developers in crypto today work in
the Top 200 ecosystems (excl ETH & BTC)
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Other
Top 200
from 2022

Let’s deep dive into Bitcoin, Ethereum,

and other top 200 ecosystems…
46

Ecosystem Deep Dive
electriccapital.com
47

Ecosystems are comprised of community and protocol level developers
48
developerreport.com
Ecosystems are comprised of community  
and protocol level developers
Ecosystem Developers 
Developers roll into a broad ecosystem of related communities with shared 
security at the base layer. Examples: Ethereum, Solana, Polygon, and NEAR.
Community Developers 
Developers working on decentralized applications, tooling, 
docs, wallets, and anything else furthering the project.
Protocol Developers 
Working on the core protocol only

Community example: optimism
Communities can live in ecosystems; the Optimism  
ecosystem lives inside the Ethereum ecosystem.
Optimism ProtocoK
I Contracts (L1 and  
L2 smart contracts  
for Optimism9
I Cannon  
(fault prover)
Optimism Communitt
I Velodromn
I Lyrc
I Perpetual Protocoj
I Sonne Financn
I & many more! Optimism
Protocol
Developers
Commmunity Developers

Velodrome, Lyra,
Perpetual, etc.
Parent Ecosystem

Ethereum

Bitcoin monthly active devs are flat between Dec 2021 and Dec 2022
51
developerreport.com
Bitcoin Monthly Active Developers
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
Dec 2022
920
-24
Dec 2021
944
Developers

Bitcoin: most yoy loss comes from One-time developers ( )

-32%
52
developerreport.com
Bitcoin Monthly Active Developers
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
-4%
-32%
Dec 2022
300
-12
Dec 2021
312
Dec 2021
166
Dec 2022
507
+41
Dec 2021
466
9%
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
Dec 2022
113
-53
Developers

100+ new developers contribute to bitcoin projects every month
53
developerreport.com
51
35
54
73
32
56
57
55
51
64
117
99
42
33
32
58
97
97
85
155
130
140
93
162
103
151
68
99
115
65
101
72
138
129
128
124
159
145
113
141
133
112
142
129
157
126
115
130
126
154
112
134
145
149
123
147
138
131
107
190
146
114
137
146
172
160
154
154
171
160
171
160
139
158
214
142
174
150
152
178
185
150
163
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
Number of Developers by Month Joined
Roughly 100 developers
join monthly since
November 2017
Roughly 100 developers
join monthly since
November 2017
Developers

+1,000 NEW bitcoin developers per year across market conditions
54
developerreport.com
2014 2015 2016 2022
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
560
490
571
1,018
1,607
1,567 1,580
1,921 1,908
1000+ developers
join yearly since 2017
1000+ developers
join yearly since 2017
Developers

+5% monthly active ethereum developers from dec 2021 to dec 2022
56
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
Ethereum Monthly Active Developers Dec 2022
5,734
+263
Dec 2021
5,471
+5%
Developers

Ethereum’s growth comes from Full-Time ( ) and Part-time ( )
developers, losses come from one-time developers ( )
+9% +6%
-8%
57
developerreport.com
Jan 2021
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
3,500
Ethereum Monthly Active Developers
+6%
Dec 2022
3,092
+186
Dec 2022
1,873
+148
Dec 2021
2,906
+9%
-8%
Dec 2021
1,725
Dec 2022
769
-71
Dec 2021
840
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
Developers

Since all-time high: decline in monthly active ethereum devs
-16%
58
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
Dec 2022
5,734
-1,126
June 2022
6,860
-16%
Developers

Since aTH: most loss comes from one-time ( ) & part-time ( ) devs
-30% -16%
59
developerreport.com
Jan 2021
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
4,000
3,500
-16%
Dec 2022
3,092
-599
Dec 2022
1,873
-194
Jun 2022
3,691
-9%
-30%
Jun 2022
2,067
Jun 2022
1,102
Part-Time
Full-Time
One-Time
Dec 2022
769
-333
Developers

2022: new Ethereum developers, The highest in history
+14,691
60
developerreport.com
2014 2015 2016 2022
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
14,000
15,000
16,000
2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
376 466
967
2,724
6,120
4,751
5,666
11,366
14,691
2022 
All-Time High
Developers

800+ new ethereum developers per month since Feb 2021
61
developerreport.com
Jan 2017 Jan 2018 Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
1,600
121
337
274
268
277
201
127
355
271
277
105
111
485
568
472
463
632
460
456
341
470
759
555
459
366
389
400
381
396
449
405
371
495
399
307
393
758
327
347
616
375
614
652
363
355
475
329
455
1,107
688
863
1,150
881
912
612
967
1,157
990
863
1,176
1,430
1,476
1,235
1,205
1,347
1,398
833
1,477
949
1,509
1,145
800 developers join
monthly since Feb 2021
800 developers join
monthly since Feb 2021
Developers

Ethereum accounts for of all new developers in crypto
16%+
62
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
8,000
Ethereum
Ecosystem
Ethereum Developers by Month Joined
1,398
405
2,025
614
1,983
381
1,888
355
1,710
271
1,200
337
1,640
105
538
268
1,472
277
1,938
111
582
121
720
127
755
277
955
201
772
274
1,379
456
2,278
463
2,627
470
2,855
568
2,610
555
2,579
460
2,578
485
2,764
459
2,204
759
2,871
472
2,734
632
2,679
341
2,013
396
1,885
495
2,273
389
2,020
399
1,977
366
1,937
449
2,244
371
1,762
393
1,806
400
1,613
307
1,342
329
1,520
363
1,640
455
1,753
616
2,047
347
1,698
758
2,350
355
1,697
652
1,948
327
1,468
375
1,709
475
1,789
1,176
5,084
1,150
4,471
612
2,035
967
4,366
990
4,189
863
3,523
1,157
5,329
863
4,105
881
3,752
1,107
4,851
688
2,401
912
4,483
1,476
5,934
1,509
5,672
1,145
4,731
833
4,262
1,205
5,451
1,477
6,198
1,430
5,230
949
4,429
1,347
5,369
1,235
4,777
5,555
Other
Developers

