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Social Networking Service in the Crisis and
Immediate Post-Catastrophe Response Processes
Masahiko Shoji, International University of Japan
Tomoaki Watanabe, International University of
Japan
Shimpei Toyofuku, International University of
Japan
Mikito Terachi, International University of Japan
Adam Peake, International University of Japan
Counterpart PI: 1
Objective
• The Great East Japan Earthquake was an
internationally rare experience in terms of disaster in a
developed country with advanced ICT network in
usage.
• This joint research aims to clarify how information
sharing and community development through social
networks influenced the actual disaster response after
the Great East Japan Earthquake.
• Another aim is to recommend measures for
preparation of earthquakes and other disasters that
may occur in the future in other regions at home and
abroad.
2
Hypothesis
1. Personal attributes, skill, and human relations will greatly
affect the way of human connection on social media.
Therefore, roles and meanings of social media will vary
greatly from person to person. Then, it is possible to identify
internet usage patterns (clusters) of several characteristic
types.
2. Depending on internet usage patterns (clusters), people use
different media for different purposes in different ways during
the time following the disaster.
3. Activities that have been deployed on the social media are
influenced by the Internet usage patterns of people who
make up the community.
3
STATUS OF ICT
BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE
Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba
4
Source: MIC “Information and Communications in Japan 2011 “
Internet and Mobile Phone
5
• Less penetration ratio of
Internet
– especially Iwate,
Fukushima
• Speeding-up of internet is
not advanced in this area.
– Chiba is different from
others.
• Mobile phone penetration rate and
mobile internet penetration rates were
less than national average in this area.
– Especially Iwate, Fukushima
(5) (6)
Iw ate 65.3% 57.6%
M iyagi 77.8% 64.4%
Fukushim a 69.1% 58.5%
Ibaraki 76.5% 63.7%
C hiba 81.1% 64.8%
Average 84.6% 65.1%
M obile Internet
penetration
rate
M obile phone
penetration
rate
Prefecture
M obile Phone
Broadcasting
• TV was essential for people in
this area
• Digital TV and BS
broadcasting were more
penetrated than national
average.
• CATV was not major.
– Except Chiba
6
(7) (8) (9)
Iw ate 93.3% 39.6% 16.3%
M iyagi 90.7% 36.1% 23.0%
Fukushim a 93.9% 33.3% 1.3%
Ibaraki 92.2% 27.9% 20.2%
C hiba 97.2% 25.9% 59.6%
Average 91.1% 27.6% 48.8%
Ratio of the
num ber of
households of
C ATV
subscribers
Ratio of the
num ber of
households B S
broadcasting
contract
H ousehold
penetration
rate of digital
TV
B roadcasting
Prefecture
Information Industry(10)
Iw ate 1.2%
M iyagi 2.2%
Fukushim a 0.9%
Ibaraki 1.5%
C hiba 1.3%
Average 2.7%
Prefecture
B usiness
Percentage of
the em ployees
of the IC T
industry
• Proportion of the ICT industry workers in these
prefectures were less than the national average.
– ICT industry includes telecommunication, broadcasting,
information service, internet related service, and
"movie, sound, text producing".
Education, School
• Schools are hub of local area where can be shelter etc..
• Policy factors would be larger in education than other items.
– Iwate did not have enough infrastructure, but they had more
talented teachers.
– Fukushima had more high-speed access to the Internet.
7
(14) (15) (16) (17)
Iw ate 5.3 41.4% 53.6% 59.0% 76.0%
M iyagi 7.7 57.3% 67.4% 75.1% 69.2%
Fukushim a 6.4 84.2% 73.8% 76.3% 67.4%
Ibaraki 6.5 73.5% 55.6% 79.2% 80.9%
C hiba 7.7 71.8% 46.6% 73.0% 60.8%
Average 6.8 67.4% 65.9% 72.2% 69.4%
teachers w ho
can take
advantage of
IC T in school
affairs
Rate of school
Internet
connection
(opticalfiber)
N um ber of
students per
com puter for
education
Prefecture
(18)
Education,School
LAN
deploym ent
rate of
ordinary
classroom s
Internet
connection
rate of school
(m ore than
30M bps)
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
ON THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTERS
8
Online survey of 2600 sample on Dec 2011.
