Behaviorism PowerPoint

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Learning Theory Presentation Veronica Smith Carson Summers Matthew Wimberly

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behavioral theory formed the basis of most of the learning theory applied in child rearing and in classrooms. Parents and teachers still find that, in many instances, individuals do learn when provided with the appropriate blend of stimuli, rewards, negative reinforcement, and punishments. Especially with small children and simpler tasks, behavioral principles are often effective. Eventually, however, educators began to feel that although stimulus-response does explain many human behaviors and has a legitimate place in instruction, behaviorism alone was not sufficient to explain all the phenomena observed in learning situations. The teacher’s are able to use this approach but they have to consider about the weaknesses and try to solve the weaknesses.

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Cognitive approaches to second language learning Yaseen Taha PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com u Schools of thought u cognitive approaches u Behaviourism u Learning strategies u Processing approaches PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com What are the Schools of thought? PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Schools of thought Structural linguistics and behavioral psychology 1900s, 1940s, 1950s Generative linguistics and cognitive psychology 1970s, 1980s Constructivism 1980s, 1990s, 2000s PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com What does cognitive theory mean? u A theory of learning processes that focuses on how people think, understand, and know. It does not specifies precisely what is learned, what content will be easiest (or most difficult) to learn, or what learners will select to learn at different stages of development or levels of mastery of a complex skill. It came about as a reaction to behaviorism. u A cognitive theory of learning sees second language acquisition as a conscious and reasoned thinking process, involving the deliberate use of learning strategies. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Important cognitive theorists u Allan Paivio, Robert Gagne, Howard Gardener, Benjamin Bloom. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Behaviourism u a highly influential academic school of psychology. It assumes that a learner is essentially passive, responding to environment stimuli. Believes that a learner starts out with a clean slate, and behavior is shaped by positive and negative reinforcement. Reinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an event happening again. Punishment, both positive and negative, decreases the possibility of an event happening again. u It implies that the learner responds to environmental stimuli without his/her mental state being factor in the learners' behavior. Individual learns to behave through conditioning. PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Comparison between BEHAVIORIST theory and COGNITIVIST theory u Behaviorism is a learning theory u As a formation of habit, conditioning u Practice is necessary, constant repetition u Learner is passive u Behaviorists: teach, plan, present language item, make Students repeat u Errors are forbidden u Ignored thought and emotions u Cognitivism is a learning theory, based on how people think not a theory that specifies precisely what is learned what content will be easiest to learn, or what learners will select to learn at different stages of development u Learning results from internal activity (mental processes) u Practice is necessary, but rote learning and meaningless repetition is out. u Learners process, store, and retrieve information u Cognitivists: creates opportunities for learni

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Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a theory of learning based upon the idea that all behaviors are acquired through conditioning. Advocated by famous psychologists such as John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner, behavioral theories dominated psychology during the early half of the twentieth century. Today, behavioral techniques are still widely used in therapeutic settings to help clients learn new skills and behaviors

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Behaviourism focuses on one particular view of learning: a change in external behaviour achieved through using reinforcement and repetition (Rote learning) to shape behavior of learners. Skinner found that behaviors could be shaped when the use of reinforcement was implemented. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment. This learning theory states that behaviors are learned from the environment, and says that innate or inherited factors have very little influence on behavior. Pavlov's theory of behaviorism is rooted in the idea that behavior is the result of conditioning. He believed that behavior is learned through the process of classical conditioning, where behavior is shaped through the association of stimuli in the environment. Pavlov's major legacy to behavior therapy was his discovery of "experimental neuroses", Burrhus Frederic Skinner (March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) was an American psychologist, behaviorist, author, inventor, and social philosopher.[2][3][4][5] Considered the father of Behaviorism, he was the Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology at Harvard University from 1958 until his retirement in 1974.[6] Considering free will to be an illusion, Skinner saw human action as dependent on consequences of previous actions, a theory he would articulate as the principle of reinforcement: If the consequences to an action are bad, there is a high chance the action will not be repeated; if the consequences are good, the probability of the action being repeated becomes stronger.[7] Skinner developed behavior analysis, especially the philosophy of radical behaviorism,[8] and founded the experimental analysis of behavior, a school of experimental research psychology. He also used operant conditioning to strengthen behavior, considering the rate of response to be the most effective measure of response strength. To study operant conditioning, he invented the operant conditioning chamber (aka the Skinner box).

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Module 2:Various views on human learning (Credit 1, Hours 15, Marks 25) Objectives: After learning this module the student teacher will be able to - - compare various views on human learning - consider various roles of learner and teacher for planning of various learning situations Contents 1. Views on human learning with reference to (i) Concepts and principles of each view and their applicability in different learning situations (ii) Relevance and applicability of various theories of learning for different kinds of learning situations(iii) Role of learner and teacher in various learning situations (15)  Behaviourist (conditioning by Pavlov and Skinner in brief),  Cognitivist ( views of Bruner and Ausubel) Course 4 Learning and Teaching SNDT Women’s University, Churchgate, Mumbai 20 . 23  Information-processing view(Atkinson Shifrin)  Humanist( Carl Rogers)  Social-constructivist ( Views of Piaget and Lev Vygotski)

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