Let’s dive into the top 200 ecosystems by network value

outside of bitcoin and ethereum...
63

We can break out ethereum and Bitcoin from the top 200:

the top 200 grew year over year
+12%
64
developerreport.com
Ethereum
Other
Bitcoin
Top 200  
from 2022
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
Top 200 from 2022 (Excluding Bitcoin & Ethereum) vs Other Ecosystems
"Other" category represents ecosystems 
with Network Value below the Top 200
"Other" category represents ecosystems 
with Network Value below the Top 200
+12%
Dec 2022
11,658
+1,273
Dec 2021
10,385
Top 200 determined based on “Network Value” measurement as of 1/1/23 combining CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, and private market valuations.
Developers

Since peak: in the top 200, monthly active developers  
declined -8%
65
developerreport.com
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
Top 200 from 2022 (Excluding Bitcoin & Ethereum) vs Other Ecosystems
-8%
Dec 2022
11,670
-1,055
June 2022
12,725
Developers
Ethereum
Other
Bitcoin
Top 200  
from 2022

prior top 200 cohorts are not as retentive as ethereum
66
developerreport.com
Top 200 from 2019
Top 200 from 2021
Ethereum
Top 200 from 2017
Top 200 from 2018
Top 200 from 2016
Bitcoin
Top 200 from 2020
Top 200 from 2022
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
12,000
13,000
Top 200 from 2016 to 2022
The Top 200 from 2019 and earlier had more developers than
Ethereum in 2018, but fewer developers than Ethereum today
The Top 200 from 2019 and earlier had more developers than
Ethereum in 2018, but fewer developers than Ethereum today
Developers

How do individual ecosystems

compare year over year?

Let’s compare

december 2021 vs december 2022
67

we can compare december 2021 vs december 2022 to visualize year over
year Developer growth for each ecosystem
68
developerreport.com
200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
Full-Time Developers - Dec 2021
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0
2,200
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
The x-axis indicates the
average monthly Full-
Time Developers in 2021
The x-axis indicates the
average monthly Full-
Time Developers in 2021
The y-axis indicates the average  
monthly Full-Time Developers in 2022
The y-axis indicates the average  
monthly Full-Time Developers in 2022
Full-Time Developers
We only count open-source developers. The numbers are averages for the first 2 weeks of December before developers go on holiday at the end of the year and may differ from December numbers from earlier time series.
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers

Let’s start with the most important developer segment:

full-time developers
Top 200 determined based on “Network Value” measurement as of 1/1/23 combining CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, and private market valuations
69

Ethereum full-time dev community is the next largest community
2.5x
70
developerreport.com
200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0
2,200
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Dec 2021: 1,717

Dec 2022: 1,903
Dec 2021: 694

Dec 2022: 764
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

Ecosystems with 300+ full-time devs ALL grew: Ethereum, polkadot,
cosmos, solana, & bitcoin
71
developerreport.com
200
0 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0
2,200
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

let’s zoom in to better visualize change year over year  
for other ecosystems
72
developerreport.com
Let’s focus
on this range
Let’s focus
on this range
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
200
0 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
0
2,200
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

Zooming in on ecosystems with 100 to 300

full-time developers...
T
op 200 determined based on “Network Value” measurement as of 1/1/23 combining CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, and private market valuations.
73

ecosystems with 200+ full-time developers: Kusama ,

Polygon , and NEAR grew year over year
+25%
+22% +22%
74
developerreport.com
200
100
80
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
60
40
20
0
280
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Polygon
NEAR
Kusama
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
+50%
+100%
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
200
100
80 120 140 160 180 220 240
60
40
20 260
0

ecosystems with 100+ full-time developers: starknet , Internet
computer , & Cardano grew yoy while tezos stayed flat
+243%
+94% +14%
75
developerreport.com
200
100
80
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
60
40
20
0
280
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Polygon
NEAR
Kusama
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Starknet
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
200
100
80 120 140 160 180 220 240
60
40
20 260
0
+50%
+100%

Zooming in on ecosystems with 50 to 100

full-time developers...
T
76

aptos & Sui are the fastest growing full-time developer ecos of 2022
77
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
100
20 40 60 80 120
30 50 70 90 110
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
10
0
30
50
70
90
110
120
130
140
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Basic Attention Token
Gnosis
The Graph
Filecoin
Internet Computer
Algorand
Celo
Arbitrum
Flow
Avalanche
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Starknet
Aptos
+100% +50%
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

ecosystems with 50+ full-time devs: osmosis , arbitrum ,  
AND optimism grew year over year
+107% +68%
+68%
78
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
100
20 40 60 80 120
30 50 70 90 110
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
10
0
30
50
70
90
110
120
130
140
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gnosis
The Graph
Filecoin
Internet Computer
Algorand
Celo
Arbitrum
Flow
Avalanche
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Starknet
Aptos
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
+100% +50%

The graph , filecoin , gnosis , basic attention

token , moonbeam , algorand gained devs yoy
+47% +40% +36%
+30% +27% +17%
79
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
100
20 40 60 80 120
30 50 70 90 110
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
10
0
30
50
70
90
110
120
130
140
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gnosis
The Graph
Filecoin
Internet Computer
Algorand
Celo
Arbitrum
Flow
Avalanche
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Starknet
Aptos
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
+100% +50%

By Total Developers...
80
T

Ethereum is the largest total (full-time + part-time + one-time)  
developer ecosystem and larger than the next
2.8x
81
developerreport.com
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500 6,500
0
Total Developers - Dec 2021
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana Polkadot
Polygon
Total Developers
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
Dec 2021: 5,426

Dec 2022: 5,750
Dec 2021: 2,012

Dec 2022: 2,034
0
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
+100% +50%

ecosystems with 1,000+ total developers grew: Solana ,  
polygon , cosmos , and polkadot
+83%
+40% +25% +2%
82
developerreport.com
500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000 5,500 6,000 6,500
0
500
0
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
7,500
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana Polkadot
Polygon
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
+100% +50%

ecosystems with 300+ total devs: starknet , icp , near ,
the graph , Kusama , Bitcoin , cardano , & Celo flat
+134% +48% +41%
+21% +9% +2% +2%
83
developerreport.com
Total Developers
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
400 600
200 800
100 300 500 700 900 1,000
0
400
600
200
800
100
300
500
700
900
1,000
0
Bitcoin
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
The Graph
Internet Computer
NEAR
Celo
Avalanche
Kusama
Starknet
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
+100% +50%

