The process of having the high usage of solar and having a 100 % back up, without using fossil fuel, but renewable energy in GCC countries

1. Doc.ID: Revision: Status:28/ © Wärtsilä
ARID AREA SOLUTION
ENGINE – SOLAR HYBRIDS
2015
1 © Wärtsilä

2. Irradiation levels show good potential for solar hybrids in Kuwait
2 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
Global horizontal irradiation Direct normal irradiation
Source: Solargis
Kuwait Kuwait

3. How an Engine – Solar Hybrid works
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Sunlight
Fuel
PV
PV
controller
Engines
Lead control system
Total load
Total generation
Solar + Engines
Engine
controllers

4. COND RADIATORS
STEAM TURBINE
EXHAUST
GAS BOILER
POWER
kW
MULTI FUEL ENGINE
Wartsila
Wartsila
Wartsila
POWER
KW
STEAM FLOW FROM RECIP
2
3
1
1) CSP 14 Bar(a)
2) Steam Turbine
3) Cogeneration Plant
4) Boiler with suplementary fire
4

5. Advantages of Engine – Solar Hybrid Power Plants
• Save Fuel: A hybrid saves fuel when solar is generating power
• Reduce Costs: The cost of electricity is lower when the value of the fuel saved is
greater than the solar costs
• Maintain Reliability: Due to the engines a hybrid maintains reliability – producing as
much electricity as needed also when the sun doesn’t shine
• Highly Scalable: Both engines and solar PV are scalable to needed capacity
• Flexibility: Engines can flexibly generate according to shifting demand – Solar
curtailment or energy storage are other potential sources of flexibility
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Maintain
Reliability
Save
Fuel
Reduce
Costs
Highly
Scalable
Flexibility
A Hybrid brings together the best of both worlds

6. Hybrid Model – Daily Energy Generation example
0
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
MW
Engine generation Solar generation Load profile
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10.00
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50.00
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324
MW
Engine generation Solar generation Load profile
Flat load Varying load
Energy generation split by technology
6 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
PV can be scaled up to ~70% of load
• PV operates as a secondary power source
• PV does not replace engines, it is a means of fuel savings and is commercially
viable due to operational fuel savings alone

7. Example of engine utilization
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Engines flexibly generate remainder of load demand (after solar)
Engine Generation
Solar Generation

8. • The operational flexibility of
Smart Power Generation
enables load following and in
hybrid power plants – Solar as
negative load , increases
flexibility
• As Engine output nears
minimum partial load, solar
output is reduced
• Temporary reduction protects
generator from damage and
ensures efficient operation
Integration of Control-Solar as negative load improves flexibility
8 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants

9. KUWAIT HYBRID CASE STUDY
AND BROAD CONCLUSIONS
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© First Solar, Inc.
A case study of 55 MW Wärtsilä engines + 40 MWac PV solar

11. Doc.ID: Revision: Status:28/ © Wärtsilä
Engine-Solar Hybrid financial model
11 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
 A model that integrates cost of both Wärtsilä plant
and PV plant: Separate costs for comparison and
Integrated hybrid case where cost synergies are taken
into account
 PV and Genset generation are combined – Engines
load and heat rate depends on solar generation
 Different scenarios can be modeled – for example
100% Genset or Genset + PV
 The scenarios are used to calculate fuel savings for
the hybrid solution, and comparing LCOE
 Sensitivity analysis shows the fuel price (cost) at
which the hybrid reaches break even
Wärtsilä has conducted an electricity cost evaluation
for a hybrid power plant in Kuwait. The plant is
evaluated on the basis of:
• 6 x Wärtsilä 20V32TS (54 MW) running on HFO
• 40 MW (ac) Photovoltaic solar capacity
 Wärtsilä has used its in-house tools and expertise in
evaluating the options
 A realistic load profile with peak demand of 54 MW
has been used
 Issues related to taxes, duties, insurance costs,
various soft costs etc. are for the purpose of this
comparison left out
Financial model Study assumptions for Kuwait example

12. Load profile and running profiles
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Average Output/ month
0
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35
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45
MW/h
Total demand Solar generation Wärtsilä generation
Average daily load curve – example July
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MW
Total demand Solar generation Wärtsilä generation
 In this study we have assumed a daily load curve where the Wärtsilä engines generate the difference to the total
demand. The load curve has been scaled with monthly output data to give a daily load curve for each month
 With this running profile and load curve (demand) the average plant load for the Wärtsilä plant is 41% and the
efficiency is 42% (Heat rate: 8650 kJ/kWh)
Source data on solar from First Solar

13. Results
• With these assumptions Levelized cost of electricity (excl. Fuel) is 66.57 USD/MWh or $cents 6.7/kWh
• Depending of fuel price LCOE is:
13 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
-
50
100
150
200
250
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
USD/MWh
USD/ton
Levelized Tariff of Hybrid plant
-
50
100
150
200
250
- 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
USD/MWh
USD/ton
Levelized Tariff of Hybrid plant vs. RE only
LCOE - Hybrid
LCOE - RE only
Break even is
achieved
Source data on solar from First Solar

14. Benefits of Wärtsilä Engine- Solar Hybrid
Affordable, Reliable &
Sustainable system
(1) Reduction in LCOE depending on the current international fuel market price
Solar PV
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• Fuel Savings (saves fuel cost and mitigates fuel price volatility risk)
• Drop in Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) (1)
• Higher system efficiency – Optimize operations of overall fleet
• Flexibility: Hybrid power plants can offer a higher degree of flexibility/ dispatchability
• Healthy Return on equity for the plant investor
• Environmental benefits- towards Greener power

15. Smart Power Generation – Best complement for hybrids
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16. FURTHER INFORMATION ON
SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES
16 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
© First Solar, Inc.

