Dieta mediterránea y cáncer
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Este documento resume los principales puntos de la dieta mediterránea. 1) Es un modelo de alimentación equilibrado que proporciona placer y bienestar. 2) Estudios a largo plazo han demostrado que reduce significativamente el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares y cáncer. 3) Se caracteriza por un alto consumo de frutas, verduras, cereales, aceite de oliva y pescado, y un bajo consumo de carnes rojas y procesadas.
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Dieta mediterránea y cáncer
- 1. LA DIETA MEDITERRÁNEA. UNA NUEVA PERSPECTIVA Dr. Marta Garaulet
- 2. LA DIETA MEDITERRÁNEA La dieta mediterránea es un modelo de alimentación que ha demostrado ser útil para satisfacer los valores recomendados de energía y nutrientes en diferentes grupos de población. Aporta placer y bienestar y constituye una parte importante de nuestra herencia cultural mundial.
- 3. El estudio de los siete países Finland E U.S.A Holland Finland W Greece (Creta) Greece (Corfu) LA DIETA MEDITERRÁNEA Yugoslavia (Slavonia) Yugoslavia (Dalmatia) Italy (Crevalcore) •15.000 sujetos Italy (Montegiorgio) •25 años de seguimiento •Cuestionario dietético Yugoslavia (Velika) •Test de riesgo cardiovascular Japan (Kyushu) •(97,2/1000 C)Finlanda- (38/1000 C)Creta Saturated Monounsaturated Poliunsaturated
- 4. International Conference on the Diets of the Mediterranean (1993) Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 6. En los comienzos La dieta mediterránea se consideró como una dieta protectora frente al riesgo cardiovascular
- 7. Mortalidad por infarto de miocardio en países europeos en 1988 en hombres de 30-69 años 8.2 6.7 5.3 6.8 6.1 6.4 6.1 2.5 2.1 1.8 0.9 2.2 Uemura & Pisa (1988)
- 8. Hoy en día
- 9. La dieta mediterránea como una dieta antioxidante
- 10. No sólo existen nutrientes sino también componentes no-nutricionales que actúan como antioxidantes (flavonoides, etc.) La dieta mediterránea es una dieta “funcional”
- 11. 40% de los cánceres se podrían evitar con una dieta apropiada, actividad física y un peso corporal adecuado World cancer Research Fund (1997)
- 12. Reduccionistas •Se centran en determinado nutriente o alimento •Dicen poco sobre lo que el individuo enfermo debería comer para su recuperación o sobre cómo prevenir el cáncer La dieta como un “todo”
- 13. La obesidad es el primer factor de riesgo para el cáncer
- 14. IMC = Peso (kg) /altura (m2) O besidad Exceso de mortalidad según IMC 300 20 - 29 años 250 30 - 39 años 200 150 100 50 Bajo Medio Alto 15 20 25 30 35 40
- 15. Comer demasiado Es uno de los principales factores del cáncer El sobrepeso y la obesidad se corresponden: con el 14% de las muertes de cáncer en hombres y del 20% en la mujer 90.000 muertes por cáncer al año se podría evitar
- 16. La clave está en ingerir menos calorías, manteniendo el volumen saciante de los alimentos, las vitaminas, minerales y otros nutrientes necesarios Estudios en experimentación animal muestran una reducción del 55% de la aparición de tumores expontáneos con resticción calórica
- 17. International Conference on the Diets of the Mediterranean (1993) Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 18. 55-60% de las calorías de la dieta provienen de carbohidratos La dieta mediterránea es rica en carbohidratos complejos
- 19. El reto de los carbohidratos
- 20. •Carbohidratos simples •Azúcares, miel •Índice glucémico elevado, cáncer digestivo, páncreas y colon •Aumentan el apetito •No te sientes lleno •Aumentan la necesidad de tomar más azúcares