ecosystems with 100+ total devs: Sui , Aptos , MIna ,
osmosis , Hedera , Optimism , & arbitrum
+1,043% +733% +113%
+86% +82% +78% +50%
84
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
200
100
50 150 250
0
200
100
300
40
60
80
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
280
20
0
Stellar
XRP
Gnosis Stacks
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Hedera
MultiversX (Elrond)
ZKSync
Arbitrum Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Aptos
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
+100% +50%

ecosystems with 100+ total devs: Gnosis , filecoin , Basic
attention token , multiversx , moonbeam , & zksync
+37% +36%
+19% +18% +7% +4%
85
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
200
100
50 150 250
0
200
100
300
40
60
80
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
280
20
0
Stellar
XRP
Gnosis Stacks
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Hedera
MultiversX (Elrond)
ZKSync
Arbitrum Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Aptos
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
+100% +50%

ecosystems with 40+ total devs: TON , Astar , Klaytn ,
celestia , decentraland , snx , & lisk
+487% +92% +83%
+79% +63% +55% +55%
86
developerreport.com
100
50 150
0
EOS
Tron
Monero
IOTA
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
Lisk
Holochain
Dash
Decentraland
Oasis
Harmony
Arweave
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix Uniswap
Aave
Klaytn
Balancer
Lido
Astar
EVMOS
Celestia
TON
Terra
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Total Developers
+50% 101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

ecos with 40+ total devs cont’d: EVMOS , Uniswap , Dash ,
Maker , Zcash , Holochain , Aave , Lido , Tron ,
Balancer & Waves flat
+44% +29% +13%
+13% +9% +7% +6% +5% +2%
87
developerreport.com
100
50 150
0
EOS
Tron
Monero
IOTA
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
Lisk
Holochain
Dash
Decentraland
Oasis
Harmony
Arweave
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
Aave
Klaytn
Balancer
Lido
Astar
EVMOS
Celestia
TON
Terra
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Total Developers
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Gained
Developers
Lost
Developers
+50%

Terra is down total developers...what happened to terra?
-57%
88
developerreport.com
T
erra

Dec 2021: 157 devs

Dec 2022: 67 devs
T
erra

Dec 2021: 157 devs

Dec 2022: 67 devs
100
50 150
0
EOS
Tron
Monero
IOTA
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
Lisk
Holochain
Dash
Decentraland
Oasis
Harmony
Arweave
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
Aave
Klaytn
Balancer
Lido
Astar
EVMOS
Celestia
TON
Terra
20
0
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Total Developers
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
G
a
i
n
e
d
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
r
s
L
o
s
t
D
e
v
e
l
o
p
e
r
s
+50%

What happened to Terra?
Top 200 determined based on “Market Value” measurement as of 1/1/23 combining CoinMarketCap, CoinGecko, and private market valuations
89

terra grew to developers in 3.5 yrs from launch to network halt
175
90
developerreport.com
Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Terra Classic Monthly Active Developers
May 2022

Network Halt
175
April 2019

Terra
Launch
First
Terra
Commit
3
Post-
Launch
10
Developers

7 days after the network halted, terra 2.0 launched
91
developerreport.com
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Developers
Terra Classic Monthly Active Developers
Jan 2019
Jan 2019 Jan 2020 Jan 2021 Jan 2022 Oct 2022
7 days of
deliberations
Dec
2022
67
Terra 2.0

first commit
Network

Halt

Let’s look at where active terra developers went

after Terra’s collapse
92
developerreport.com
H1 2022 H2 2022
49 Other
5 Solana
42 Cosmos
180 No Commits in

Open-Source Crypto
35 Terra 2.0
11 Osmosis
323 developers
were active in
Terra in H1 2022
323 developers
were active in
Terra in H1 2022
Terra developers who
were active in H1 2022
before Terra’s collapse
before Terra’s collapse
323

Terra
Classic

56%ofterradevsactiveinh12022stoppedcontributing

toopensourcecryptorepositories
93
developerreport.com
56% stopped
contributing
code to  
open-source
crypto
56% stopped
contributing
code to  
open-source
crypto
H1 2022 H2 2022
49 Other
5 Solana
42 Cosmos
180 No Commits in

Open-Source Crypto
35 Terra 2.0
11 Osmosis
323

Terra
Classic

42%ofterradevelopersmigratedtoanothercryptoecosystem:

thelargestsharewenttocosmos(13%)
94
developerreport.com
143 devs went  
to other crypto
ecosystems  
42 devs went  
to Cosmos
143 devs went  
to other crypto
ecosystems  
42 devs went  
to Cosmos
H1 2022 H2 2022
49 Other
5 Solana
42 Cosmos
180 No Commits in

Open-Source Crypto
35 Terra 2.0
11 Osmosis
323

Terra
Classic

9%ofterradevsbegancontributingtoterra2.0
95
developerreport.com
28 devs from the
original Terra project
went on to contribute
to Terra 2.0
28 devs from the
original Terra project
went on to contribute
to Terra 2.0
H1 2022 H2 2022
323

Terra
Classic
49 Other
5 Solana
42 Cosmos
180 No Commits in

Open-Source Crypto
35 Terra 2.0
11 Osmosis

zooming out, let’s compare today’s bear market

to the prior one in 2018...
T
96

in 2018, the Top 200 ecosystems had fewer than 25% of total monthly
active developers...
97
developerreport.com
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Other
Top 200
from 2022
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
2018: T
op 200 ecosystems
had fewer than 25% of all
monthly active developers
2018: T
op 200 ecosystems
had fewer than 25% of all
monthly active developers
Percentage
of
Developers

but the top 200 ecosystems have grown to 50% of all active devs
98
developerreport.com
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Other
Top 200
from 2022
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
Percentage
of
Developers
Top 200 ecosystems
has grown its share of
developers since
2018
Top 200 ecosystems
has grown its share of
developers since
2018
25% in 2018
50% of developers work

in the Top 200 in 2022

Which ecosystems account for most of the developer growth?