Allocation of survey respondents
Severely
affected area
Disaster area Quasi-
disaster area
. Non-disaster
area
where
he/she is
at the time
Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima,
Ibaraki, Chiba
Iwate, Miyagi,
Fukushima
Chiba, Tokyo,
Saitama,
Kanagawa
Western from
Aichi-Fukui
age
distributio
n
NO Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent
Ages
Total
20’s 30’s 40’s 50’s Ove 60’s
Disaster
area
category
Severely
affected
129 150 105 77 54 515
Disaster
area
139 139 139 139 139 695
Quasi-
disaster
area
139 139 139 139 139 695
Non-
disaster 139 139 139 139 139 6959
Relationship between 6 clusters of Internet usage
patterns and frequency of social media use
Social media service
Active SNS 2ch/twitter Blogger mixi/Games Mobile emailPassive user
Cluster I Cluster II
Cluster
III
Cluster Ⅳ Cluster Ⅴ Cluster VI
Mobile email 3.95 3.48 3.29 3.78 4.06 1.70 3.45
PC email 3.69 3.93 3.65 3.13 3.40 2.86 3.40
twitter 3.56 2.64 1.75 1.31 1.16 1.12 1.71
mixi 3.61 1.41 1.28 3.00 1.11 1.07 1.68
2ch 2.73 2.63 1.69 1.46 1.24 1.19 1.66
Starting or
restarting own blog
2.61 1.38 3.64 1.58 1.06 1.07 1.58
Facebook 2.99 2.00 1.22 1.13 1.09 1.07 1.46
Games 2.15 1.40 1.28 2.25 1.06 1.06 1.39
3.16 2.36 2.23 2.21 1.77 1.39
10
the Special Characteristics of Each Cluster
• Cluster 1 (Active SNS users):
– Represents 13% of the total.
– Generally, the degree of using
Internet services is high. The
pecking order for social networking
services (SNS) is mixi, Twitter,
Facebook. Unlike Cluster II, there is
no bias toward anonymous
platforms for social media
communication.
• Cluster II (2ch, Twitter users):
– Represents 12.5% of the total.
– The focus is on PC email and usage
of Twitter and 2ch is high, while use
of mixi, blogs and Facebook is low. If
we read usage of 2ch as a special
feature, we might consider social
communication via anonymous
bulletin boards as the base.
• Cluster III (bloggers):
– Represents 8.5% of the total.
– A group of users who use nothing
but email and blogs.
• Cluster IV (mixi, game users):
– Represents 10.4% of the total. Use
of mobile email, mixi and games is
high. We presume focus on mobile
phone use.
• Cluster V (mobile email users):
– This is the largest cluster comprising
37.1% of the total. They are users
who exclusively use the email
functions of mobile phones. Almost
no use of social media.
• Cluster VI (passive users):
– Represents 18.5% of the total. No
use other than limited PC email.
Almost no use of social media.
11
Gender Distribution in Internet Usage Patterns
• There are many men in Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and Cluster VI
(passive users) while women are in the majority in Cluster IV (mixi,
games) and Cluster V (mobile email).
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
男性
女性
Ⅰ積極SNS Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー
Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ
12
Men
Women
Cluster I
Active SNS
Cluster 2
2ch, twitter
Cluster 3
Blogger
Cluster 5
Mobile email
Cluster 6
Passive Users
Cluster 4
mixi, games
Age distribution in Internet usage patterns
• The higher age group decrease in Cluster I (active SNS), and
Cluster IV (mixi, games), and increase in Cluster V (mobile email)
and Cluster VI (passive users).
• For Cluster III (bloggers), there is hardly any difference in the age
groups.
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
20代
30代
40代
50代
60代以上
Ⅰ積極SNS Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー
Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ
13
Cluster I
Active SNS
Cluster 2
2ch, twitter
Cluster 3
Blogger
Cluster 5
Mobile email
Cluster 6
Passive Users
Cluster 4
mixi, games
Correlation between Internet usage pattern
clusters and email communication factors
-0.80
-0.60
-0.40
-0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
14
Public Private
• Public usage was higher for Cluster I (active SNS), and private usage
was higher for Cluster IV (mixi, games) and Cluster V (mobile email).
• Cluster VI (passive users) scored the lowest on public usage, and hardly
at all on private usage.
Factor 1 was public targets including journalists and opinion
leaders, while Factor 2 was private targets including
friends, family and relatives.
Correlation between Internet usage pattern
clusters and SNS communication factors
15
Public Private
• Cluster I (active SNS) communicates with both public and private targets.
• Cluster IV (mixi, games) is used exclusively for communication with private
targets.
