1. English for Grade 10-12

Compiled by

S.Mbasana

2. Steps to WRITING
Bahasa Inggeris
Form 1

3. Sentence Construction

Every sentence must have a
 Subject
subject
dan a
verb.
– a noun / a pronoun
A
sentence with one subject (S)
and verb (V) plays the piano.
Examples: Basirahis a simple sentence.
(S)
(V)
Malek likes rambutan.
( S ) (V )
Simple
sentence

4. 
Singular subjects must have a singular verb

Plural Singular subjecta + singular
subjects must have plural verb.

Example :

She plays the piano.

Peter washes the car.

verb
Mother sweeps the floor.

The verbs for a singular subject has an ` S `ending

5. The Desired Situation
Plural subjects must have a plural verb.
Plural subject + plural verb
Example :
• They play the piano.
• Peter and Kamal wash the car.
• Mother and sister sweep the floor.
– The verbs for a plural subject does not ` S `ending

7. Compound sentence
Two simple sentence joined together become a
compound sentence.
Basirah plays the piano and Maya plays the violin.
Example :
• Siti likes seafood but Hanim hates it.
• Peter.

8. The verb (V) and the object (O) of the verb usually go
together.
Basirah plays the piano on Sunday.
Basirah plays on Sunday the piano
Keena likes very much chocolates.
Keena likes chocolate very much.

9. Place (P) should come before time (T).
Pe Yin cycles to school every morning.
P
T
Ellin goes to bed early every night.
P
T
– Early morning, Pe Yin cycle s to school.
– On Sunday we are going to Kelantan

10. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Salmi walk every morning to school.
Elisha play very well the piano.
Late we went to the movie last night.
Wei Lian speak English very well.
She study every night in the library.
Kamala like very much seafood but her sister like to
eat vegetables.
7. Wati watch all the time television.
8. I bought some interesting things from the pasar malam
last night.

11. Use the words given to write
simple sentence.
1.
2.
•
•
Washes - car
Book - thick - thin
Plays - doll
Bakes - cake - Sonny`s birthday
1. Watch - television
2. Cry - milk

12. Rules 1
The table below shows you how to make simple sentence s
with the Auxiliary Verbs in the Simple Present Tense
( am, is, are )
Subject
Noun Phrase
Verb ` to be`
Present Tense
Complement
Noun Phrase
I
am
a student
He / She / Ali / The girl
Is
You (singular)
are
We/They /You (p) /
The girls
are
students

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14.  Ravi plays cricket.
 Priya likes books.
 I am taking lunch.
 He will come to your house tomorrow.
 She completed the task.
 He has finished the assignment.

15. A good sentence answers
some or all of the following questions:

17. IMPORTANT
Each sentence
must contain at least
who and what,
If you
Write sentence in order of
who + what + why + when + where
you'll always write a perfect sentence!

18. Who
What
Why
My dog
ran away
for a raise
last Saturday
In Delhi
A business
sang
about a job
two years ago
from our home
person
asked
for fee
on Wednesday
at work
The school
telephoned
for charity
yesterday
in the arena
principal
came
The singer
When
for business
in the
Where
on the coast
morning
Priya
EXAMPLES:
•
My dog ran away on Wednesday from our home.
•
The school principal telephoned for fee yesterday.
•
The Singer sang for charity last Saturday in the arena.
•
Priya asked for a raise two years ago in Delhi.
•
A businessperson came for business in the morning at work.

19. Punctuation
In the English language

20. Main types of punctuation
marks

End Punctuation: Periods, Question Marks, and
Exclamation Points

Commas

Semicolons

Colons

Dashes

Hyphens
Let’s examine these one by one 

21. Commas

The most popular mark of punctuation, the comma(,) is also the least lawabiding. In Greek, thekomma was a "piece cut off" from a line of verse-what in English today we'd call a phrase or a clause. Since the 16th
century, comma has referred to the mark that sets off words, phrases,
and clauses.

22. Using the comma
1.
Use a comma before a coordinator (and, but, yet, or, nor, for, so) that links two main
clauses:
"The optimist thinks that this is the best of all possible worlds, and the pessimist knows it.“
2.
Use a Comma to Separate Items in a Series
"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have three unspeakably precious things: freedom of
speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them.“
3.
Use a comma after a phrase or clause that precedes the subject of the sentence
"When you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on.“
4.
Use a pair of commas to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence:
"Literature is all, or mostly, about sex."

