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Chapter

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The Evolution of
The Evolution of
Management Theory
Management Theory

PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
© Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. All rights reserved.
Scientific Management Theory
Scientific Management Theory
• Evolution of Modern Management
Began in the industrial revolution in the late 19th
century as:
• Managers of organizations began seeking ways to
better satisfy customer needs.
• Large-scale mechanized manufacturing began to
supplanting small-scale craft production in the ways
in which goods were produced.
• Social problems developed in the large groups of
workers employed under the factory system.
• Managers began to focus on increasing the efficiency
of the worker-task mix.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–2
The Evolution of Management Theory
The Evolution of Management Theory

Source:
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.1

2–3
Job Specialization and
Job Specialization and
the Division of Labor
the Division of Labor
• Adam Smith (18th century economist)
Observed that firms manufactured pins in one of
two different ways:
• Craft-style—each worker did all steps.
• Production—each worker specialized in one step.

Realized that job specialization resulted in much
higher efficiency and productivity
• Breaking down the total job allowed for the division of
labor in which workers became very skilled at their
specific tasks.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–4
F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management
• Scientific Management
The systematic study of the relationships between
people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the
work process for higher efficiency.
• Defined by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800’s to
replace informal rule of thumb knowledge.
• Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on
each task by optimizing the way the task was done.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–5
Four Principles of Scientific Management
Four Principles of Scientific Management
• Principles to increase efficiency:
1. Study the ways jobs are performed now and
determine new ways to do them.
• Gather detailed time and motion information.
• Try different methods to see which is best.

1. Codify the new methods into rules.
• Teach to all workers the new method.

1. Select workers whose skills match the rules.
2. Establish fair levels of performance and pay a
premium for higher performance.
• Workers should benefit from higher output
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–6
Problems with Scientific Management
Problems with Scientific Management
• Managers frequently implemented only the
increased output side of Taylor’s plan.
Workers did not share in the increased output.

• Specialized jobs became very boring, dull.
Workers ended up distrusting the Scientific
Management method.

• Workers could purposely “under-perform.”
Management responded with increased use of
machines and conveyors belts.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–7
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
• Refined Taylor’s work and made many
improvements to the methodologies of time
and motion studies.
Time and motion studies
• Breaking up each job action into its components.
• Finding better ways to perform the action.
• Reorganizing each job action to be more efficient.

• Also studied worker-related fatigue problems
caused by lighting, heating, and the design of
tools and machines.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–8
Administrative Management Theory
Administrative Management Theory
• Administrative Management
The study of how to create an organizational
structure that leads to high efficiency and
effectiveness.

• Max Weber
Developed the concept of bureaucracy as a formal
system of organization and administration designed
to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–9
Weber’s
Weber’s
Principles of
Principles of
Bureaucracy
Bureaucracy

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.2

2–10
Weber’s Five Principles of Bureaucracy
Weber’s Five Principles of Bureaucracy
• Authority is the power to hold people
accountable for their actions.
• Positions in the firm should be held based on
performance, not social contacts.
• Position duties are clearly identified so that
people know what is expected of them.
• Lines of authority should be clearly identified
such that workers know who reports to who.
• Rules, standard operating procedures (SOPs),
and norms guide the firm’s operations.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–11
Fayol’s Principles of Management
Fayol’s Principles of Management
• Division of Labor: allows for job specialization.
Fayol noted jobs can have too much specialization
leading to poor quality and worker dissatisfaction.

• Authority and Responsibility
Fayol included both formal and informal authority
resulting from special expertise.

• Unity of Command
Employees should have only one boss.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–12
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
• Line of Authority
A clear chain of command from top to bottom of the
firm.

• Centralization
The degree to which authority rests at the top of the
organization.

• Unity of Direction
A single plan of action to guide the organization.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–13
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
• Equity
The provision of justice and the fair and impartial
treatment of all employees.

• Order
The arrangement of employees where they will be
of the most value to the organization and to provide
career opportunities.

