Artificial Intelligence (AI) has been a topic of research since the term was first coined by John McCarthy in 1956. In the last six decades, development of AI has experienced an uneven ride. Recently, the successful application of deep learning in Google AlphaGo triggered a wave of revolutionary advances in AI. Robotics and AI have developed as inseparable twins. This presentation will briefly trace the history of the relationship between the two, survey various types of robots, and identify the contribution of AI to robot intelligence. In particular, we will consider the robot system architecture and how AI techniques are associated with its various capacities and functions. Technology is replacing people in many jobs, but also creating new and better work and conditions in some cases. Scientists have estimated that machines could take 50% of our jobs in the next 30 years. Who will own the machines? Join me to explore the future challenges and issues of AI and robotics.

1. www.cranfield.ac.uk
Hongmei (Mary) He
h.he@cranfield.ac.uk
IET Open Day (17 Mar 2018)
Updated

2. 2
Outline
1. What is Robot & AI (RAI)?
2. The History of RAI
3. Types of Robotics Today
4. AI & Robotic Intelligence
5. Issues and Challenge of AI & Robotics in future

3. 3
What is AI ?
Artificial intelligence is the science and
engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs.
--- John McCarthy, father of AI at MIT, 1956

4. 4
Artificial Intelligence System [1]
[1] PwC Analysis: Sizing the prize -- What’s the real value of AI for your business and how can you capitalise?

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What is a robot ?
A robot is…
 “An active artificial agent whose environment is the physical world”
--Russell and Norvig
 “A programmable, multifunction manipulator designed to move material,
parts, tools or specific devices through variable programmed motions for
the performance of a variety of tasks” --Robot Institute of America
 An active artificial agent, which exists in the physical world, autonomously
senses its environment and intelligently acts in the environment for a
specific purpose as human expects.

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The Past of AI & Robotics

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History of AI (1950 – 1993)
1950 1956 1958 1963 1968 1970 1972 1986 1991 1993
Birth of AI
Dartmouth
Conference
Project MAC
sponsored by
DARTA First Expert
System
AI-based hardware
sells $425 million to
companies
AI System beats
human chess-master
Logic Theorist
developed
Lisp language
developed
Microworld
program,
SHRDLU created
PROLOG
language revealed
Turing test
First DART
Gulf War
Polly behaviour-
based robots

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Two Winters of AI
 The first AI winter 1974–1980
 subject to critiques and financial setbacks
 tremendous optimism had raised expectations impossibly high
 the field of connectionism (or neural nets) was shut down almost completely for 10 years by
Marvin Minsky's devastating criticism of perceptrons
 The second AI winter 1987–1993
 Apple and IBM had been steadily gaining speed and power and in 1987 they became more
powerful than the more expensive Lisp machines made by Symbolics and others.
 Eventually the earliest successful expert systems, such as XCON, proved too expensive to
maintain.
 the Strategic Computing Initiative cut funding to AI "deeply and brutally.

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History of AI (1993 – 2016)
1997 1999 2002 2004 2005 2009 2010 2012 2015 2016
IBM Deep Blue
defeats world
chess champion,
Garry Kasparov.
the AIBO
becomes one of
the first artificially
intelligent "pets"
Honda's ASIMO robot,
an artificially intelligent
humanoid robot
Microsoftware
Kinect for Xbox 360
First RoboCup
football match
iRobot's Roomba
autonomously
cleaner
NASA's robotic rovers
autonomously navigate
the surface of Mars.
Stanley (autonomous
Vehicle)
Google DeepMind's
AlphaGo European Go
champion 2 dan
Google DeepMind's
AlphaGo
Go champion 9 dan
Google self-
driving car Google Brain

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Ten Milestones of Robotics [2]
1941 1961 1964 1973 1985 1986 1997 2002 2011 2012
Isaac Asimov
Outlines Three
Laws of
Robotics
General Motors
Uses World’s First
Industrial Robot
U.S. Military
Begins Using
Drone Aircraft in
Vietnam"
Honda Begins Work
on Independent
Walking Robot
NASA Launches
First Human-Like
Robot Into Orbit
First
Anthropomorphic
Robot
Doctor Performs First
Robot-Assisted Surgery
Roomba Changes
Perception of
Robots
Google Self-Driving
Car Passes Driver’s
License Test
[2] http://listosaur.com/science-a-technology/10-milestones-robotics-history/
First RoboCup
football match