Let’s compare

January 2018 vs December 2022
99

T
Let’s start with the most important developer segment:

100

since 2018: Bitcoin growth in full-time developers
+4x
101
developerreport.com
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Full-Time Developers - Jan 2018
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Jan 2018: 81

Dec 2022: 309
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
+8x
+16x
+4x
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
0

Since 2018: Polkadot, Cosmos, & solana grew to 400+ full-time Devs
16x+
102
developerreport.com
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
+8x
+16x
+4x
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Bitcoin
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300
0

since 2018: Polygon, NEar, Tezos, BNB, internet computer, & starknet
grew to 120+ full-time devs
20x+
103
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
20 40
10 30
5 15 25 35
0
200
100
40
60
80
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
280
20
0
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Polygon
NEAR
Kusama
Starknet
+5x
+10x
+20x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022

Since 2018: Avalanche, filecoin, celo, moonbeam, aptos, arbitrum,
optimism, flow, the graph, osmosis, sui, & algorand grew to

50+ full-time devs
104
developerreport.com
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
10
5 15
0
Gnosis
The Graph
Filecoin
Algorand
Celo
Arbitrum
Flow
Avalanche
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
Sui Network
Aptos
20
40
60
80
10
0
30
50
70
90
100
110
120
+5x
+10x
+20x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers
Full-Time
Developers
-
Dec
2022

By Total Developers...
T
105

since jan 2018: Bitcoin growth in total developers
+3x
106
developerreport.com
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
0
Total Developers - Jan 2018
500
0
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Polygon
Bitcoin
10x
5x
Jan 2018: 372

Dec 2022: 946
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

Ethereum was the biggest ecosystem in 2018 and grew total devs +5x
107
developerreport.com
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
500
0
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Total Developers
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
0
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Polygon
Bitcoin
10x
5x
Jan 2018: 1084

Dec 2022: 5819
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

solana, polkadot, cosmos, & polygon grew from <200 devs in 2018 to
1000+ total devs in 2022
108
developerreport.com
1000+ devs
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,100 1,200
0
500
0
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Ethereum
Cosmos
Solana
Polkadot
Polygon
Bitcoin
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

Near, Kusama & BNB had <50 devs in 2018 and now have 600+ Total devs
109
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
100
50 150
0
600
500
700
400
300
200
100
800
900
0
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
The Graph
Internet Computer
NEAR
Celo
Avalanche
Kusama
Starknet
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

Internet computer, starknet, tezos, the graph, avalanche, & celo had
<50 devs and now have 300+ devs
110
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
100
50 150
0
600
500
700
400
300
200
100
800
900
0
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
The Graph
Internet Computer
NEAR
Celo
Avalanche
Kusama
Starknet
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

zooming in on ecosystems with 40 to 200 total developers...
T
111

Aptos, arbitrum, optimism, and sui are ecosystems that did not exist in
2018 & now have 150+ total devs
112
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

filecoin, algorand, flow, osmosis, & moonbeam have 200+ total devs
from fewer than 10 devs in jan 2018
113
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

mina & hedera have 130+ total devs from fewer than 5 devs in jan 2018
114
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

since 2018: gnosis , zksync , xrp , stacks to 100+ Total devs
+7x +6x +3x +3x
115
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

many ecosystems grew to 40+ total devs from fewer than 5 devs in 2018
116
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

chia, decentraland, helium, & maker grew to 60+ total devs
3x+
117
developerreport.com
301-1000 devs
101-300 devs
51-100 devs
41-50 devs
31-40 devs
21-30 devs
11-20 devs
2-10 devs
1 dev
0 devs
Total Developers
50
0
200
100
120
140
160
180
220
240
260
80
60
40
20
0
280
Total
Developers
-
Dec
2022
Tron
Maker
Zcash
Chainlink
XRP
Decentraland
Gnosis Stacks
Oasis
Filecoin
Algorand
Mina Protocol
Harmony
Arweave
Hedera
Chia
Fantom
Helium
Synthetix
Uniswap
MultiversX ZKSync
Arbitrum
Klaytn
Flow
Moonbeam
Optimism
Osmosis
EVMOS
Sui Network
Aptos
TON
Terra2.0
10x
5x
Gained Developers
Lost Developers

But these ecosystems began at different times.

Let’s normalize by the day of their first commit...
118

Let’s focus on the most important developer segment:  
119

EThereum, Polkadot, & Cosmos took different paths to  
grow to 500+ full-time developers
121
developerreport.com
Full-Time Developers Since Launch I 50+ Avg Developers
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
Gnosis
1 Yr
0 2 Yrs 3 Yrs 4 Yrs 5 Yrs 6 Yrs 8 Yrs 9 Yrs 11 Yrs 13 Yrs
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
Years Since First Commit
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Full-Time
developers
500 Devs
Polkadot

3.6 years
Ethereum

4.5 years
Cosmos

5.9 years

It usually takes 4+ years to grow to 200+ full-time devs
122
developerreport.com
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
Gnosis
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Full-Time
developers
It takes 4+ years for an
ecosystem to get more than
200 Full-Time developers.
Exception: Polkadot used 2.2
years to 200 Full-Time devs.
It takes 4+ years for an
ecosystem to get more than
200 Full-Time developers.
Exception: Polkadot used 2.2
years to 200 Full-Time devs.

excluding bTC & ETH, all top 200 ecosystems with 50+ full-time devs
launched under 7 years ago
123
developerreport.com
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
Gnosis
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Full-Time
developers
Launched less than

7 years ago
Launched more than

7 years ago

Next, let’s ZOOM IN ON emerging ecosystems
124
developerreport.com
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis BAT
Sui Algorand Gnosis
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Full-Time
developers

Zooming in on emerging ecosystems...
125

Solana, POlygon, Kusama, NEAR, & BnB took Fewer than 4 years to grow
to 150 full-time devs: the fastest of emerging ecosystems
126
developerreport.com
Full-Time Developers Since Launch
0
50
100
200
250
300
350
400
450
Full-Time
developers
1 Yr 2 Yrs 3 Yrs 4 Yrs
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Solana
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis BAT
Sui
Algorand Gnosis
4 years
150 Devs

LET’S focus on ecosystems under 150 full-time developers
127
developerreport.com
0
50
100
200
250
300
350
400
450
Full-Time
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Solana
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis BAT
Sui
Algorand Gnosis
Next, let’s focus on
ecosystems with fewer than
150 Full-Time Developers
ecosystems with fewer than
150 Full-Time Developers

ecosystems under 2 years old: starknet, aptos, & sui have 60+ Full-Time
developers; starknet has the most at almost 120 Full-Time developers
128
developerreport.com
0
20
40
60
80
100
140
180
120
160
200
220
Full-Time
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui
Algorand Gnosis
Starknet, Aptos, and Sui
were started <2 years ago
and have 60+ Full-Time
developers.
and have 60+ Full-Time
developers.

