Tsc seminar 1

 WHAT IS SANITATION?
 WHY SANITATION?
 BACKGROUND
 OBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIES
 COMPONENTS
 IMPLEMENTATION
 PROJECT FUNDING
 SCENARIO
 INSPECTION &
MAINTAINANCE
 ASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSIS
 ACHIEVEMENTS

Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting
health through prevention of human contact with
the hazards of wastes. Wastes that can cause
health problems are human and animal feces,
solid wastes, domestic wastewater , industrial
wastes and agricultural wastes. Hygienic means of
prevention can be by using engineering solutions,
simple technologies, or even by personal hygiene
practices.

"Sanitation generally refers to the provision of
facilities and services for the safe disposal of
human urine and feces. It also refers to the
maintenance of hygienic conditions, through
services such as garbage collection and
wastewater disposal
WHO DEFINITION…

WORLDWIDE 3.4
MILLION PEOPLE DIE
DUE TO WATER
RELATED DISEASES
2.2 MILLION DIE
EACH YEAR DUE
TO DIARRHOEAL
DISEASES ALONE
SOUTH EAST
ASIAN
REGION
ACCOUNTS
FOR 43%
IN INDIA ABOUT
ONE MILLION
DIE EVERY
YEAR
6.6% OF ALL
DEATHS AND 7.2%
OF DALYs ARE
LOST DUE TO
DIARRHOEAL
DISEASES

10%
24%
19%
19%
15%
13%
TB
Respiratory
Maternal,perinatal,n
utrition
Water Related
HIV

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
100 98
65
60
35
45
40
25
62
25
30
65
100
105
120 120 122
135
%POPWITHSANITATION
SEAR COUNTRIES

 WHAT IS SANITATION?
 WHY SANITATION?
 BACKGROUND
 OBJECTIVES &
STRATEGIES
 COMPONENTS
 IMPLEMENTATION
 PROJECT FUNDING
 SCENARIO
 INSPECTION &
MAINTENANCE
 ASSOCIATIONS &
ANALYSIS
 ACHIEVEMENTS

 A comprehensive programme to ensure sanitation facilities in
rural areas.
 As a part of reform principles (1999) in which Central Rural
Sanitation Programme was restructured making it demand
driven and people centered.
 It follows a principle of “low to no subsidy” where a nominal
subsidy in the form of incentive is given to rural poor
households for construction of toilets.

 Strong emphasis on
 Information, Education and Communication (IEC),
 Capacity Building and
 Hygiene Education for effective behaviour change
with involvement of PRIs, CBOs, and NGOs etc.
 The key intervention areas are
 Individual household latrines (IHHL),
 School Sanitation and Hygiene Education (SSHE),
 Community Sanitary Complex,
 Anganwadi toilets supported by Rural Sanitary Marts (RSMs) and Production
Centers (PCs).

 The main goal of the programme is to eradicate the practice of
open defecation by 2012.
 To give fillip to this endeavor, GOI has launched Nirmal Gram
Puraskar to recognize the efforts in terms of cash awards for
fully covered PRIs and those individuals and institutions who
have contributed significantly in ensuring full sanitation
coverage in their area of operation.

 The strategy is to make the Programme 'community led' and
'people centered'.
 A "demand driven approach" is to be adopted with increased
emphasis on awareness creation and demand generation for
sanitary facilities in houses, schools and for cleaner environment.
 Alternate delivery mechanisms would be adopted to meet the
community needs.
 Rural School Sanitation is a major component

and an entry point for wider acceptance of sanitation by the
rural people.
 Subsidy for individual household latrine units has been replaced
by incentive to the poorest of the poor households.
 Improvisations to meet the customer preferences and location
specific intensive IEC Campaign involving Panchayati Raj
Institutions, Co-operatives, Women Groups, Self Help Groups,
NGOs etc. are also important components of the Strategy.

(a) Start-Up
Activities & IEC
activities b)Solid & liquid
waste
management
(c) Rural Sanitary
Marts and
Production
Centers
d)Community
sanitary complex
(e) Construction
of Individual
Household &
institutional
latrines

Includes conducting
 Baseline Survey (BLS)
 Project Implementation Plan (PIP),
 Initial orientation and training of key programme
managers at the district level.

 Should be area specific and should also involve all
sections of the rural population.
 Mass media campaign should be taken up only at the
national and state level and not at the district level. At district
level, focus should be on inter-personal communication, use of
folk media and also outdoor media like wall painting &
hoarding
 Each project district should prepare a detailed IEC Annual
Action Plan by February of the preceding financial year,
with defined strategies to reach all sections of the
community.

 The Rural Sanitary Mart is an outlet dealing with the
material, hardware and designs required for the
construction of not only sanitary latrines but also other
sanitary facilities, such as soakage and compost pits,
washing platforms, certified domestic water filters and
other sanitation & hygiene accessories required for
individuals, families and the environment in the rural
areas.
 Commercial venture with a social objective with main aim
of providing materials and guidance
 Production Centers are the means to improve production
of cost effective affordable sanitary materials.

