SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  16
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Political Communication #5
Mark Boukes, et al.:
Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Opinionated News: How
Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes
Ruud Wouters:
Do Targets React and Third Parties Comment? Responsiveness and Scope
Expansion in Television News Reports of Protest Demonstrations
Sophie Lecheler et al.:
Political News Framing on Effect Strength and Persistence
Bjorn Burscher et al.:
Automatic Coding of Policy Issues in News Articles and Parliamentary
Questions: An SML-Approach
Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying
the Effects of Opinionated News:
How Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes
Mark Boukes
Hajo G. Boomgaarden
Marjolein Moorman
Claes H. De Vreese
Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap 2014
4th February 2014, Wageningen
Opinionated “news”
 Not follow essential journalistic standards:
- objectivity, fairness, and accuracy
3
Research Question and Theory
 How does opinionated news affect citizens’ political attitudes?
 Theory:
Presumed influence
Relative Hostile Media Phenomenom
 Are these consequential for politically relevant variables?
4
Hypothesis 1:
The influence of Presumed influence
5
Presumed
influence
Perceived
opinion climate
H1a H1b
H1c
Attitude
Objective news
versus
Opinionated news
Hypothesis 2:
The influence of bias perceptions
6
Political preference:
Left vs. Right
Anger
Perceived
bias
H2a H2b
H2c
Attitude
Objective news
versus
Opinionated news
Method
 Experiment: randomized exposure to a TV news item
 2 x 2 design
4 conditions:
 Adult sample recruited via Panelclix.
7
Opinionated
PowNews
(n = 61)
Objective
NOS
(n = 59)
Opinionated
NOS
(n = 61)
Objective
PowNews
(n = 60)
Stimuli
 Topic: widening of the highway A27
-Broadcasted by NOS and PowNews
-Clear debate structure with advocates and opponents
•Video creation:
- Original NOS item used as basis
- 2 recorded voice-overs: neutral vs. opinionated
- 2 source cues: NOS vs. PowNews
8
Example
9
Partially latent structural regression model
χ2(59) = 75.55, p = .072, CFI = .99; SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .04, 90% CI [.00, .06].
10
11
Presumed
influence
Perceived
opinion
climate
Attitude toward
highway
widening
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective PowNews
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated NOS
+
+
+
+
+
Results: Hypothesis 1
Results: Hypothesis 2
12
Political preference:
Left vs. Right
Perceived
bias
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective PowNews
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated NOS
+
+ +
-
-
-
13
Results: Hypothesis 2
14
Results: Hypothesis 2
14
Political preference:
Left vs. Right
Anger
Perceived
bias
Attitude toward
highway
widening
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective PowNews
versus
Opinionated PowNews
Objective NOS
versus
Opinionated NOS
+
+ +
-
-
-
+
–
Conclusion
 2 mechanisms: one cognitive, one affective.
 Salience of a topic may influence strength of indirect effects
- Low salience: Follow perceptions of the perceived majority
- High salience: Likely to evoke hostile media perceptions
 Normal conditions:
- Selective exposure ≠> hostile media perception  Positive indirect effect
- People also watch ideologically incongruent news,
so hostile media effect will still occur.
15
Questions / Remarks?
Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of
Opinionated News:
How Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes
Boukes, M.
Boomgaarden, H. G.
Moorman, M.
de Vreese, C. H.
Contact: m.boukes@uva.nl

Contenu connexe

Similaire à Etmaal 2014 presentation: on the effects of opinionated news

475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up
475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up
475 2015 partisan press and public polarization upmpeffl
 
Communication's Next Top Model
Communication's Next Top ModelCommunication's Next Top Model
Communication's Next Top ModelRachel Reis Mourao
 
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?Judith Möller
 
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptx
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptxW06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptx
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptxMichael843660
 
Daily Show and Political Knowledge
Daily Show and Political KnowledgeDaily Show and Political Knowledge
Daily Show and Political Knowledgemaduncan
 
The Partisan Divide and American Elections
The Partisan Divide and American ElectionsThe Partisan Divide and American Elections
The Partisan Divide and American ElectionsPSCIProject
 
Mass media & public opinion
Mass media & public opinionMass media & public opinion
Mass media & public opinionDan Hess
 
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...Marc Ross
 
The Media
The MediaThe Media
The Mediarcambou
 
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docx
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docxJournalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docx
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docxtawnyataylor528
 
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass Media
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass MediaAnalysis of Framing Bias in Mass Media
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass MediaDavid Kleiber
 
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...Gabriela Olaru
 
Formats of the election campaign messages in Poland
Formats of the election campaign messages in PolandFormats of the election campaign messages in Poland
Formats of the election campaign messages in PolandAgnieszka Stępińska
 
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx
  Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx  Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docxaryan532920
 
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge upmpeffl
 

Similaire à Etmaal 2014 presentation: on the effects of opinionated news (20)

475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up
475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up
475 2015 partisan press and public polarization up
 
Communication's Next Top Model
Communication's Next Top ModelCommunication's Next Top Model
Communication's Next Top Model
 
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?
From one-size-fits-all to tailor-made distribution channels: New divides?
 