Summary of Correlation between Internet Usage
Patterns (Clusters) and Users of Each Service
• Cluster I (active SNS), Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and Cluster III
(bloggers) show similar trends irrespective of target factor.
• Cluster IV (mixi, games) and Cluster V (mobile email) show a bias
toward private target factors.
• On the other hand, for Cluster VI (passive users), the private target
factor is extremely low.
• Cluster VI (passive users) use the Internet exclusively for work
purposes, and not for private purposes.
16
active SNS 2ch, Twitter bloggers mixi,
games
mobile
email
passive
users
Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6
E-mail Public factor 0.776 0.121 -0.168 -0.207 -0.152 -0.297
Private factor 0.482 0.090 -0.202 -0.001 0.197 -0.770
Twitter Public factor 0.429 -0.029 -0.302 -0.344 -0.497 -0.526
SNS Pablic factor 0.933 0.069 -0.202 -0.199 -0.220 -0.265
Private
Factor
0.857 0.074 -0.228 0.057 -0.209 -0.353
Correlation between effectiveness factor of safety
confirmation and Internet usage pattern clusters
17
• Depending on the Internet usage pattern cluster attributes of the
respondents, there are big differences in whether a safety confirmation method is
judged to be effective.
• In particular, the evaluations were remarkably high for Factor 1 (written
information) in Cluster I (active SNS), for Factor 2 (voice, email) in Cluster IV
(mixi, games), and for Factor 3 (direct contact) in Cluster VI (passive users).
Correlation between media contact
factors and disaster categories
-0.20
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
甚大被災 被災地 準被災地 非被災地
ネット テレビ 新聞ラジオ
18Internet Television Newspapers, radio
Severely affected Disaster area Quasi-disaster area Non-disaster area
• In the severely affected and the disaster area, Factor 3
(newspapers, radio) is remarkably high.
Correlation between media credibility
factors and age ranges
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
20代 30代 40代 50代 60代以上
ネット マスメディア
19Internet Massmedia
• In terms of age ranges, credibility with the 20 – 50 age range is higher for
Factor 1 (Internet services) than for Factor 2 (mass media).
Correlation between behavior change factors
and Internet usage pattern clusters
-0.15
-0.10
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
自分や家族のための行動 他者支援のための行動 20
behavior for own or
family’s sake
behavior to assist others
• For Cluster I (active SNS), Factor 2 (behavior to assist others), in
particular, is conspicuously high.
• For Factor 1 (behavior for own or family’s sake), Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and
Cluster V (mobile mail) are relatively high, but Cluster III, IV and VI are low..
Correlation between mutual assistance factor
and Internet usage pattern clusters
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
積極SNSユーザ Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ
自発支援 情報被支援 機器被支援
21
• Factor 1 (spontaneous assistance) and Factor 2 (receive information
assistance) are particularly high for Cluster I (active SNS) and Cluster II
(2ch, Twitter).
Correlation between social capital factor and
Internet usage pattern clusters
-0.40
-0.30
-0.20
-0.10
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
Ⅰ積極SNSユーザ Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ
地域意識 一般的信頼 互助意識
22
• Factor 1 (regional awareness) is particularly high for Cluster I (active SNS)
and Cluster V (mobile email).
Spread of Tweet
• Miyabe, Aramaki, Miura(2011). “Analisys of the
Usage Trend of Twitter in the East Japan Earthquake”
– Tweets from Severely affected areas
• Travels to outside areas
– Affected areas
• Direct exchange of messages
– Less affected areas
• Tweets spread wider
http://luululu.com/paper/2011/GN.pdf
23
FACTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
24
Facts and Recommendations
• In ICT developed countries, diversification of media has been
progressed. People use various kinds of media, including social
media in daily life.
• Depending on the region, diffusion status of these various media is
different.
• Moreover, depending on the media using every day, people are
differentiated into many clusters.
• Government and people should understand usage characteristics of
media. Effective means to convey information is different by areas.
It is useful for considering priority of recover.
• People in the different cluster are different in terms of
communication partner and behavior after communication. This
difference affects the way information (including hoaxes) spreads in
the society.
25
Facts and Recommendations
• Lack of hyper-local information for daily life.
• Local governments are not good at dealing with uncertain
information. On the other hand, private sector is faster and
more flexible.
• Need to use multiple media
– TV, Radio, Newspaper, Telephone, Mobile Phone, E-mail, Social
Media, Face to Face
– Community FM stations have great potential
– Government should develop media strategies to reach
everybody.
– government and people should prepare appropriate
systems, and make plans and conduct emergency drills to share
essential information and help each other.