- 21. •Carga glucémica baja •Beneficiosa incluso para diabéticos •Mitad de energía que las grasas •Estimulan su propia termogénesis •Un importante efecto saciante •La glucosa es el principal nutriente de las células •Hambres específicas por carbohidratos
- 23. La serotonina y la depresión Valores disminuidos de serotonina en el sistema nervioso central se asocian con depresión, adicción y desordenes de comportamiento alimentario e ingesta de carbohidratos, especialmente chocolate Dieta Hiperproteica Dieta equilibrada 3 X = (30% proteinas) (10% proteinas) BHE BHE GAAN GAAN Triptofano Triptofano Serotonina Serotonin
- 24. Chocolismo (60% de las mujeres y 30% de los hombres) Chocolate inspira pasiones no propias de alimentos Ataques por chocolate Mostrar es
- 25. Bailar, divertirse, la risa Los niños se ríen 400 veces al día, los adultos sólo 20
- 26. Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 27. Sustituir postres ricos en grasas y azúcares y bollería por frutas, excepto en ocasiones especiales La vitamina C aumenta la absorción de hierro (10 veces) Recomendaciones = 60 mg/día (100g) Limón Naranjas Albaric. Melón Manzana Pastel de chocolate Kcal 31 42 44 35 54 450 Agua( g) 91 42 85 87 85 - Vit. C(mg) 53 50 9.4 32 12 -
- 28. ... 5 raciones diarias de verdura •Efectos anticáncer reduce el riesgo de cáncer • Antioxidantes •Clorofila ... •Beta-carotenoides •Tratamiento de obesidad •(en alimento) •Bajo contenido calórico •Flavonoides •Gran volumen •Agua •Fibra •Vitaminas E y fólico •Fibra y bacterias beneficiosa GLUCOSINOLATOS Reduce 50% el cáncer de mama 35% cáncer de pulmón en hombres TOMATE Y LICOPENO 47.000 hombres (10 o más veces por semana) Riesgo de cáncer de próstata (50%)
- 29. Comparación del consumo de fruta y verdura (g/d) entre Spanish EPIC cohort y otros estudios 700 600 500 España 400 Francia Italia 300 USA 200 Murcia 100 0 g/day/person
- 30. Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 31. •55%-60% ácido oleico •Vitamina E, Provit. A •Importante protector cardiovascular •Componentes fenólicos (Anticáncer) Anti-obesidad •Aumenta su volumen al calentarse •Penetra poco en el alimento •Aumenta la movilización de grasa (Lipolisis) •Aumenta la actividad de la UCP1
- 32. Ingesta diaria de ácidos grasos en hombres The TRANSFAIR study (1990-1995) 60 50 40 Dinamarca Alemania 30 Grecia Italia 20 España 10 0 SFA MUFA PUFA
- 33. Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 34. OSTEOPOROSIS Cabra, oveja, camello, búfalo Quesos Ca Prot Fat SFA (mg) (g) (g) (g) Leche 120 3.3 3,6 2.6 Yogurt 120 3.8 3.8 1.8 Queso 1200 35.6 26 19 Vitamina D es anticancerígena (sol) Grasas saturadas se asocian con cáncer
- 35. Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 36. La dieta mediterránea no es una dieta vegetariana 3 2,5 2 Cerdo 1,5 Pollo Ternera 1 Atún 0,5 0 SFA MUFA IA IT Elevadas cantidades de carne roja se asocian con cáncer de colon, rectal y de pecho
- 37. 1972 Bang & Dyerberg N3 series fatty acids Esquimales y Daneses 500 g/día de pescado LDL, triglicéridos HDL Inhibe la agragación plaquetaria Aumenta el tiempo de sangrado •Disminución en el tamaño del adipocito •Ratas alimentadas con aceite de pescado: •Gastan más energía •Tienen menos grasa (Baille et al, 1999
- 38. Cereales Abundancia de verduras y frutas Aceite de oliva como grasa principal Productos lácteos en baja o moderada cantidad Cantidades limitadas de carnes animales (Alta ingesta de pescado) Vino en moderación y durante las comidas
- 39. “Acuae de la vitae” Durante las comidas Dos vasos al día HDL Resveratrol (antioxidante)
- 40. “Dieta Occidental” Aumenta el riesgo de cáncer en 71%.