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The Present of AI & Robotics

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Artificial Intelligence Today [1]
Human in the loop No human in the loop
Hardware/Specific
System
Assisted intelligence:
Helping people to perform
tasks faster and better.
Automated intelligence:
Automation of
manual/cognitive and
routine/nonroutine tasks.
Adaptive Systems Augmented intelligence:
Helping people to make
better decisions.
Autonomous intelligence:
Automating decision making
processes without human
intervention.

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Artificial Intelligence - Rise Beyond Human Intelligence
https://blog.paradisetechsoft.com/what-is-artificial-intelligence/ (18 JUNE 2019)

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Robots in Terms of the 4 AI Forms
 Domestic robots
 Medical robots
 Service robots
Assisted intelligence: Automated intelligence:
Medical robots (surgery robots) Manufacturing machines
Industry arms/hands/robots
Augmented intelligence: Autonomous intelligence:
Machine translators
Entertainment robots (AlphaGo)
Domestic robots (home care robots)
Robotic nurses/doctors
(cannot replace human doctors) [3]
Entertainment robots (Robot Football)
Service robots
Domestic robots (robotic cleaner)
Mobile robots
Space robots
Military robots
[3] Stephen K. Klasko , Robots, Augmented Intelligence, and Things Only Humans Can Do
MARY ANN LIEBERT, INC. • DOI:10.1089/heat.2016.29028.skk

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Medical robots
https://cse.iitk.ac.in/users/cs365/2010/hw3.html
@Internet

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Manufacturing Robots
@Internet

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Domestic Robots
@Internet

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Service robots
@Internet

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Entertainment robots
Massive robot dance - Guinness World Records
@Youtube

20. 20
Mobile robots
@Internet

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Space robots
@Internet

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Military robots
@Internet

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Nao robot evolution ( NAO NEXT GEN )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joQ6ox-ovuI

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 Sophia is a social humanoid robot, able to display more
than 62 facial expressions, and developed by Hong Kong-
based company Hanson Robotics.
 In Apr. 2015 , Sophia was activated;
 In Mar. 2016, Sophia first appeared at South by Southwest
Festival in Austin, Texas, USA.
 In Jun. 2017, Sophia presented at the AI for GOOD Global
Summit, International Telecommunication Union, Geneva;
 In Oct. 2017, Sophia became a Saudi Arabian citizen;
 In Nov. 2017, Sophia was named the United Nations
Development Programme's first ever Innovation
Champion, the first non-human to be given any United
Nations title.
 Sophia has been covered by media around the globe and
has participated in many high-profile interviews.
Interviewers around the world have been impressed by the
sophistication of many of Sophia's responses to their
questions.
Robotic Humanity:
Sophia -- the First Robot to Receive Citizenship of a Country
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWlL4KjIP4M

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Artificial Intelligence  Robotic Intelligence
The ability of a system to calculate,
reason, perceive relationships and
analogies, learn from experience,
store and retrieve information from
memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use
natural language fluently, classify,
generalise, and adapt new situations
Types of Intelligence:
Linguistic intelligence
Musical intelligence
Logical-mathematical intelligence
Spatial intelligence
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence
Emotion Intelligence
Vision
Reasoning
Learning
Perception
Problem Solving
Linguistic Intelligence
Intra-personal intelligence

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Robotics Vision for Autonomous Vehicles [4]
 Background-absorbing Markov chain
 Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) + CNN:
 Output:
• 7 classes
• {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70}
 Recognition Rate: 98.98%
 The recognition rate is up to 9.32% higher than that obtained by SPP-CNN
working on raw dataset directly
[4] Z. L. Zhu, G. Xu, H. He, J. Jiang, Recognition of Speed Signs in Uncertain and Dynamic
Environments, 2018 3rd International Conference on Information Science, Computer Technology
and Transportation (ISCTT2018), Xi’an, Shanxi, China, 28-30 Dec. 2018.
.
Background-Absorbing Markov chain