17. Solar technologies: PV and CSP
• CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and
tracking systems to concentrate solar
radiation into a small beam
• The concentrated heat is then used as a
heat source for a conventional powerplant
through a working fluid (for example
molten salt, oil etc.) and a steam turbine
• There are different technologies within
CSP: Parabolic trough, Linear fresnel
reflector, Stirling dish, and Solar power
tower
• CSP in a hybrid would make sense with a
combined cycle plant with a steam turbine.
Wärtsilä also has Flexicycle (combined
cycle) plants
17 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
Photovoltaics Concentrated solar power
• Photovoltaics converts light into electric
current using the photovoltaic effect
(electrons present in the valence band
absorb energy and jump to the conduction
band – creating direct current)
• Direct current (dc) is then converted to
desired voltage and to alternating current
(ac) by inverters
• PV can use wafer based crystalline silicon
cells or thin film cells (can be based on
different materials e.g. cadmium telluride,
silicon...)
• PV can work flexibly in a hybrid with
Wärtsilä engines running on any fuel

18. Solar technologies: Solar thermal
Prof. Vladimir Bulović, M.I.T.
Solar Thermal Collectors convert solar energy to heat
Solar Thermal HEAT Solar Thermal POWER
Parabolic Trough Power Tower
Stirling/Dish
Fresnel Reflector
• Space Heaters
• Swimming Pool Heaters
• Water Heaters
Source: First Solar

19. Solar technologies: Many approaches to making PV cells
Source: Mike McGehee , Stanford University, presentation 2003
20x-100x 500x Cu(In,Ga)Se2 ~ 1-2 um c-Si ~ 180 um
Source: First Solar

20. Solar technologies: PV versus CSP
Solar
Technologies
Concentrating
solar power
Photovoltaics
(PV)
Source: Flagsol
presentation, 2009
Source: Mike McGehee , Stanford
University, presentation 2003
Source: First Solar, adapted by Wärtsilä
Land use is approx. 140
W/m² (peak power)
meaning that 1 MW
requires ~7 200 m²
Land use is
comparable to PV
O&M generally higher
than for PV
O&M depends on
supplier and scope: e.g.
4-25 USD/kWdc/year
• Electricity storage less
efficient than thermal
• A hybrid can give
dispatchability to PV
• Energy price of PV is
generally less than for CSP
• PV can be built in shorter
time at lower cost
• CSP has inherent heat
storage
• CSP allows for
dispatchability
• Thermal energy storage
more efficient than
electricity storage
• Energy price more
expensive
• Longer construction time
• Higher use of land and
water
• Requires large projects

21. Solar is decreasing in price
• Diesel prices remain highly volatile and have steadily increased
Source: First Solar (US Energy Information Administration, DOE, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory)
Small PV System Median Installed Price 2003–2012 WTI Crude Oil Prices 2003–2013

22. Cleaning solutions: Field Images of Soiling Accumulation
Day 5 6 7 8 9 10
Loss 2% 2.3% 2.7% 3% 3.3% 3.5%
Clean
Module
Source: First Solar

23. Cleaning solutions: Example of Heavily Soiled vs. Wet Clean
• 500kVA Inverter Power Output Curves
• Data taken halfway through first cleaning of plant
• Illustrates maximum soiling loss after 2 months without cleaning
Clean Arrays
Heavily
soiled
~35% loss
Source: First Solar

24. Low Cost
High Availability
High Cost
Low Availability
High Cost
Low Availability
Low Cost
High Availability
Robot Fleet
WATER WATER
LABORLABOR
Manual Dry
Brush
Trolley
First Solar
Robot Fleet
Minimal
Water
Manual
Wet Clean
Other
Considerations:
• Night Cleaning
Only
• Equipment
Cost
• Plant Site Size
• Fixed Tilt &
Tracker
Structures
Cleaning solutions: Options
Source: First Solar

25. Cleaning solutions: Examples
In low-cost labor markets with low water
availability two manual dry methods are
appropriate
Brush Trolley
• Double brush with suspension
• Requires two workers/unit
Dust Broom
• Velocity: 4 Workers = 1MW/night
Demo 1: Brush Trolley
Demo 2: Robotic cleaning
Source: First Solar

26. Thank you!
26 © Wärtsilä 16 February 2016 Wärtsilä / Power Plants
13,810,000
21,810,000
81,210,000
13,476,667
18,476,667
55,376,667
5,013,750 5,013,750 5,013,750
11,213,508 11,213,508 11,213,508
34,557,083 34,557,083 34,557,083
74,017,708 74,017,708 74,017,708
0
10,000,000
20,000,000
30,000,000
40,000,000
50,000,000
60,000,000
70,000,000
80,000,000
90,000,000
Yrly Spending (300) Yrly Sepnding (500) Yrly Sepnding (1000)
Wartsila 100 % Hybrid Solar only Solar +1 Solar+6 Solar+15