• Anxiety and communication need
– Face to face communication is needed by some people to
appease anxiety.
26

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Social networking service in the crisis and immediate post catastrophe response processes

  • 1. Social Networking Service in the Crisis and Immediate Post-Catastrophe Response Processes Masahiko Shoji, International University of Japan Tomoaki Watanabe, International University of Japan Shimpei Toyofuku, International University of Japan Mikito Terachi, International University of Japan Adam Peake, International University of Japan Counterpart PI: 1
  • 2. Objective • The Great East Japan Earthquake was an internationally rare experience in terms of disaster in a developed country with advanced ICT network in usage. • This joint research aims to clarify how information sharing and community development through social networks influenced the actual disaster response after the Great East Japan Earthquake. • Another aim is to recommend measures for preparation of earthquakes and other disasters that may occur in the future in other regions at home and abroad. 2
  • 3. Hypothesis 1. Personal attributes, skill, and human relations will greatly affect the way of human connection on social media. Therefore, roles and meanings of social media will vary greatly from person to person. Then, it is possible to identify internet usage patterns (clusters) of several characteristic types. 2. Depending on internet usage patterns (clusters), people use different media for different purposes in different ways during the time following the disaster. 3. Activities that have been deployed on the social media are influenced by the Internet usage patterns of people who make up the community. 3
  • 4. STATUS OF ICT BEFORE THE EARTHQUAKE Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba 4 Source: MIC “Information and Communications in Japan 2011 “
  • 5. Internet and Mobile Phone 5 • Less penetration ratio of Internet – especially Iwate, Fukushima • Speeding-up of internet is not advanced in this area. – Chiba is different from others. • Mobile phone penetration rate and mobile internet penetration rates were less than national average in this area. – Especially Iwate, Fukushima (5) (6) Iw ate 65.3% 57.6% M iyagi 77.8% 64.4% Fukushim a 69.1% 58.5% Ibaraki 76.5% 63.7% C hiba 81.1% 64.8% Average 84.6% 65.1% M obile Internet penetration rate M obile phone penetration rate Prefecture M obile Phone
  • 6. Broadcasting • TV was essential for people in this area • Digital TV and BS broadcasting were more penetrated than national average. • CATV was not major. – Except Chiba 6 (7) (8) (9) Iw ate 93.3% 39.6% 16.3% M iyagi 90.7% 36.1% 23.0% Fukushim a 93.9% 33.3% 1.3% Ibaraki 92.2% 27.9% 20.2% C hiba 97.2% 25.9% 59.6% Average 91.1% 27.6% 48.8% Ratio of the num ber of households of C ATV subscribers Ratio of the num ber of households B S broadcasting contract H ousehold penetration rate of digital TV B roadcasting Prefecture Information Industry(10) Iw ate 1.2% M iyagi 2.2% Fukushim a 0.9% Ibaraki 1.5% C hiba 1.3% Average 2.7% Prefecture B usiness Percentage of the em ployees of the IC T industry • Proportion of the ICT industry workers in these prefectures were less than the national average. – ICT industry includes telecommunication, broadcasting, information service, internet related service, and "movie, sound, text producing".
