5. Temperatures in Oceania are consistently warm
throughout the year.
Slightly modified by winds, storms and elevation
6. DISTINCTIVE ECOSYSTEMS
Oceania
Vegetation in the South Pacific island of Oceania
grows relatively nutrient-poor, sandy soils that
may only support some scrub vegetation and
coconut palm.
10. In Oceania
Coral atoll formation
The highest parts of some coral atoll island are
only a few meters above sea level.
Many have concentration of settlement on low-
lying coasts.
ENVIRONMENTAL
PROBLEMS
11. POLLUTIONS, EROSION AND MINING
EXCAVATIONS
Oceania
Dumping of oil
Nuclear testing
Nauru, uncultivable
skeleton
14. Cultural History
COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDEPENDENCE
Willem Janszoon were the first Europeans discover Terra Australis (Southland) in 1600s.
British explore Australia held little economic or settlement potential for Europe.
reports concerning the potential of Australia came from surveys of captain james cook in
1700s.
settlement increased in 1800s after initial problems of food supply
effect: -improvements in government administration
- issuance of free land grants
- encouraged sheep farming
most of the convicts came from the most materially impoverished neighbourhoods of
British cities.
a gold-mining boom in the 1850s drew speculators and new settlers to Australia.
15. 1800s, established 5 new colonies with :
- main port city
- competitive pride
The Commonwealth Australia became federal country in 1901 and 5 colonies became
states.
Australia aborigines died from disease and oppression 1990s integrate Aborigines in
Australia life.
17. > Migrants come from across Pacific diffused out
the island archipelagos to Aussie
> indigenous include ethnic and culture groups.
> present in the late 1700s
> nomadic hunters and gatherers
> live in communities or clans across continent
Speaking 200 different language
Animistic rock paintings
Part of their legacy :
- religious beliefs
- social organization
three main categories of deity :
-Creation Beings
-Ancestral Beings.
-Totemic Beings
19. CULTURAL HISTORY
COLONIAL DEVELOPMENT AND INDEPENDENCE
Maoris resisted British missionaries and whalers.
Dutch Navigator Abel Tasman, the first European discoverer.
Agreed to respect Maoris land ownership.
Maori signed the Treaty of Waitangi with the British
Crown. regarded as New Zealand’s founding document.
More sheep farmers established as technological
advances in refrigerated shipping.
21. Polynesians
first inhabitants of New Zealand
settled on both main islands of New Zealand
named the country Aotearoa (Land of the Long White Cloud).
English is the most common language
Maori is also an official language.
indigenous Maori represent about 15 percent of the population.
express their culture by Maori tattooing, also known as Ta Moko.
23. Melanesian (“black islands” named by Europeans
because presence of dark-skinned people)
Micronesian (“small islands”)
Polynesian (“many islands”)
24. The United Kingdoms was the main colonizer of
the Pasific Islands.
Guam and the Marianas were Spanish colonies
until taken by the United States as protectorates
just after 1900.
French colonizer New Caledonia and the islands
around Tahiti.
Political decision made by French government in
Paris.
German taking the island in 1880s.
All of the Britain, Australia, New Zealand lost to
United States in World War 1.
25. GLOBALIZATION & LOCAL
CHANGE
a. POPULATION DYNAMIC
I. natural increase
* slow total fertility rate less than 2
* advanced in demographic transition process
* slowing in birth after baby-boom period & aging population
* concentrated in coastal urban areas
ii. Effect of rapid organization
* intraregional and interregional trade fueled growth city-regions
*Sydney- connected city
* have downtowns (state government & financial sectors)
26.
27. iii. Geographic identity
* ‘white Australia policy’ – European immigrants, neighboring Asian countries.
* increase multiracial, multiethnic, multicultural population
* high unemployment
* gives 12,000 refugees permanent residence
28. GLOBALIZATION & LOCAL
CHANGE
POPULATION DYNAMIC
I. natural increase
* total fertility rate remain slightly
* advanced in demographic transition process
* slow regeneration of its labor force
* losses of working-age males
ii. Effect of rapid organization
* lived in towns and cities
* main cities : port / “hinges”
* Auckland : center urbanized
* wellington : major port / center gov.
* Christchurch & Dunedin : main towns South Island
29.
30. iii. Geographic identity
* many young , skilled New Zealanders migrate
* economic opportunities in:
> service industry
> pride in country’s culture
> unique physical landscape
* Maoris have professional jobs
> contract labourers
> shearing gangs for Pākehā farmers.
>planting, harvesting, hunting birds, fishing and eeling
> rat trapping, canoe building and warfare
> Tohunga : carving, tattooing, building and spiritual
matters.
54. Australia dominant mining
* high production of iron and steel
* iron ore (bauxite,nickel, gold)
* natural gas fields.