• Initiative
The fostering of creativity and innovation by
encouraging employees to act on their own.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–14
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
• Discipline
Obedient, applied, respectful employees are
necessary for the organization to function.

• Remuneration of Personnel
An equitable uniform payment system that
motivates contributes to organizational success.

• Stability of Tenure of Personnel
Long-term employment is important for the
development of skills that improve the
organization’s performance.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–15
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d)
• Subordination of Individual Interest to the
Common Interest
The interest of the organization takes precedence
over that of the individual employee.

• Esprit de corps
Comradeship, shared enthusiasm foster devotion to
the common cause (organization).

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–16
Behavioral Management Theory
Behavioral Management Theory
• Behavioral Management
The study of how managers should behave to
motivate employees and encourage them to
perform at high levels and be committed to the
achievement of organizational goals.
Focuses on the way a manager should personally
manage to motivate employees.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–17
Behavioral Management
Behavioral Management
• Mary Parker Follett
An influential leader in early managerial theory
Held a horizontal view of power and authority in
organizations
• Suggested workers help in analyzing their jobs for
improvements—the worker knows the best way to
improve the job.
• If workers have relevant knowledge of the task, then
they should control the task.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–18
Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X and Theory Y
• Douglas McGregor proposed the two different
sets of assumptions about workers.
Theory X assumes the average worker is lazy,
dislikes work and will do as little as possible.
• Managers must closely supervise and control through
reward and punishment.

Theory Y assumes workers are not lazy, want to do
a good job and the job itself will determine if the
worker likes the work.
• Managers should allow workers greater latitude, and
create an organization to stimulate the workers.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–19
Theory X versus Theory Y
Theory X versus Theory Y

Source:
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.3

2–20
Management Science Theory
Management Science Theory
• An approach to management that uses
rigorous quantitative techniques to maximize
the use of organizational resources.
Quantitative management —utilizes linear
programming, modeling, simulation systems.
Operations management —techniques to
analyze all aspects of the production system.
Total Quality Management (TQM) —focuses
on improving quality throughout an organization.
Management Information Systems (MIS) —
provides information about the organization.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–21
Organizational Environment Theory
Organizational Environment Theory
• Organizational Environment
The set of forces and conditions that operate
beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a
manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources.

•.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–22
The Open-Systems View
The Open-Systems View
• Open System
A system that takes resources for its external
environment and converts them into goods and
services that are then sent back to that environment
for purchase by customers.
Inputs: the acquisition of external resources.
Conversion: the processing of inputs into goods
and services.
Output: the release of finished goods into the
environment.

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–23
The Organization as an Open System
The Organization as an Open System

© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.4

2–24
Other System Considerations
Other System Considerations
• Closed system
A system that is self-contained and thus not
affected by changes occurring in its external
environment.
Often undergoes entropy and loses its ability to
control itself, and fails.

• Synergy
Performance that results when individuals and
departments coordinate their actions
• Performance gains of the whole surpass the sum of
the performance of the individual components.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–25
Contingency Theory
Contingency Theory
• Contingency Theory
The idea that the organizational structures and
control systems manager choose depend on—are
contingent on—characteristics of the external
environment in which the organization operates.
Assumes there is no one best way to manage.
• The environment impacts the firm and managers
must be flexible to react to environmental changes.

In rapidly changing organizational environments,
managers must find ways to coordinate different
departments to respond quickly and effectively.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–26
Contingency Theory of Organizational Design
Contingency Theory of Organizational Design

Source:
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

Figure 2.5

2–27
Mechanistic and Organic Structures
Mechanistic and Organic Structures
• Mechanistic Structure
Authority is centralized at the top. (Theory X)
Employees are closely monitored and managed.
Can be very efficient in a stable environment.

• Organic structure
Authority is decentralized throughout the
organization. (Theory Y)
Tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage
employees to react quickly to changing
environment.
© Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved.