Starknet, BNB, avalanche, Cardano, tezos, & icp took different paths to  
grow to 100+ full-time developers
129
developerreport.com
100 Devs
BNB, Starknet

<1 year
Avalanche

2+ years
ICP

5+ years
Tezos, Cardano

4+ years
0
20
40
60
80
100
140
180
120
160
200
220
Full-Time
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos Optimism The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui
Algorand Gnosis

What about total developers

(full-Time + Part-time + One-time)

across these ecosystems?
130

EThereum, Polkadot, solana, polygon & Cosmos took different paths to
grow to 1000+ total developers
131
developerreport.com
Total Developers Since Launch | 50+ Avg Developers
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand Gnosis
0
1,500
1,000
500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
7,000
6,000
6,500
5,500
Total
developers
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0
How long did it take for the
biggest ecosystems to get
to 1000 total devs?
How long did it take for the
biggest ecosystems to get
to 1000 total devs?
Polkadot

3 years
Ethereum, Solana,
Polygon

4.2 years
Cosmos

5.2 years
1,000 Devs

let’s focus on emerging ecosystems
132
developerreport.com
this range
this range
Total Developers Since Launch | 50+ Avg Developers
Ethereum
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand Gnosis
0
1,500
1,000
500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
7,000
6,000
6,500
5,500
Total
developers
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0

Solana spiked to 2000+ total devs in Nov 2022, during breakpoint &
with hackathon activity. This is why full-time devs is a critical metric
133
developerreport.com
Total Developers Since Launch
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2,400
2,000
2,200
1,800
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Solana
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
Gnosis
Total developer count is
sensitive to large developer
activation events like
conferences & hackathons
Total developer count is
sensitive to large developer
activation events like
conferences & hackathons

Solana, Polygon, near, & Kusama have the most total devs (600+)
134
developerreport.com
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2,400
2,000
2,200
1,800
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Solana
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui
Algorand
Gnosis

let’s focus on emerging ecosystems with under 600 total developers
135
developerreport.com
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
2,400
2,000
2,200
1,800
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Solana
Polygon
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
Gnosis
this range
this range

Bnb has the most total developers for projects under 3 years old,
despite its recent decline in developers
136
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui
Algorand
Gnosis
BNB has the highest number
of developers out of
ecosystems that launched
code under 3 years ago.
BNB has the highest number
of developers out of
ecosystems that launched
code under 3 years ago.

ecosystems under 2 years old: starknet, aptos, & sui have 100+ total
developers; starknet has the most at almost 400 total devs
137
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
Cardano
Tezos
BNB Chain
Internet Computer
Starknet
Avalanche
Filecoin
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Aptos
Optimism
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui
Algorand
Gnosis
and have 100+ total
developers.
and have 100+ total
developers.

Many of the top emerging ecosystems are evm-compatible: bnb,
avalanche, moonbeam, arbitrum, optimism, celo, & gnosis
138
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Total
developers
0 5 Yrs 6 Yrs
BNB Chain
Avalanche
Celo
Moonbeam
Arbitrum
Flow
Gnosis
Optimism
Sui
Cardano
Tezos
Internet Computer
Starknet
Filecoin
Aptos
The Graph
Osmosis
BAT
Algorand
Starknet

Zooming back out...emv-compatible ecosystems are 37% of all
ecosystems with 50+ full-time DEvs
139
developerreport.com
Total Developers Since Launch I 50+ Avg Developers
Ethereum
Polygon
BNB Chain
Avalanche
Moonbeam Arbitrum
Optimism Gnosis
Polkadot
Cosmos
Solana
Bitcoin
Kusama
NEAR
Cardano
Tezos
Internet Computer
Starknet
Filecoin
Celo
Aptos
The Graph
Flow
Osmosis
BAT
Sui Algorand
0
1,500
1,000
500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
7,000
6,000
6,500
5,500
Total
developers
1 Yr
10 Yrs 12 Yrs
7 Yrs
0

Ethereum virtual machine has emerged as a core technology. 
Let’s look at evm-compatible layer-1 and layer-2 chains...
140

Across eVM chains: monthly total developers; year over Year
+414 +5%
141
developerreport.com
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
11,000
EVM Layer 1s and 2s Monthly Active Developers
Dec 2021
7,976
Dec 2022
8,390
+414
+5%
Developers

ethereum grew by year over year; EVM-compatible layer-1s and l2s
outside Ethereum grew by
+5%
+2%
142
developerreport.com
Some Developers work across EVM Layer-1s and Ethereum. The sum of these two lines will be greater than total developers in EVM-compatible chains.
EVM Layer

1s & 2s
Ethereum
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
5,500
6,000
6,500
7,000
+2%
Dec 2022
5,734
+263
Dec 2021
5,471
Dec 2022
2,817
+66
Dec 2021
2,751
+5%
Ethereum and Other EVM Layer 1s & 2s since 2015
Developers

do developers in evm-compatible ecosystems

stay in one ecosystem or work across multiple?

Let’s take a look at contract deployments on chain
143
do developers in evm-compatible ecosystems

stay in one ecosystem or work across multiple?

Let’s take a look at contract deployments  
on chain...
143

across evm ecosystems: Most accounts only deploy contracts  
to one chain...
144
developerreport.com
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Networks
0
0.2 M
0.4 M
0.6 M
0.8 M
1.0 M
1.2 M
1.4 M
Deployer
Count
Multi-Chain Deployers
Source: Dune Analytics

...but the average number of chains the deployer has deployed on has
increased over time
145
developerreport.com
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.35
1.40
1.45
Chain
Count
2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022
Number of Chains Avg Deployer Has Deployed On
Source: Dune Analytics

how can we account for the developers working

across multiple chains?
146

Ecosystems are comprised of community and protocol level developers
147
developerreport.com
ecosystems may include multi-chain developers
Primary Developers 
Developers working exclusively  
on an ecosystem
Multi-Chain Developers 
Developers work on applications that are  
deployed across multiple ecosystems

multi-ecosystem example: sushi
Many applications like Sushi build on  
Optimism and also build in other ecosystems.

Sushi is part of Optimism’s multi-chain community.