23. How NOT to use the comma
Do not use a comma to separate the subject from its
predicate:
[WRONG] Registering for our fitness programs before
September 15, will save you thirty percent of the membership
cost.
Do not misuse a comma after a co-ordinating conjunction:
[WRONG] Sleet fell heavily on the tin roof but, the family was
used to the noise and paid it no attention.
Do not use a comma before the first item or after the last
item of a series:
[WRONG] You should practice your punches, kicks and foot
sweeps, if you want to improve in the martial arts.

24. Semicolon

A mark of punctuation ( ; ) used to connect independent
clauses and show a closer relationship than a period does.

25. Using the semicolon.Examples
"Happiness isn't something you experience; it's something you
remember.“
"Volleyball games resume on the sand flat; someone fires up
the sauna; in the long dusk, at eleven o'clock, half a dozen
beach fires people the shore.“
"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right
things.“

26. Colon

A mark of punctuation ( : ) used after a statement (usually
anindependent clause) that introduces a quotation, an
explanation, an example, or a series.

27. Using the colon.Examples
"I have never made but one prayer to God, a very short one:
'O Lord, make my enemies ridiculous.' And God granted it."
"There are three choices in this life: be good, get good, or
give up."
"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have
those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of
speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to
practice either of them."

28. Dash
A mark of punctuation (—), technically known as an em dash,
used to set off a word or phrase after an independent
clause or to set off words, phrases, or clauses that
interrupt a sentence.
(!)Don't confuse the dash (—) with the hyphen (-).

29. Using the dash.Examples
"My cow turned out to be a very large one. The first time I
led her out I felt the way I did the first time I ever took a
girl to the theater—embarrassed but elated.“
"A hypocrite is a person who—but who isn't?"
"A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less
formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses."

30. Hyphen
A short horizontal mark of punctuation ( - ) used between the
parts of a compound word or name or between
the syllables of a word when divided at the end of a line.
(!)Don't confuse the hyphen (-) with the dash (—).

31. Using the hyphen.Examples
"The hyphen is the most un-American thing in the world."
"New truth is always a go-between, a smoother-over of
transitions."
"I'm part of the blame-America-last crowd."

32. Conclusion 
Remember:Punctuation is being
governed two-thirds by rule and
one-third by personal taste :)
And don't forget that proper
punctuation is 5% of your IELTS
score

33. WRITING AN ESSAY
IN TEN EASY STEPS

34. 
Brainstorm

Make a mind map

Make Lists

Facts

Beliefs

Questions
STEP 2: GENERATE IDEAS

35. 
Topic

Main idea

Key points

Supporting evidence

Opinions (if they apply)
Step 4: WRITE AN OUTLINE

36. 
Write a clear thesis statement

Hook your reader

Outline essay in 3-4 sentences
STEP 5: INTRODUCTION

37. 
Three paragraphs, 4-6 sentences each

Each paragraph should explain one idea

Flesh out ideas with facts, statistics, quotes (and sometimes opinions)

Think visually

Write as if you were speaking
STEP 6: BODY

38. 
Summarize your essay

Make a strong statement

End on a quote, possible action or leave the reader with a question
STEP 7: CLOSING / CONCLUSION

39. 
Check Spelling and Grammar

Cite your sources***

Use another set of eyes
STEP 8: CHECK YOUR WORK

40. 
Get notes and feedback

Correct errors

Do more research if necessary

Rewrite based on feedback and new information

Get MORE notes and feedback
STEP 9: REVISE

41. 
Repeat step nine

Pay attention to language

Create a title page

Create a works cited page

Turn in work that you are PROUD of
STEP 10: THE FINAL DRAFT

42. Narrative
Paragraphs
What makes a paragraph?
What is unique about narrative paragraphs
1

43. Three elements of all paragraphs
Topic sentence which has a main idea and a controlling
idea. This is usually the first sentence in a paragraph.
Topic sentence is the sentence that will let you know what
the paper is going to be about.
Body of a paragraph uses facts, details, and
examples to develop and support the main idea of
the paragraph. In your body it is common to have
things in a specific order.
Conclusion which is one sentence that goes back
to the main idea. The conclusion also sums up the
main idea
43

44. Features of
Narrative Writing

45. Mysterious Yesterday when I was on my way to
the grocery store I saw a very strange
man. He had on a brown trench coat,
red hat and was carrying a purple
umbrella. I'm sure he was some kind
of investigator. As he began walking I
noticed he was just peeking over the
top of his coat and I could only see his
eyes. He was very sneaky looking.
I'm sure he was watching somebody, I
just wonder who!