 A duly completed household sanitary latrine shall comprise of a
Basic Low Cost Unit with a super structure
 The construction of household toilets should be undertaken by the
Below poverty line household itself and on completion and use of
the toilet by the BPL household, the cash incentive can be given in
recognition of its achievement.
 Institutional Toilets in all types of Government Schools and
Anganwadis should be constructed with emphasis on toilets for
Girls.

 Funding for School Sanitation is provided by the Centre and State in
the ratio of 70:30. The Central assistance per unit will be restricted to
Rs.14,000/- for a unit cost of Rs.20,000/-
 In order to change the behaviour of the children from very early
stage in life, it is essential that Anganwadis are used as a platform of
behaviour change of the children as well as the mothers attending the
Anganwadis.
 Central assisstance for anganwadis is Rs 3000 for a unit of Rs 5000

Basic low cost
unit cost
Percentage contribution
GOI STATE HOUSEHOLD
BPL APL BPL APL BPL APL
Model 1: Upto Rs. 1500
(including superstructure)
60 NIL 20 NIL 20 100
Model 2: Between Rs.
1500/- and Rs. 2000/-
30 NIL 30 NIL 40 100
Above Rs.2000/- NIL NIL NIL NIL 100 100

 Community Sanitary Complex is an important
component of the TSC.
 These Complexes, comprising an appropriate number of
toilet seats, bathing cubicles, washing platforms, Wash
basins etc, can be set up in a place in the village
acceptable to women/men/ landless families and
accessible to them
 The maintenance of such complexes is very essential for
which Gram Panchayat should own the ultimate
responsibility or make alternative arrangements .

Total Sanitation Campaign requires large scale social
mobilization& so its implementation at the District level should
be done by the Zilla Panchayat. However, in case Zilla Panchayat
is not in existence, District Water and Sanitation Mission should
implement the project.
At the state level, State Government should set up
Communication & Capacity Development Units (CCDUs) for
taking up state level HRD & IEC activities as well as monitoring
of TSC Projects
In states where Water supply & sanitation are handled by two
different departments, a separate CCDU may be set up, subject to
the condition that officials handling water supply should be
actively associated with this .

 Participatoryrural appraisal(PRA)- methods are used to bring instant
change in the understanding and behaviour of the people by igniting sparks of
awareness in their minds. This process is adopted to motivate community
members through their own involvement and initiative to build and use latrines
as well as bring positive changes in their hygiene and sanitation.
 Shameful walk: A shameful walk, an adapted version of a classic “transect
walk”, is the process of collectively visiting the places of open defecation by
members of the community& organisations.
 Faeces mobilitymapping:In this exercise community members should realise
how dangerous open defecation is by getting to know the five different faecal-oral
contamination.

Entry/ Ignition
PRA
 Defecation
area transect
 Defecation
Mapping
 Flow diagram
 Calculation of
faeces
etc.
Community
realization of
terrible impact
of faecal-oral
contamination
Self Empowered
Committee formed
Identification
of right
person in the
community
Registration&
daily monitoring
on map
Emphasize on
making areas ODF
and their benefits. Spreading
messages
about their
achievements
Each of
them covers
10 families
per day

Many people, including the poor, are willing to pay for
good sanitation that will satisfy their requirements if the
technology is packaged and marketed appropriately,
and the supply mechanism is easily accessible .
So how do we apply a
marketing approach
to sanitation???????

Market Research
 Identify market research expertise
 Establish and train the research team
 Conduct consumer research
 Conduct producer research
Programme objectives  Develop preliminary marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion)
Product identification
&development
 Identify and develop marketable sanitation facilities & services (e.g.
latrine technologies /options, latrine information service, latrine
centre)
Set up supply
mechanism
 Identify potential suppliers of latrines & other related services
 Assess and develop their capacity to provide desired services
 Identify and/or set place(s) where consumers can access the
sanitation services being marketed (eg toilet centres)
 Work with the public sector to establish strategy for disposal of
sludge from toilets
Message and material
development
 Identify partners with expertise for the design and development of
marketing concepts
 Develop marketing concepts and creative design
 Pre-test and refine creative design
 Develop promotion strategy
Implement promotion
campaign
 Produce promotion materials (e.g. posters, flyers, radio jingle,
billboard)
 Launch a campaign (e.g. road show, launch event)
 Run a promotion campaign for about 3 months
Monitor and feedback
 Monitor the programme (spread/ response to the campaign, quality of
services provided etc)
 Feedback and modify the programme as appropriate