Optimism
Protocol
Developers
Primary Developers

Velodrome, Lyra,
Perpetual, etc.
Multi-Chain Developers

Uniswap, Sushi , Aave,
etc.
Ecosystem

Optimism
Multi-Chain Communit¬
« Uniswa¤
« Sush§
« Aavž
« Curve
Optimism Communit¬
« Velodromž
« LyrÁ
« Perpetual ProtocoÈ
« Sonne Finance

how are multi-chain devs growing

in comparison to primary devs?
149

Polygon primary developer growth ( ) outpaces the growth of
multi-chain developers building on polygon ( ) year over year
+29%
+1%
150
developerreport.com
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
Primary
Developers
Multi-chain
Developers
Polygon Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Dec 2021
1,804
Dec 2022
1,829
+25
Dec 2021
857
Dec 2022
1,102
+245
+1%
+29%
Developers

Avalanche lost primary developers ( ) while multi-chain
developers building on avalanche grew ( )
-28%
+8%
151
developerreport.com
Primary
Developers
Multi-chain
Developers
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
Avalanche Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Dec 2021
834
Dec 2022
902
+68
Dec 2021
460
Dec 2022
332
-128
+8%
-28%
Developers

Bnb chain has steady Multi-chain developers despite decrease in
primary developers
-23%
152
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Primary
Developers
Multi-chain
Developers
BNB Chain Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Developers
Dec 2021
717
Dec 2022
705
-12
Dec 2021
712
Dec 2022
546
-166
-23%
-2%

Celo lost primary developers ( ) while multi-chain developers
building on celo grew ( )
-19%
+7%
153
developerreport.com
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
Primary

Developers
Multi-chain

Developers
-19%
Celo Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Dec 2022
519
+32
Dec 2022
262
-62
Dec 2021
487
Dec 2021
324
Developers
7%

Arbitrum has 4x more multi-chain devs than primary devs; Arbitrum
gained primary developers ( ) while multi-chain fell ( )
+38% -10%
154
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
Primary

Developers
Multi-chain

Developers
Arbitrum Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Dec 2022
839
-95
Dec 2022
215
+59
Dec 2021
934
Dec 2021
156
Developers
38%
-10%

Optimism has 5x more multi-chain developers than primary devs;
Primary Developers Grew ( ) while Multi-Chain Fell ( )
+73% -8%
155
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
Dec 2022
903
-79
Dec 2022
183
+77
Dec 2021
982
Dec 2021
106
73%
-8%
Optimism Primary & Multi-chain Developers
Developers
Primary

Developers
Multi-chain

Developers

which types of contracts have the most usage? WE can look  
at the top 10 contracts on ethereum as A proxy
157
developerreport.com
Ethereum Top Gas Spenders 2022
OpenSea

Uniswap

Tether USD

Metamask Swap

USD Coin

StrongBlock

Ethereum Name Service

CoinTool: XEN Batch Minter

1inch

XEN Crypto

Gem

Wrapped Ether

Coinbase

Optimism: Canonical Transaction Chain
4,334,117,632,808

3,919,697,333,356

1,405,935,751,040

609,881,691,496

568,398,116,132

536,836,567,423

512,870,655,513

500,994,713,214

481,029,227,108

406,036,682,483

388,856,356,641

245,957,059,556

215,425,749,000

189,456,150,997
Contract Total Gas Used
Gas is the amount a user is willing
to pay for a service on Ethereum.
Gas is the amount a user is willing
to pay for a service on Ethereum.

defi
defi
& are the most popular use cases:

& contracts are 7 of the top 10 contracts by gas usage
nfts
nfts
158
developerreport.com
4,334,117,632,808

3,919,697,333,356

1,405,935,751,040

609,881,691,496

568,398,116,132

536,836,567,423

512,870,655,513

500,994,713,214

481,029,227,108

406,036,682,483

388,856,356,641

245,957,059,556

215,425,749,000

189,456,150,997
OpenSea

Ethereum Name Service
Gem

Uniswap

Tether USD

USD Coin

1inch

Metamask Swap

StrongBlock

CoinTool: XEN Batch Minter

XEN Crypto

Wrapped Ether

Coinbase

Optimism: Canonical Transaction Chain
Contract
Ethereum Top Gas Spenders 2022
Total Gas Used

3,901 monthly active developers work in defi across

l1 and l2 ecosystems
160
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
Decentralized Finance Monthly Active Developers Dec 2022
3,901
Developers

+240% monthly developers since defi summer 2020
161
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000
DeFi Summer

Summer 2020
1,147
+240%
Dec 2022
3,901
+2,754
Decentralized Finance Monthly Active Developers
Developers

-9%DefimonthlyactivedevelopersfromDecember2021  
toDecember2022
162
developerreport.com
0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
5,000 Dec 2022
3,901
-399
Dec 2021
4,300
-9%
Developers

one-Time ( ), full-time ( ), & Part-time ( )  
devs down across defi
-21% -9% -6%
163
developerreport.com
Full-Time
Part-Time
One-Time
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
2,600
-6%
Dec 2022
2,133
-128
Dec 2022
1,189
-117
Dec 2021
2,261
-9%
-21%
Dec 2021
1,306
Dec 2022
579
-154
Dec 2021
733
Developers

500+ new developers per month continue to join defi,  
but down from peak
164
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
84
120
114
47
100
96
74
57
188
183
46
226
210
159
338
163
67
152
165
134
151
52
53
195
158
158
179
192
174
205
144
141
185
171
261
205
179
192
484
285
199
512
451
352
159
170
219
471
800
923
926
918
835
656
1,021
494
948
902
827
989
1,042
888
955
645
1,108
620
534
863
927
704
595
500+ new developers join
DeFi monthly, but down from
March 2022 peak
500+ new developers join
DeFi monthly, but down from
March 2022 peak
Developers

how has defi grown across

layer 1 chains?
165

ethereum, cosmos, solana, polkadot, bnb, kusama, polygon, & avalanche
have the largest defi developer ecosystems with defi developers
150+
166
developerreport.com
Ethereum DeFi
Solana DeFi
BNB Chain DeFi
Avalanche DeFi
Other L1 DeFi
Polkadot DeFi
Kusama DeFi
Polygon DeFi
Cosmos DeFi
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
Number of developers per L1 in DeFi (150+ devs)
Developers

Ethereum is the biggest defi ecosystem with monthly devs; Cosmos
defi is second with ; Solana defi is third with
1,911
512 348
167
developerreport.com
Ethereum DeFi
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
Ethereum

Dec 2022
1,911
Developers
Solana DeFi
BNB Chain DeFi
Avalanche DeFi
Other L1 DeFi
Polkadot DeFi
Kusama DeFi
Polygon DeFi
Cosmos DeFi

ethereum began with more defi developers than any other  
layer 1 ecosystem during defi summer
4x
168
developerreport.com
Ethereum DeFi
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,600
1,800
2,000
2,200
2,400
DeFi Summer