2–28

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Management theory

  • 1. Chapter 2 The Evolution of The Evolution of Management Theory Management Theory PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook © Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2003. All rights reserved.
  • 2. Scientific Management Theory Scientific Management Theory • Evolution of Modern Management Began in the industrial revolution in the late 19th century as: • Managers of organizations began seeking ways to better satisfy customer needs. • Large-scale mechanized manufacturing began to supplanting small-scale craft production in the ways in which goods were produced. • Social problems developed in the large groups of workers employed under the factory system. • Managers began to focus on increasing the efficiency of the worker-task mix. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–2
  • 3. The Evolution of Management Theory The Evolution of Management Theory Source: © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Figure 2.1 2–3
  • 4. Job Specialization and Job Specialization and the Division of Labor the Division of Labor • Adam Smith (18th century economist) Observed that firms manufactured pins in one of two different ways: • Craft-style—each worker did all steps. • Production—each worker specialized in one step. Realized that job specialization resulted in much higher efficiency and productivity • Breaking down the total job allowed for the division of labor in which workers became very skilled at their specific tasks. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–4
  • 5. F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management F.W. Taylor and Scientific Management • Scientific Management The systematic study of the relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process for higher efficiency. • Defined by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800’s to replace informal rule of thumb knowledge. • Taylor sought to reduce the time a worker spent on each task by optimizing the way the task was done. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–5
  • 6. Four Principles of Scientific Management Four Principles of Scientific Management • Principles to increase efficiency: 1. Study the ways jobs are performed now and determine new ways to do them. • Gather detailed time and motion information. • Try different methods to see which is best. 1. Codify the new methods into rules. • Teach to all workers the new method. 1. Select workers whose skills match the rules. 2. Establish fair levels of performance and pay a premium for higher performance. • Workers should benefit from higher output © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–6
  • 7. Problems with Scientific Management Problems with Scientific Management • Managers frequently implemented only the increased output side of Taylor’s plan. Workers did not share in the increased output. • Specialized jobs became very boring, dull. Workers ended up distrusting the Scientific Management method. • Workers could purposely “under-perform.” Management responded with increased use of machines and conveyors belts. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–7
  • 8. Frank and Lillian Gilbreth Frank and Lillian Gilbreth • Refined Taylor’s work and made many improvements to the methodologies of time and motion studies. Time and motion studies • Breaking up each job action into its components. • Finding better ways to perform the action. • Reorganizing each job action to be more efficient. • Also studied worker-related fatigue problems caused by lighting, heating, and the design of tools and machines. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–8
  • 9. Administrative Management Theory Administrative Management Theory • Administrative Management The study of how to create an organizational structure that leads to high efficiency and effectiveness. • Max Weber Developed the concept of bureaucracy as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–9
  • 10. Weber’s Weber’s Principles of Principles of Bureaucracy Bureaucracy © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Figure 2.2 2–10
  • 11. Weber’s Five Principles of Bureaucracy Weber’s Five Principles of Bureaucracy • Authority is the power to hold people accountable for their actions. • Positions in the firm should be held based on performance, not social contacts. • Position duties are clearly identified so that people know what is expected of them. • Lines of authority should be clearly identified such that workers know who reports to who. • Rules, standard operating procedures (SOPs), and norms guide the firm’s operations. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–11
  • 12. Fayol’s Principles of Management Fayol’s Principles of Management • Division of Labor: allows for job specialization. Fayol noted jobs can have too much specialization leading to poor quality and worker dissatisfaction. • Authority and Responsibility Fayol included both formal and informal authority resulting from special expertise. • Unity of Command Employees should have only one boss. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–12
  • 13. Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) • Line of Authority A clear chain of command from top to bottom of the firm. • Centralization The degree to which authority rests at the top of the organization. • Unity of Direction A single plan of action to guide the organization. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–13
  • 14. Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) • Equity The provision of justice and the fair and impartial treatment of all employees. • Order The arrangement of employees where they will be of the most value to the organization and to provide career opportunities. • Initiative The fostering of creativity and innovation by encouraging employees to act on their own. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–14