  • 7. Education, School • Schools are hub of local area where can be shelter etc.. • Policy factors would be larger in education than other items. – Iwate did not have enough infrastructure, but they had more talented teachers. – Fukushima had more high-speed access to the Internet. 7 (14) (15) (16) (17) Iw ate 5.3 41.4% 53.6% 59.0% 76.0% M iyagi 7.7 57.3% 67.4% 75.1% 69.2% Fukushim a 6.4 84.2% 73.8% 76.3% 67.4% Ibaraki 6.5 73.5% 55.6% 79.2% 80.9% C hiba 7.7 71.8% 46.6% 73.0% 60.8% Average 6.8 67.4% 65.9% 72.2% 69.4% teachers w ho can take advantage of IC T in school affairs Rate of school Internet connection (opticalfiber) N um ber of students per com puter for education Prefecture (18) Education,School LAN deploym ent rate of ordinary classroom s Internet connection rate of school (m ore than 30M bps)
  • 8. SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN DISASTERS 8
  • 9. Online survey of 2600 sample on Dec 2011. Allocation of survey respondents Severely affected area Disaster area Quasi- disaster area . Non-disaster area where he/she is at the time Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima, Ibaraki, Chiba Iwate, Miyagi, Fukushima Chiba, Tokyo, Saitama, Kanagawa Western from Aichi-Fukui age distributio n NO Equivalent Equivalent Equivalent Ages Total 20’s 30’s 40’s 50’s Ove 60’s Disaster area category Severely affected 129 150 105 77 54 515 Disaster area 139 139 139 139 139 695 Quasi- disaster area 139 139 139 139 139 695 Non- disaster 139 139 139 139 139 6959
  • 10. Relationship between 6 clusters of Internet usage patterns and frequency of social media use Social media service Active SNS 2ch/twitter Blogger mixi/Games Mobile emailPassive user Cluster I Cluster II Cluster III Cluster Ⅳ Cluster Ⅴ Cluster VI Mobile email 3.95 3.48 3.29 3.78 4.06 1.70 3.45 PC email 3.69 3.93 3.65 3.13 3.40 2.86 3.40 twitter 3.56 2.64 1.75 1.31 1.16 1.12 1.71 mixi 3.61 1.41 1.28 3.00 1.11 1.07 1.68 2ch 2.73 2.63 1.69 1.46 1.24 1.19 1.66 Starting or restarting own blog 2.61 1.38 3.64 1.58 1.06 1.07 1.58 Facebook 2.99 2.00 1.22 1.13 1.09 1.07 1.46 Games 2.15 1.40 1.28 2.25 1.06 1.06 1.39 3.16 2.36 2.23 2.21 1.77 1.39 10
  • 11. the Special Characteristics of Each Cluster • Cluster 1 (Active SNS users): – Represents 13% of the total. – Generally, the degree of using Internet services is high. The pecking order for social networking services (SNS) is mixi, Twitter, Facebook. Unlike Cluster II, there is no bias toward anonymous platforms for social media communication. • Cluster II (2ch, Twitter users): – Represents 12.5% of the total. – The focus is on PC email and usage of Twitter and 2ch is high, while use of mixi, blogs and Facebook is low. If we read usage of 2ch as a special feature, we might consider social communication via anonymous bulletin boards as the base. • Cluster III (bloggers): – Represents 8.5% of the total. – A group of users who use nothing but email and blogs. • Cluster IV (mixi, game users): – Represents 10.4% of the total. Use of mobile email, mixi and games is high. We presume focus on mobile phone use. • Cluster V (mobile email users): – This is the largest cluster comprising 37.1% of the total. They are users who exclusively use the email functions of mobile phones. Almost no use of social media. • Cluster VI (passive users): – Represents 18.5% of the total. No use other than limited PC email. Almost no use of social media. 11
  • 12. Gender Distribution in Internet Usage Patterns • There are many men in Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and Cluster VI (passive users) while women are in the majority in Cluster IV (mixi, games) and Cluster V (mobile email). 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 男性 女性 Ⅰ積極SNS Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ 12 Men Women Cluster I Active SNS Cluster 2 2ch, twitter Cluster 3 Blogger Cluster 5 Mobile email Cluster 6 Passive Users Cluster 4 mixi, games
  • 13. Age distribution in Internet usage patterns • The higher age group decrease in Cluster I (active SNS), and Cluster IV (mixi, games), and increase in Cluster V (mobile email) and Cluster VI (passive users). • For Cluster III (bloggers), there is hardly any difference in the age groups. 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 20代 30代 40代 50代 60代以上 Ⅰ積極SNS Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ 13 Cluster I Active SNS Cluster 2 2ch, twitter Cluster 3 Blogger Cluster 5 Mobile email Cluster 6 Passive Users Cluster 4 mixi, games
  • 14. Correlation between Internet usage pattern clusters and email communication factors -0.80 -0.60 -0.40 -0.20 0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 14 Public Private • Public usage was higher for Cluster I (active SNS), and private usage was higher for Cluster IV (mixi, games) and Cluster V (mobile email). • Cluster VI (passive users) scored the lowest on public usage, and hardly at all on private usage. Factor 1 was public targets including journalists and opinion leaders, while Factor 2 was private targets including friends, family and relatives.
  • 15. Correlation between Internet usage pattern clusters and SNS communication factors 15 Public Private • Cluster I (active SNS) communicates with both public and private targets. • Cluster IV (mixi, games) is used exclusively for communication with private targets.