Summer 2020
Ethereum

June 2020
Developers: 800
Developers
Solana DeFi
BNB Chain DeFi
Avalanche DeFi
Other L1 DeFi
Polkadot DeFi
Kusama DeFi
Polygon DeFi
Cosmos DeFi

today, of defi developers contribute to ecosystems outside

of ethereum, up from during defi summer
50%
30%
169
developerreport.com
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Polkadot
Polygon
Cosmos
Kusama
Ethereum
Solana
Avalanche
BNB Chain
Percentage of Developers per L1 in DeFi (150+ devs)
Percent
of
Developers
Ethereum began with  
close to 70% of all DeFi
developers in DeFi summer.
Ethereum began with  
close to 70% of all DeFi
developers in DeFi summer.
Ethereum is  
down to 50% of
DeFi developers
Ethereum is  
down to 50% of
DeFi developers
DeFi Summer

Summer 2020

how many developers work in NFTs?
170

929 monthly active open-source developers work in nfts
171
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200 Dec 2022
929
NFTs Monthly Active Developers
Developers

+299% monthly nft developers since Jan 2021
172
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
Dec 2022
929
+696
Jan 2021
232
+300%
Developers

the number of NFT monthly developers is flat yoy
173
developerreport.com
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
Dec 2022
929
+3
Dec 2021
926
0%
Developers

nft’s yoy growth comes from Full-Time ( ), losses come from  
one-time ( ) and Part-time ( ) developers
+30%
-27% -5%
174
developerreport.com
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
Full-Time
Part-Time
One-Time
Dec 2021
257
Dec 2022
473
-28
Dec 2021
501
Dec 2022
122
-46
Dec 2021
168
Dec 2022
334
+77
+30%
-27%
-5%
Non-Fungible Tokens Monthly Active Developers
Developers

increasingly, a new wallet’s first action is in nfts: wallets’

first transaction was related to NFTs in 2022
80%
175
developerreport.com
Percentage
of
first
txs
Analysis inspired by this tweet by @ElBarto_Crypto. Data Souce: Nansen Query
Jan 2018 Jul 2018 Jan 2019 Jul 2019 Jan 2020 Jul 2020 Jan 2021 Jul 2021 Jan 2022 Jul 2022
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
45%
50%
55%
60%
65%
70%
75%
80%
85%
90%
95%
100%
DEFI
NFT
First transaction per wallet - DeFi vs NFT (28-day mean)

developer engagement is not the best lens for all ecosystems
NFTs, Gaming, and DAOs

Aggregate developer metrics alone may be misleading and may not be the correct leading indicator to
consider for NFTs, Gaming, and DAOs.

In these use cases, a relatively small number of developers can build reusable components and the
amount of smart contract code written will be small relative to community engagement. For example, a
very small amount of code written by just one developer might drive a large PFP (Profile Picture) NFT
community. Or in the case of games, the majority of code may be off chain and closed-source, thereby
making extrapolation from on-chain and open-source data very noisy.

We believe community engagement signals are an important and complementary leading indicator for
the NFT, Gaming, and DAO markets. We are working on several novel ways to gather community data and
signals and will share our results as they become available.

Dive into data: developerreport.com
We are excited to launch
to
showcase the data that
goes into creating our
annual Developer Report.
Our aim is to provide a
transparent, open, data
source for the community.

We will be adding more
visualizations, more data,
and moving towards more
real-time updates at
. We
will continue to publish an
annual Developer Report
with detailed analysis on an
annual basis as well.
DeveloperReport.com
DeveloperReport.com

Help map the Crypto ecosystem
Our ecosystem map on GitHub continues to be open
so that anyone can contribute.

Submit a pull request in our Github: 
github.com/electric-capital/crypto-ecosystems

We will use this data for our reports going forward and
for DeveloperReport.com!
180

Thank you
Adeniyi

@EmanAbio

Akriti Vij

@AkritiVij

Alexander Graebe

Alvin Kan

@alvin_kan

Andrea Muttoni

@muttonia

Anuke

@anukeganegoda

Austin Federa

@Austin_Federa

Ben White

@BenWhiteJamin

Bram Cohen

@bramcohen

Brian Henhsi

@bhenhsi

Brian McKenna

@brian_p_mckenna

Brittany L

@br_ttany

Catrina Wang

Chase Barker

@therealchaseeb

Chris Ackermann

@chrsackermann

Christian Hresko

David Sedgwick

Dan Saber

@dansabermetrics

Danielle Harris

Look Look Studio

David Feiock

@davidfeiock

Dawn Song 

@dawnsongtweets

Diwaker Gupta

@diwakergupta

Eric Nakagawa

@ericnakagawa

Eric Zietlow

@EricZietlow

Evan Cheng

@EvanWeb3

Gene Hoffman

@hoffmang

Greg

@Greg_Nazario

HQ Han

@duckie_han
Illia Polosukhin

@ilblackdragon

Jack Zampolin

@jackzampolin

Jacob Creech

@jacobvcreech

Jelena

@jelenaaa____

Jesse Wiley

@mrjwiley

Jim Yang

@proofstake

Jonathan Victor

@jnthnvctr

Joey Bender

@josephbender

Jordan Kail

Josh Ford

Karim

@karimpb

Kenny Rogers

@KenTheRogers

Kori

@koritual

Kuleen

@knimkar
Kyle L

@kylelangham

Lina Lu

Lomesh D

@lomeshdutta

Loren Cookson

Lorny P

@lornyelle

Maksym Zavershynskyi

@mzavershynskyi

Marko Baricevic

@mark0baricevic

Marek

@marek_

Mefrem

Moritz

@cryptoschindler

Neil H

@neilhar_

Nikhil Ranjan

@niklabh

Oliver Bett

Ollie Corbisiero

Pavel Kudinov
Pavla

@daemia10

Raphaël Guilleminot

@raphelectric

Raj Gokal

@rajgokal

Rene

@RegenRene

Rodrigo Mendoza

@r0dms

Roham Gharegozlou

@roham

Rumeel Hassain

@RumeelHussain

Sam Blackshear

@b1ackd0g

Sargonas

@sargonas

Santi Balaguer

@santibalaguer

Stani

@StaniKulechov

Stef Sprinz

Stephanie Marin

Steve Lee

@moneyball
Sunny Aggarwal

@sunnya97

Urban

@uosvald

Vik Kalghatgi

@vik_kalghatgi

Vlad Grichina

@vgrichina

Weilei Yu

@WeileiY

Will Corcoran

@corcoranwill

Will Cove

@WillCove

Xochitl Cazador

@xochitlcazador

Yiwei H.