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptx
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptxW06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptx
W06_Explore_Assignment_Sentiment_Analyisis_Option_1.pptx
 
Daily Show and Political Knowledge
Daily Show and Political KnowledgeDaily Show and Political Knowledge
Daily Show and Political Knowledge
 
The Partisan Divide and American Elections
The Partisan Divide and American ElectionsThe Partisan Divide and American Elections
The Partisan Divide and American Elections
 
Public opinion
Public opinionPublic opinion
Public opinion
 
Ap Mass Media
Ap Mass MediaAp Mass Media
Ap Mass Media
 
Mass media & public opinion
Mass media & public opinionMass media & public opinion
Mass media & public opinion
 
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...
PR Week: What are crucial comms strategies to cut through the noise before th...
 
The Media
The MediaThe Media
The Media
 
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docx
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docxJournalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docx
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly2015, Vol. 92(2) 42.docx
 
PSC329 Final Paper
PSC329 Final PaperPSC329 Final Paper
PSC329 Final Paper
 
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass Media
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass MediaAnalysis of Framing Bias in Mass Media
Analysis of Framing Bias in Mass Media
 
Agenda setting theory slides
Agenda setting theory slidesAgenda setting theory slides
Agenda setting theory slides
 
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...
The effects of social networks as a public relations tool in political commun...
 
Formats of the election campaign messages in Poland
Formats of the election campaign messages in PolandFormats of the election campaign messages in Poland
Formats of the election campaign messages in Poland
 
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx
  Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx  Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx
Midwest Political Science Association and Wiley are collabor.docx
 
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up
475 2015 media effects stereotypes & knowledge up
 
Tom
TomTom
Tom
 

Plus de Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)

Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published.
Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published. Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published.
Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published. Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers: public broadcasting in the n...
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers:  public broadcasting in the n...Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers:  public broadcasting in the n...
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers: public broadcasting in the n...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam)
 

Plus de Mark Boukes (University of Amsterdam) (19)

Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published.
Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published. Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published.
Cartoon controversy; why the Danish Mohammed cartoons could be published.
 
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...
Sustainable development in three newspapers: How does coverage in a particula...
 
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...
Turn left or right: Are political preferences in the Netherlands changed by m...
 
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers: public broadcasting in the n...
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers:  public broadcasting in the n...Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers:  public broadcasting in the n...
Attention for de Publieke omroep in newspapers: public broadcasting in the n...
 
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...
Turn left or right: How the economy affects political preferences and media c...
 
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...
Public broadcasting; what should it add, what should be its role and what are...
 
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?
Journalism and the media: the cartoon controversy: Why were they published?
 
Climate change; explaining the differences in reporting
Climate change; explaining the differences in reportingClimate change; explaining the differences in reporting
Climate change; explaining the differences in reporting
 
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...
Explaining political coverage in the Netherlands; Why Dutch voters are less c...
 
Journalisten, politici en agendasetting
Journalisten, politici en agendasettingJournalisten, politici en agendasetting
Journalisten, politici en agendasetting
 
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...
Reducing prejudice via mediated contact with immigrants - Proposal for an exp...
 
Thematische congruentie en de invloed van advertenties
Thematische congruentie en de invloed van advertentiesThematische congruentie en de invloed van advertenties
Thematische congruentie en de invloed van advertenties
 
Structural equation modelling
Structural equation modellingStructural equation modelling
Structural equation modelling
 
Influence of media source on political interest;
Influence of media source on political interest;Influence of media source on political interest;
Influence of media source on political interest;
 
Interviewing ethnic minorities
Interviewing ethnic minoritiesInterviewing ethnic minorities
Interviewing ethnic minorities
 
Causality
CausalityCausality
Causality
 
Onbewust asocialer
Onbewust asocialerOnbewust asocialer
Onbewust asocialer
 
The emotion-sexual attraction link
The emotion-sexual attraction linkThe emotion-sexual attraction link
The emotion-sexual attraction link
 
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...
Invloed van pacing bij effecten van thematische congruentie op attitude en he...
 