- 42. La Evolución del hombre, no siempre ha ido acompañada de una… DIETA GARAULET Adelgaza aprendiendo a comer Centro Comercial Bulevar Plaza Av. Estación, 5 (Junto FNAC) – Alicante– www.garaulet.com …EVOLUCIÓN DEL CONOCIMIENTO 965 122 674
Notes de l'éditeur
- Jeriteich
- But theeese ideas are rather new. At the begining of the last century the mediterranean diet was not very popular, spaniards were shorter people and our culinary practices were considered strange for other cultures specially frying in olive oil. It was thanks to Grande Covian a spanish resercher who went to Minnesota with Dr Kyes that the mediterranean diet started to be known as a healthy diet. These two reserches started a very famous study called the seven countries study which was performed and followed on 15000subjects during 25 years. Subjects were submitted to a dietary habits questionnaire and a cardiovascular medical test. The results from this study were surprising, Finland, the USA and Holland showed the highest rate of cardiovascular deseases and at the same time they had the highest intake of saturated fats.If you pay attention to this graph in red bars are represented the saturated fats, that are those fats that usually come from animals and which are solid at enviromental temperature such as butter. You can notice how the western countries have a higher intake of saturated fat while the mediterranean countries show an important intake from monounsaturated fats that are in high proporsion in olive oil. It was the first time that a food element, in this case olive oil, was considered as beneficial for health
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- These six elements were represented in this mediterranean pyramid
- And this was the beginning of the Mediterranean Diet History, it was then, when this type of diet started to be considered a cardiovascular protector diet.
- This is one of the most popular studies showing the strong relationship between mediterranean cultures an low risk in cardiovascular diseases.This study was performed o n men between the ages of 30 to 69. As you can see in this slide the stroke mortality ratio in European countries were almost 5 times higher in the north of Europe than in Spain and portugal, which are Mediterranean contries.Although this study is rather old, it was done in 1988, hundreds of studies from the present day confirm these results.
- However, nowadays, new aspects are comming from the Mediterranean diet. Each day new beneicial effects are discovered in the mediterranean diet. EF E CTS
- The mediterranean diet has also been named as an antiaging diet due to
- The existance of non-nutritional components that act as antioxidants Evidence suggests that theese components can offer protection against premature aging and delay or even reverse certain chronic diseases such as alzheimer and diabetes,, Therefore the mediterranean diet is also a “Functional diet”. During this conference I am going to highlight these new aspects of the mediterranean diet PREMACHOR
- However, nowadays, new aspects are comming from the Mediterranean diet. Each day new beneicial effects are discovered in the mediterranean diet. EF E CTS
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Due to the fact that The mediterranean diet is recommended to prevent cardiovascular diseases and that obesity is one of the main factors in cardiovascular risk This diet is now starting to be considered in the treatment of obesity
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- This is starting to be harmful for the Mediterranean diet. At the moment more than 47% of the women in Spain and in other mediterranean countries are constantly dieting. Most of these diets are unbalanced; low in carbohydrates and based in principles that are contrary to our classical Mediterranean diet: We must remember that the mediterranean diet is a complex carbohydrate-rich diet and that 55-60% Of the total calories of the diet come from this nutrient. PRINSEPOLS
- The idea that people become obese with high carbohydrate diets is totally wrong. We must know that there are two types of carbohydrates those called simples, that includes sugar, honey and the foods which includes both ingredients, and the complex carbohydrates that are present in cerasals, potatos and legumes and are rich in almidon.
- Is true that the simple ones may cuse hypo glaisi mia, increase hunger and the desire to eat more simple carbohydrates in a vicious cycle.
- However complex carbohydrates such as fruits, vegetables, legumes and cereals their calorie content is the half of energy than fats, it is known that they are able to stimulate their own termogenesis, so they spend part of their calories in their own metabolism, and because most of these foods have a higher content of fiber they increasis saciety and have an important filling effect. We must remember that glucose is the main nutrient for all ourcells, and when oour diet has not enaugh carbohydrates we suffer from a special kind of hunger called “Specific hunger for carbohydrates), this hunger is physiological and is the
- Serotonin is also called the “Hapyness hormone” Many amodern anti-depressive drugs, as Prozac, are able to increase serotonin levels
- low levels of serotonin are associated with depression, addiction and obsessive-compulsive disorder, and ingestion of carbohydrates, especially chocolate. Perhaps we have suffered from these symptoms while dieting, when we follow a high protein diet, like the classical diet with chicken, meat and vegetables without bread, pottatosa an cereals, we feel nervous and sad. The explanation s the following Triptophan is the only precursor of serotonin. In a high protein diet, we have trhree times the protein amount than in a balanced diet. So there is an important competition among all the aminoacids to enter the brain, and triptophan has many difficulties. However in a balanced diet, as the mediterranean diet, the protein content is much lower and triptophan passes the brain barrier without any problems. So the serotonin content increases.