Zaki Manian

@zmanian

Thank you Github contributors
2075

@marcobahn

0xlyd

@0xlyd

0xneil

0xrmvdao

advanderveer

aguillon

Akibalogh

algodevstats

@algodevstats

AnshuJalan

@aj_jalan

arrudagates

baabaabet001

BadgerAnn

bmgentile

@bmgentile

bogachevanton

@bogachev_anton

BowTiedDeployer

@BowTiedDeployer

btspoony

CassFairiesClub

@CassFairieClub

catskillnft

@CatskillNFT

christianschmitz

clarus

@guillaumeclaret

ctrlaltdel

dantrevino

@dantrevino

darkverbito

dchoi27

dedushky

denver-s

diwakergupta

@diwakergupta

doranoda

dvkam

edison0xyz

@edison0xyz

eherrerosj

@eherrerosj

elasticLove1

elliotkennedy

Eltairovy

@Elena_Von_Tsss

EnergyTrade

@_EnergyTrade_

ericnakagawa

@ericnakagawa

evilboyajay

@evilboyajay

falkonprods

@drewfalkman

farmerdiamonds

fhb191309

fiftyeightandeight

forgetso

gabrieljaegerde

germanD

gfox1

@graeme_fox

gregnazario

@greg_nazario

hieudd

@hieudaosw

hskang9

@hskang0525

hstove

@heynky

imotai

@TaizeWang

ItasMattWebb

j-vp

@j00324

jalehman

@jlehman_

jdbender66

jonathanpdunne

@JonPDunne

jordan-tezos

JosephKnecht-lab

Kazik435

kimsk

@kimsk

KittiBorissza

letmejustputthishere

lourkeur lourkeur

lucasdcf

@lucasdcf

lurpis

m-kus

mando222

markgenuine

MarvinQuevedo

mistertoucan

mshankarrao

mutobui stefan_muto

muttoni

@muttonia

nathanduft44

neosavvy

@adamparrish

nicolasochem

@nicolasochem

nikhildfinity

nilscodes

@NilsCodes

notEduardo

nud3l

@dominik0_

olliecorbisiero

owocki

paradigma-cl

@CheckParadigma

pascuin

peopledrivemecrazy

@shriji

philippem

PoorMansChiaFarm

pranaydotparity

Primate411

RaekwonIII

@RaekwonIII

richardyu65

RichAyotte

@RichAyotte

robert-zaremba

RomarQ

@RodrigoQuelhas

rube-de

ryancwalsh

schimih

scrutinously

sergiimk

shaelilwang

shapeman

@shapeman2004

sjriddle

@SamuelJRiddle

SlowestTimelord

@SlowestTimelord

snow-farmer

@yieldyak_

SnowPrimate

@0xPrimata

spazcoin

StephenFluin

@stephenfluin

SUGURUSEO

sunnya97

SwiftAdviser

@SwiftAdviser

tezms

tezos-stuff

themacexpert

thenic95

trgarrett

tudorhedged

upsorber

waterrecreation

wileyj

wischli

@WilliamFreude

wyn

@karoshibee

xcolwell

@xcolwell

xrdavies

@xrdavies

XTZNews

@XTZNews

yyolk

@yyolk

zakhikhan

zamrokk

@benji_fuentes

appendix & Methodology
APPENDIX
183

Commit Counting Methodology: Not all code commits are created equal
Forks 
Only new code counts towards developer activity. We omit
code and developer activity from merging changes from the
upstream codebase.

Fingerprinting 
Fingerprinting is a technique used to identify commits
originating from upstream projects. We look at the files and
lines changed, the commit message, committer, author, and
associated dates. This eliminates copy/pasted code from
counting towards an ecosystem.

Commits from Integrating Open  
Source Libraries 
Integrating common libraries does not count toward  
code activity.

Branches 
We look at commits from all branches (master/
development, etc.) and tags. We look beyond Github's
default view, which can be incomplete.

Limitations 
We only look at open-source repositories. There are many
repositories that are not yet open-source. However, we are
planning to enrich the open-source code data with
deployed on-chain smart contract code.
184
developerreport.com

How are developers counted?
Developers 
We count original code authors as developers. This means
that a developer who merges a pull request is not an active
developer on the project, but the original authors of the
commits are.

Full-Time Contributors 
Contributed code 10+ days out of a month

Part-Time Contributors 
Contributed code fewer than 10 days out of a month

One-Time Contributors 
Contributed code once in a rolling 3-month window

Monthly Developer 
We count commits during the next 28 days of the  
commit happening to generate more stability in the data

Top-200 category 
Any ecosystem that has been in the Top 200 rank  
by network valuation for at least 90 days in the
corresponding year

185
developerreport.com

Disclaimer & Disclosure
This Content is for Informational Purposes Only.

Any content included in this report is informational only  
and not an offer, solicitation, or recommendation to buy or
sell securities or pursue any particular investment strategy,
and does not constitute the provision of investment advice.
Electric Capital Partners, LLC (together with its affiliates,
“Electric Capital”) does not provide advice of any kind
through this report, its website, or social media posts.
Information in this report or any posts may not be used  
or relied upon in evaluating the merits of any investment.

You should consult your own advisers as to business,
financial, tax, legal, or other related matters concerning  
any investment.

Certain information has been obtained from third-party
sources, including from portfolio companies  
of funds managed by Electric Capital. Content is as of  
the date posted and subject to change without notice.
Electric Capital makes no representations about  
the enduring accuracy of this information, or its
appropriateness for a given scenario.

We may hold tokens in some of the ecosystems
mentioned in this report.

Electric Capital may have previously held, currently holds,  
or will in the future hold token or equity interests in one  
or more of the ecosystems or projects mentioned in this
report.

A non-exhaustive list of investments made by funds
managed by Electric Capital is . Excluded
from this list are investments (and certain publicly traded
cryptocurrencies or other digital assets) for which the
issuer has not provided permission for Electric Capital to
disclose publicly. Electric Capital does not short tokens.

For a list of past and present investments,  
available here
please visit this link.
186
developerreport.com

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