  • 15. Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) • Discipline Obedient, applied, respectful employees are necessary for the organization to function. • Remuneration of Personnel An equitable uniform payment system that motivates contributes to organizational success. • Stability of Tenure of Personnel Long-term employment is important for the development of skills that improve the organization’s performance. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–15
  • 16. Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) Fayol’s Principles of Management (cont’d) • Subordination of Individual Interest to the Common Interest The interest of the organization takes precedence over that of the individual employee. • Esprit de corps Comradeship, shared enthusiasm foster devotion to the common cause (organization). © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–16
  • 17. Behavioral Management Theory Behavioral Management Theory • Behavioral Management The study of how managers should behave to motivate employees and encourage them to perform at high levels and be committed to the achievement of organizational goals. Focuses on the way a manager should personally manage to motivate employees. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–17
  • 18. Behavioral Management Behavioral Management • Mary Parker Follett An influential leader in early managerial theory Held a horizontal view of power and authority in organizations • Suggested workers help in analyzing their jobs for improvements—the worker knows the best way to improve the job. • If workers have relevant knowledge of the task, then they should control the task. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–18
  • 19. Theory X and Theory Y Theory X and Theory Y • Douglas McGregor proposed the two different sets of assumptions about workers. Theory X assumes the average worker is lazy, dislikes work and will do as little as possible. • Managers must closely supervise and control through reward and punishment. Theory Y assumes workers are not lazy, want to do a good job and the job itself will determine if the worker likes the work. • Managers should allow workers greater latitude, and create an organization to stimulate the workers. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–19
  • 20. Theory X versus Theory Y Theory X versus Theory Y Source: © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Figure 2.3 2–20
  • 21. Management Science Theory Management Science Theory • An approach to management that uses rigorous quantitative techniques to maximize the use of organizational resources. Quantitative management —utilizes linear programming, modeling, simulation systems. Operations management —techniques to analyze all aspects of the production system. Total Quality Management (TQM) —focuses on improving quality throughout an organization. Management Information Systems (MIS) — provides information about the organization. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–21
  • 22. Organizational Environment Theory Organizational Environment Theory • Organizational Environment The set of forces and conditions that operate beyond an organization’s boundaries but affect a manager’s ability to acquire and utilize resources. •. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–22
  • 23. The Open-Systems View The Open-Systems View • Open System A system that takes resources for its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers. Inputs: the acquisition of external resources. Conversion: the processing of inputs into goods and services. Output: the release of finished goods into the environment. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–23
  • 24. The Organization as an Open System The Organization as an Open System © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Figure 2.4 2–24
  • 25. Other System Considerations Other System Considerations • Closed system A system that is self-contained and thus not affected by changes occurring in its external environment. Often undergoes entropy and loses its ability to control itself, and fails. • Synergy Performance that results when individuals and departments coordinate their actions • Performance gains of the whole surpass the sum of the performance of the individual components. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–25
  • 26. Contingency Theory Contingency Theory • Contingency Theory The idea that the organizational structures and control systems manager choose depend on—are contingent on—characteristics of the external environment in which the organization operates. Assumes there is no one best way to manage. • The environment impacts the firm and managers must be flexible to react to environmental changes. In rapidly changing organizational environments, managers must find ways to coordinate different departments to respond quickly and effectively. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–26
  • 27. Contingency Theory of Organizational Design Contingency Theory of Organizational Design Source: © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. Figure 2.5 2–27
  • 28. Mechanistic and Organic Structures Mechanistic and Organic Structures • Mechanistic Structure Authority is centralized at the top. (Theory X) Employees are closely monitored and managed. Can be very efficient in a stable environment. • Organic structure Authority is decentralized throughout the organization. (Theory Y) Tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to react quickly to changing environment. © Copyright McGraw-Hill. All rights reserved. 2–28