- This is one of the reasons why after dieting some of us start to crave for sweets specially for chocolete in an intent to increase the serotonin leveles and finish with this specific hunger. Nowadays A 60% ofwomen and 30% for men in american recognize that they suffer from chocolism. Women have lower levels of serotonin in the brain , this is thereason why they have more problems of craving
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Insted of high-fat, high sugar desserts and bakery products the mediterranean diet proposes fruit as the habitual desserts. Physiologically after a meal our receptors need sweet. For this resaon dessert are usually sweet.
- Vegetables are also very important
- And the USA
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Olive oil is the star of the Mediterranean diet it had in the middle ages a religous character, it was consummed by the mediterranean population only when they were on fasting, but it was 120 days per year. It was also used for the church candels. It is the only dietary fat that is not submitted to chemical processes, and many of its propierties are due to the oleic acid content. It has also vitamin E and phenolic componds that act as antioxidants, and have a preventive actions against oxidated LDL, one of the most important factors in cardiovascular diseases. Nowadays we know that olive oil (clinical propierties) It gets into the food in a lower rate than other oils
- The consumption of MUFA in Spain is one of the highest in Europe, even higher than in italy or Greece, It is a pity because I have no data of this consumption in the USA: Different studies have shown that olive oil reduces cardivascular risk because it decreases both total cholesterol and LDL and increases HDL.
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Dairy products are consumed in low to moderate amounts in the Mediterranean countries. Howeverthe consumption of cheese has helped to the mediterranean people to prevent osteoporosis. We have lower problems of this desease than otrers european countries because of the sun, As you know sun light is necessary to de absorbtion of Vitamin D. Chese has 10 times mpr3 calcium that meat,, but it also has ten times the content of proteins and fats,
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Foods of animals in limited amounts, but we must know that the Mediterranean diet is NOT a vegetarian diet: Pork and fish have been traditionally consummed in our country: This is a picture of Jamon serrano: Some studies done in our lab show that pork has a very high content in monounsaturated fat this is the reason why this meat has a very low atherogenic index: This index represents the potential capability to produce an atheroma from different foods.
- The majority of omega-3 research has focused on the relationship between these fatty acids and heart disease. However nowadays we also know that Fish, on the other hand is the food with a lower thrombogenic efect: It means that it prevents the formation of thrombos or clots. Since the famous study in 1972 comparing Eskimos and Danish populations: It was observed that Eskimos had no cardiovascular diseases , while danish people showed the highest mortality rate due to infarction: Eskimos used to bleed very frequently by the nose, it was an american resercher that started to eat eskimos food and he started to blees by the nose, Then he realized that there was something in the food that makes blood more liquid: Nowadays we know that this is the fatty acid content of the fish, it has a family of fatty acids, called the n3 family which include the eicosapentaenoic and the docosaexaenoc acids that
- Afterward, different researchers from all over the world joined to extract the essential elements of the Mediterranean diet from the different mediterranean countries , which includes an ab ún dance of cerals ú vegetables and fruits, olive.....
- Wine in moderate quantities During the middles ages, Wine was called el acuae de la vitae which means the water of life: It was drank in substitution of water because it was very difficult to obtain potable water and it was good to prevent the hard conditions of life, the cold and especially to make you forget about your problems
- Wine in moderate quantities During the middles ages, Wine was called el acuae de la vitae which means the water of life: It was drank in substitution of water because it was very difficult to obtain potable water and it was good to prevent the hard conditions of life, the cold and especially to make you forget about your problems
- All these mediterranean foods together in he right proportion can have important beneficials effects on your health and may substitutes all these pills<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<