  • 16. Summary of Correlation between Internet Usage Patterns (Clusters) and Users of Each Service • Cluster I (active SNS), Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and Cluster III (bloggers) show similar trends irrespective of target factor. • Cluster IV (mixi, games) and Cluster V (mobile email) show a bias toward private target factors. • On the other hand, for Cluster VI (passive users), the private target factor is extremely low. • Cluster VI (passive users) use the Internet exclusively for work purposes, and not for private purposes. 16 active SNS 2ch, Twitter bloggers mixi, games mobile email passive users Cluster 1 2 3 4 5 6 E-mail Public factor 0.776 0.121 -0.168 -0.207 -0.152 -0.297 Private factor 0.482 0.090 -0.202 -0.001 0.197 -0.770 Twitter Public factor 0.429 -0.029 -0.302 -0.344 -0.497 -0.526 SNS Pablic factor 0.933 0.069 -0.202 -0.199 -0.220 -0.265 Private Factor 0.857 0.074 -0.228 0.057 -0.209 -0.353
  • 17. Correlation between effectiveness factor of safety confirmation and Internet usage pattern clusters 17 • Depending on the Internet usage pattern cluster attributes of the respondents, there are big differences in whether a safety confirmation method is judged to be effective. • In particular, the evaluations were remarkably high for Factor 1 (written information) in Cluster I (active SNS), for Factor 2 (voice, email) in Cluster IV (mixi, games), and for Factor 3 (direct contact) in Cluster VI (passive users).
  • 18. Correlation between media contact factors and disaster categories -0.20 -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 甚大被災 被災地 準被災地 非被災地 ネット テレビ 新聞ラジオ 18Internet Television Newspapers, radio Severely affected Disaster area Quasi-disaster area Non-disaster area • In the severely affected and the disaster area, Factor 3 (newspapers, radio) is remarkably high.
  • 19. Correlation between media credibility factors and age ranges -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 20代 30代 40代 50代 60代以上 ネット マスメディア 19Internet Massmedia • In terms of age ranges, credibility with the 20 – 50 age range is higher for Factor 1 (Internet services) than for Factor 2 (mass media).
  • 20. Correlation between behavior change factors and Internet usage pattern clusters -0.15 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 自分や家族のための行動 他者支援のための行動 20 behavior for own or family’s sake behavior to assist others • For Cluster I (active SNS), Factor 2 (behavior to assist others), in particular, is conspicuously high. • For Factor 1 (behavior for own or family’s sake), Cluster II (2ch, Twitter) and Cluster V (mobile mail) are relatively high, but Cluster III, IV and VI are low..
  • 21. Correlation between mutual assistance factor and Internet usage pattern clusters -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 積極SNSユーザ Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ 自発支援 情報被支援 機器被支援 21 • Factor 1 (spontaneous assistance) and Factor 2 (receive information assistance) are particularly high for Cluster I (active SNS) and Cluster II (2ch, Twitter).
  • 22. Correlation between social capital factor and Internet usage pattern clusters -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 Ⅰ積極SNSユーザ Ⅱ2ch・tw Ⅲブロガー Ⅳmixi・ゲーム Ⅴ携帯メール Ⅵ消極ユーザ 地域意識 一般的信頼 互助意識 22 • Factor 1 (regional awareness) is particularly high for Cluster I (active SNS) and Cluster V (mobile email).
  • 23. Spread of Tweet • Miyabe, Aramaki, Miura(2011). “Analisys of the Usage Trend of Twitter in the East Japan Earthquake” – Tweets from Severely affected areas • Travels to outside areas – Affected areas • Direct exchange of messages – Less affected areas • Tweets spread wider http://luululu.com/paper/2011/GN.pdf 23
  • 25. Facts and Recommendations • In ICT developed countries, diversification of media has been progressed. People use various kinds of media, including social media in daily life. • Depending on the region, diffusion status of these various media is different. • Moreover, depending on the media using every day, people are differentiated into many clusters. • Government and people should understand usage characteristics of media. Effective means to convey information is different by areas. It is useful for considering priority of recover. • People in the different cluster are different in terms of communication partner and behavior after communication. This difference affects the way information (including hoaxes) spreads in the society. 25
  • 26. Facts and Recommendations • Lack of hyper-local information for daily life. • Local governments are not good at dealing with uncertain information. On the other hand, private sector is faster and more flexible. • Need to use multiple media – TV, Radio, Newspaper, Telephone, Mobile Phone, E-mail, Social Media, Face to Face – Community FM stations have great potential – Government should develop media strategies to reach everybody. – government and people should prepare appropriate systems, and make plans and conduct emergency drills to share essential information and help each other. • Anxiety and communication need – Face to face communication is needed by some people to appease anxiety. 26