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A case study: Robot Route Learning with a Linguistic Decision Tree
Learning from experience [5]
 Human drives robot
along a path for several
times
 Record the data from
laser sensor, which scan
the environment when
robot is driven
 Robot has four basic
actions: turn left, turn
right, forward and
backward
[5] H. He, T. M. McGinnity, S. Coleman and B. Gardiner, Linguistic Decision Making for Robot Route Learning,
IEEE Transaction on Neural Networks and Learning Systems, 25(1), Jan 2014, pp. 203 – 215.

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Simple Natural Language Interaction with Consequence Reasoning
Robot Reasoning and Language Ability
What AI techniques the robot should have?
 Computer vision for risk identity
 Natural language recognition
 Rule-based reasoning
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0tu4H1g3CtE

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Functions of Robotics
Models, data,
and knowledge
bases
Planning
Goal
Reasoning
Monitoring
Perceiving
Acting
Robot Platform
Environments

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Interfacing a Humanoid Robot: Nao
AI-enabled Robots
https://cse.iitk.ac.in/users/cs365/2010/hw3.html

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Implementation of Robot Intelligence
Sensors
Effectors
Framework of information fusion
Information Propagation

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Sensors
Force-sensing
Tactile-sensing
Sonar
Laser scanner
Visual (camera)
Proprioceptive (GPS) Drone with camera
attached

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Effectors
Effector vs. Actuator
Degrees of freedom (d.f.)
 6 d.f. for free body in space
Locomotion
 Statically stable vs. Dynamically
stable
Manipulation
 Rotary vs. Prismatic motion
 End Effector Four-finger Utah/MIT hand

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A Framework of Perception
Environments
Feature
Extraction
Training the
model
Feature
Extraction
Decision
Making
FP
Reduction
Action
Sensing data
Noisy
information
Monitored
state
Generation of machine
learning model
Online real-time decision making

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Information Propagation – still a long journey

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Future of AI & Robotics
36

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Will Robots Take Our Jobs? (BBC News)
 About 35% of current jobs in the
UK are at high risk of
computerisation over the
following 20 years, according to
a study by researchers at
Oxford University and Deloitte.
 Narrative Science chief scientist
Kristian Hammond has
previously said that in 15 years'
time, 90% of news will be
written by machines but, he told
the BBC, that didn't mean that
90% of journalist jobs would go.
Survey from 352/1634 leading AI academics and industry experts By University of Oxford

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When Will Robot Take Our Jobs?
Survey from 352/1634 leading AI academics and industry experts By University of Oxford
In near future, AI is expected to
outperform humans in:
 translating languages by 2024,
 writing high-school essays by 2026,
 driving a truck by 2027,
 retail by 2031,
 writing a bestselling book by 2049)
 working as a surgeon by 2053.

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Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence
1. Unemployment. What happens after the end of jobs?
2. Inequality. How do we distribute the wealth created by machines?
3. Humanity. How do machines affect our behaviour and interaction?
4. Artificial stupidity. How can we guard against mistakes?
5. Racist robots. How do we eliminate AI bias?
6. Singularity. How do we stay in control of a complex intelligent system?
7. Robot rights. How do we define the humane treatment of AI?
8. Security. How do we keep AI safe from adversaries?
9. Evil genies. How do we protect against unintended consequences?

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Robot Could Be Attacked by Adversaries
不，你好像
没有理解我
的意思
Robot Translator

41. 41
Micro Drones Kill Arms Robots
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TlO2gcs1YvM

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The Zeroth Law of Robots
In later fiction where robots had taken responsibility for
government of whole planets and human civilizations,
Asimov also added a fourth, or zeroth law:
A robot may not harm humanity, or, by inaction, allow
humanity to come to harm.

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Who Own the Future Robots ?
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/538401/who-will-own-the-robots/

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Which Case Will Be Happened in Future?
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/538401/who-will-own-the-robots/

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Thank You Very Much for Your Attention !