Australia’s farm output
* wheat,oilseeds,beef,veal,wine
* cultivated and livestock grazing
Tourism
* attracted by beaches, golf courses, theme park
(Gold Coast)
* unique wildlife, flora and rock formations
71. Environmental problem
• Earthquakes
• the eruption of
mount ruapehu
Natural
hazard
• Soil erosion
• Air and water pollution
• industrial effluent,
• automobile emissions
• Construction controversy
pollution,
erosion and
mining
excavations
74. Economic trade and development
ECONOMY
a. Natural resources = fresh water
= hydroelectric power regeneration
= coal
b. ` Export of farm and forest = wool, lamb, diary product
=livestock
=agricultural production
c. Tourism =outdoor attraction (North and South island)
=success of film trilogy
*Whale rider
* Lord of The Rings
75. DEVELOPMENT
Pastureland replace forest
replanted large areas “ Radiata Pines and Douglas firs”
1900s, afforestation policy
1980s, The New Zealand government instituted economic reforms:
> lower unemployment
> lower inflation
> tariffs and restrictive port practices removed
> government spending reduced
Export to :
> Japan
> Australia
> United States
> United Kigdom
Import from :
> Australia
> United State
89. Environmental problem
• Earthquakes
• the eruption of
mount ruapehu
Natural
hazard
• Soil erosion
• Air and water pollution
• industrial effluent,
• automobile emissions
• Construction controversy
pollution, er
osion and
mining
excavations
92. Economic trade and development
ECONOMY
a. Natural resources = fresh water
= hydroelectric power regeneration
= coal
b. ` Export of farm and forest = wool, lamb, diary product
=livestock
=agricultural production
c. Tourism =outdoor attraction (North and South island)
=success of film trilogy
*Whale rider
* Lord of The Rings
93. DEVELOPMENT
Pastureland replace forest
replanted large areas “ Radiata Pines and Douglas firs”
1900s, afforestation policy
1980s, The New Zealand government instituted economic reforms:
> lower unemployment
> lower inflation
> tariffs and restrictive port practices removed
> government spending reduced
Export to :
> Japan
> Australia
> United States
> United Kigdom
Import from :
> Australia
> United State
98. Island Countries
Most of South Pacific Islands independence in
1970s
Although independence, economic difficulty,
internal tension and dependence on continuing
economic aid and protection to
99. World poorest countries
The largest and most populated island
109. Antarctica’s high eastern
plateau
Frigid
Temperatures below
freezing
Antarctica’s coastal
areas
Slightly warmer
Affected by latitudes
110. Summer high temperature in January average
above 0 C
111. ANTARTCTICA GLOBAL STATUS
Expeditions to Antarctica beginning with
Captain James Cook
Late 1700s, discovering what existed beyond the
foggy, ice-filled water.
112. Next Exploration
• Late 1800s and early 1900s, explores
wanted to be the first further discovered on
Antarctica
113. Establishment of fixed scientific research
stations.
mid-1900
Gave way to international political claims on
sections of continent’s territory
115. Antarctic Treaty System
Protection of seals and marine organisms
Prohibits any military use or weapons testing
Encourage scientific research on climate,
oceanographic, geologic and glaciological
studies
116. ANTARCTICA AND SOUTHERN OCEAN
Frozen continent forms its own cold climate with
a heating deficit throughout the year.
During winter, ice coverage in the oceans
increases as the sea surface freezes.
117. During summer, glacial ice calves off the
icebergs into the surrounding ocean.
118. Ozone hole
Caused by effects pollutants in the atmosphere
destroying stratospheric ozone
Began to decrease by 2010 because of
cooperation from the government around the
world
119. GEOLOGIC ACTIVITIES
Southern Hemisphere continent is longitudinally
situated in both the Western and Eastern
Hemisphere by International Date Line.
120. The divergent plate margin between the
Indian and Antarctic Plates separates
Australia and Antarctica.
121. Transantarctic Mountains divide the continent into
West Antarctica and East Antarctica.
One of the world’s largest continuous mountain chain
Extension of the South America’s Andes Mountains
122. ANTARCTICA RESOURCES
Is not a country and so does not have an
economy of its own.
Remain unexploited and somewhat protected by
international agreements
124. Living organisms are dominated by a huge variety
of sea birds, including penguins that rely on the
rich ocean life of plankton, fish, seals and whales.
125. It was agreed internationally to regulate such
fishing.
Fish stocks such as cod, together with some of
whales, were declining.
126. Antarctica’s harsh polar climate and permanent
ice and snow cover support very little vegetation
beyond ;
Algae
Lichens
Mosses
127. TOURISM
Grew slowly in 1958 to the early 1990s and
began to grow more quickly through the early
2000s.
128. Most tourist reach Antarctica on commercial
cruise ships setting sale from Southern
Hemisphere ports in Australia, New Zealand or
Argentina.
129. As more tourists arrive, the dangers of
environmental damage increase.
At present, ATS does not have a code regulating
the tourism industry.
130. ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
NATURAL HAZARDS
In Antarctica
Anthropogenic activity caused
climate change
Could open the continent for settlement and resource
exploration.
Corresponding sea level rise may inundate low-lying coastal
areas around the world.
131. POLLUTIONS, EROSION AND MINIONG EXCAVATIONS
Antarctica
Waste from residents scientific community
Fuel discharged from cruise ships