46. Frightening As a baseball let me tell you I have some
pretty frightening experiences. Imagine
being hit by a hard bat. OUCH, I want to
scream every time someone hits me.
Then for the flight through the air. You
can't believe how scary that is. I am
always asking myself three questions.
Will someone catch me? Will I fly over
the fence and land with a hard thud? Or
will I just go bouncing across the field?
The next time you are frightened, stop a
minute and think about how I feel. That
is the true meaning of frightened!

47. Point of View
When a writer begins a new story he must decide:"Who will tell my story?"
An author can tell a story from the first-person point of view.
OR
The author can use the third-person point of view
First-person Point of View
Third-person Point of View
•A character in the story is the
narrator. This character is telling
the story. The narrator uses the
pronouns I, me and
we.
•In first-person point of view,
readers learn about events as the
narrator learns about them.
•The story is being told by an
outside observer - someone who is
not in the story. The author uses
the pronouns he, she, and they.
•In third-person point of view, the
author can tell about the thoughts,
actions, and feelings of the other
characters.

48. First - Person Point of View
I walked home from school today with my friends.
We stopped for ice cream. I had vanilla. It's my
favorite. When I got up this morning I brushed
my teeth. Then I got dressed and ate my
breakfast.
Third - Person Point of View
Ted plays on a baseball team. He loves to play with
his team. He has a game next week. His coach
thinks he's a good baseball player.
The princess was locked in the tower. She had no
way to escape. She hoped that a prince would
rescue her. Her wish came true. He came and took
her to his castle.

49. Read each group of sentences.
Decide if it is written in first person or third person point of view.
The hunter had a cottage in the woods. He lived there all alone.
I ride the bus to each every day. I like to sit with my friends.
My friends and I went camping. I toasted marshmallows over the fire.
Joey likes to go swimming. Sometimes he asks his friend Sam to go
with him. He brings his ball to play with.
Frosty the snowman had a hat on his head. He also had a pipe and a
carrot nose. He held a shovel in his hand.

50. Point of View
The role of the narrator is vital as her or his bias can affect the way
the story develops.
Retell Little Red Riding Hood from two of these points of view:
• grandma
• Red Riding Hood’s mother
• the wolf
• the wood cutter
Use the first person “I” when you write your two or three paragraphs.

51. Narrative Writing
In a good narrative, the reader relates closely to the story, feels
involved with the plot and often identifies with the characters. A
good story is hard to put down and the reader feels a sense of
loss when it ends. The features of a narrative are:
the plot
this is what happens
characters
the people or animals in the story
the setting
where the narrative takes place
theme
the aurthors message

52. Planning your Narrative
Brainstorm your ideas. This does not need to take to long and can be
added to.

53. Plan the path your writing will take. This plan is in a flow-chart form.

54. Plot
A plot starts with an introduction to the narrative. A plot
will include problems or crises and how these are
solved, and the conclusion to the narrative. If it is a
good plot, there will be situayions which happen
throughout the narrative thaat will make you want to
read on.
What happens in a novel has been carefully planned by
the author. Some authors use a flow chart to plan their
work. Others might write a brief overview of events
noting each crisis, climax or problem and how each will
be resolved.

55. Improve your Plot
Who are your story’s main characters?
What are their main needs?(motives)
Who or what tries to stop or thwart them from
achieving their needs? (conflict)
Do the characters succeed or fail in achieving their
goals?
How do they succeed or fail? (resolution)

56. Planning a Setting

57. Things to think about
These settings all paint a picture for the
reader. Think carefully about which style of
scene setting appeals to you.
Do you prefer to be given a clear description?
Do you prefer imagery where the writer’s use
of words lets you use your imagination?
Do you prefer a character in the text to help
establish the mood of the setting by talking
about it?

58. Writing your Narrative
Paragraph – Points to remember


Have a voice/ tone –
frightened, angry,
surprised, exhilarated

Point of view – who is
telling the story

Varying sentence lengths

Strong Verbs

Replace overused words

Create a picture

Make every word count
Setting, problem,
characters, solution,
theme
58

59. Sources
Steps to writing:
http:/slideshare.net/hamillia/sentence-5483086
How to construct sentences in English:
http://www.slideshare.net/06021954/how-to-constructsentences-in-english?qid=77b77adb-5515-4d37-921cf52f3c1f7c8d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=9
Punctuation:
http://www.slideshare.net/OKate321/punctuation-7512035
http://www.slideshare.net/OKate321/punctuation-7512035

60. 
Writing an essay
http://www.slideshare.net/jensotham/writing-an-essay-19461049?qid=4135ec0a-2d2fNarrative point of view:
http://www.slideshare.net/AShank1964/writing-narratives25875681?qid=cf990cb1-a134-4804-9224bee1b25735a6&v=qf1&b=&from_search=12