Dernier

One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduOne India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduDreamTamilnadu
 
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...virgfern3011
 
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surcharges
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surchargesEED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surcharges
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surchargesEl Estrecho Digital
 
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioPor estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioAlexisTorres963861
 
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAnother Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAbdul-Hakim Shabazz
 
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...University of Canberra
 
Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde  Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde NewsFeed1
 
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..mathiasanna557
 

Dernier (8)

One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream TamilnaduOne India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
One India vs United India by Dream Tamilnadu
 
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
Green Aesthetic Ripped Paper Thesis Defense Presentation_20240311_111012_0000...
 
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surcharges
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surchargesEED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surcharges
EED - Profits uncontained. An analysis of container shipping ETS surcharges
 
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicioPor estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
Por estos dos motivos, defensa de JOH solicita repetir juicio
 
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe WhitleyAnother Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
Another Day, Another Default Judgment Against Gabe Whitley
 
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
Light Rail in Canberra: Too much, too little, too late: Is the price worth th...
 
Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde  Anantkumar Hegde
Anantkumar Hegde
 
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..
Right to Privacy Case Studies PDF …………..
 

Etmaal 2014 presentation: on the effects of opinionated news

  • 1. Political Communication #5 Mark Boukes, et al.: Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Opinionated News: How Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes Ruud Wouters: Do Targets React and Third Parties Comment? Responsiveness and Scope Expansion in Television News Reports of Protest Demonstrations Sophie Lecheler et al.: Political News Framing on Effect Strength and Persistence Bjorn Burscher et al.: Automatic Coding of Policy Issues in News Articles and Parliamentary Questions: An SML-Approach
  • 2. Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Opinionated News: How Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes Mark Boukes Hajo G. Boomgaarden Marjolein Moorman Claes H. De Vreese Etmaal van de Communicatiewetenschap 2014 4th February 2014, Wageningen
  • 3. Opinionated “news”  Not follow essential journalistic standards: - objectivity, fairness, and accuracy 3
  • 4. Research Question and Theory  How does opinionated news affect citizens’ political attitudes?  Theory: Presumed influence Relative Hostile Media Phenomenom  Are these consequential for politically relevant variables? 4
  • 5. Hypothesis 1: The influence of Presumed influence 5 Presumed influence Perceived opinion climate H1a H1b H1c Attitude Objective news versus Opinionated news
  • 6. Hypothesis 2: The influence of bias perceptions 6 Political preference: Left vs. Right Anger Perceived bias H2a H2b H2c Attitude Objective news versus Opinionated news
  • 7. Method  Experiment: randomized exposure to a TV news item  2 x 2 design 4 conditions:  Adult sample recruited via Panelclix. 7 Opinionated PowNews (n = 61) Objective NOS (n = 59) Opinionated NOS (n = 61) Objective PowNews (n = 60)
  • 8. Stimuli  Topic: widening of the highway A27 -Broadcasted by NOS and PowNews -Clear debate structure with advocates and opponents •Video creation: - Original NOS item used as basis - 2 recorded voice-overs: neutral vs. opinionated - 2 source cues: NOS vs. PowNews 8
  • 10. Partially latent structural regression model χ2(59) = 75.55, p = .072, CFI = .99; SRMR = .05, RMSEA = .04, 90% CI [.00, .06]. 10
  • 11. 11 Presumed influence Perceived opinion climate Attitude toward highway widening Objective NOS versus Opinionated PowNews Objective PowNews versus Opinionated PowNews Objective NOS versus Opinionated NOS + + + + + Results: Hypothesis 1
  • 12. Results: Hypothesis 2 12 Political preference: Left vs. Right Perceived bias Objective NOS versus Opinionated PowNews Objective PowNews versus Opinionated PowNews Objective NOS versus Opinionated NOS + + + - - -
  • 13. 13
  • 14. Results: Hypothesis 2 14 Results: Hypothesis 2 14 Political preference: Left vs. Right Anger Perceived bias Attitude toward highway widening Objective NOS versus Opinionated PowNews Objective PowNews versus Opinionated PowNews Objective NOS versus Opinionated NOS + + + - - - + –
  • 15. Conclusion  2 mechanisms: one cognitive, one affective.  Salience of a topic may influence strength of indirect effects - Low salience: Follow perceptions of the perceived majority - High salience: Likely to evoke hostile media perceptions  Normal conditions: - Selective exposure ≠> hostile media perception  Positive indirect effect - People also watch ideologically incongruent news, so hostile media effect will still occur. 15
  • 16. Questions / Remarks? Assessing the Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Opinionated News: How Opinionated News Affects Political Attitudes Boukes, M. Boomgaarden, H. G. Moorman, M. de Vreese, C. H. Contact: m.boukes@uva.nl