NATIONAL SCHEME SANCTIONING COMMITTEE (NSSC) WAS
CONSTITUTED TO APPROVE THE PROJECT PROPOSALS FOR THE SELECT DISTRICTS, AS RECEIVED
FROM THE STATE/UT GOVERNMENTS. THERE WILL BE SEVEN MEMBERS IN THE NSSC.
SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF DRINKING
WATER SUPPLY, MINISTRY OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
CHAIRPERSON
ADDITIONAL SECRETARY & FINANCIAL
ADVISOR, MINISTRY OF RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
MEMBER
FOUR NON-OFFICIAL EXPERTS IN THE FIELD
OF RURAL SANITATION
MEMBERS
SECRETARY IN-CHARGE OF RURAL SANITATION
OF THE STATE WHOSE PROPOSAL IS TO BE
CONSIDERED
MEMBER
JOINT SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF
DRINKING WATER SUPPLY, MINISTRY OF
RURAL DEVELOPMENT
MEMBER SECRETARY

As per the Constitution 73rd Amendment Act, 1992,
Sanitation is included in the 11th Schedule.
Accordingly, Gram Panchayats have a pivotal role in the
implementation of Total Sanitation Campaign.
They will carry out the social mobilization for the
construction of toilets and also maintain the clean
environment by way of safe disposal of wastes.

Engage suitable NGOs for inter-personal IEC and training.
Contribute from their own resources for School Sanitation
over and above the prescribed amount.
 Act as the custodian of the assets such as the Community
Complexes, environmental components, drainage etc.
constructed under the TSC.

 Actively involved in IEC activities as well as in
hardware activities.
 Their services are required to be utilized not only for
bringing about awareness among the rural people for the
need of rural sanitation but also ensuring that they
actually make use of the sanitary latrines.

Can open and operate Production Centers and Rural
Sanitary Marts.
 May also be engaged to conduct base line surveys and
participatory rural appraisals specifically to determine key
behaviours and perceptions regarding sanitation,
hygiene, water use, etc.
Selection should be transparent

• Sanitation is a human right
• Draw learnings and incorporate in TSC
• Demand driven community led approach for total and sustained
sanitation
• Village sanitation plan (includes prevention of contamination of
water sources)
• Review for quality of construction and regular usage
• Toilet cost estimate and corresponding subsidy should also
increased

 CLTS does not identify standards or designs
 for latrines, but encourages local creativeness.
 This leads to greater ownership, affordability
 and therefore sustainability.

 They are total & involve everyone in communities .
 Collective Community decision & collective local action are the
keys
 Social Solidarity and cooperation are in abundance
 Locally decided and don't dependent on external subsidies and
prescriptions or pressures
 Natural Leaders emerge from collective local actions who lead
future initiatives
 Don’t follow externally determined mode of development and
blue print
 Local diversity and innovations are main elements

Althoughimprovedsanitationleadstoimprovedhealth,peopleassociatetoiletswithotherbenefits:
PRIVAC
Y
LESS
EMBARRASSMEN
T FOR VISITORS
DIGNITY!
STATUS
EASY TO USE AND MAINTAIN
SAFETY
(especially for
women)LESS FLIES
AROUND
COMPOUND
ASSETS
COMFORT &
CONVENIENCE

The Table gives the percentage
share of the allocation (i.e. the total
approved TSC project cost) for different
components of a TSC Project, the
GOI/State share and the beneficiary
contribution towards each components.
In the case of Union Territories, the
State share under the TSC will be borne
by the Govt. of India

Sl
no
Component Amount
earmarked as %
of the TSC
project outlay
Contribution
percentage
GOI STATE BENEFI
CIARY
a IEC and Start Up Activity,
Motivational Awareness and Educative
Campaigns,
Advocacy etc.
Upto 15% 80 20 o
b Alternate Delivery
Mechanism (PCs/RSMs)
Up to 5% 80 20 0
c (i) Individual
Latrines for BPL/
disabled house holds
(ii) Community
Sanitary Complexes
Actual amount
required for full
coverage
60 20 20

Sl
no
Component Amount
earmarked as %
of the TSC
project outlay
Contribution
percentage
GOI STATE BENEFI
CIARY
d Individual house
hold latrines for APL
nil 0 0 100
e Institutional Toilets
including School and
Anganwadi
Sanitation
(Hardware and
Support Services)
Actual amount
required for full
coverage
70 30 0
f Solid/Liquid Waste
Management
(Capital Cost)
Upto 10 % 60 20 20

 Run by the Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) of the UN
 Financing mechanism established to boost expenditure on sanitation and hygiene.
 GSF supports other organisations’ (NGOs, CBOs, Local Govt.) implementation
work by giving grants from a pooled global fund to selected organisations in
eligible countries
 Must be linked to national sanitation policies/strategies
 Demand-led approaches, NOT supply- or subsidy-driven
 First round countries includes India, Pakistan, Nepal, Senegal, Burkina Faso,
Uganda, Madagascar.

1%
4%
11%
3%
10% 11%
14%
6%
17% 18%
21.9% 22.4% 23%
27%
31%
38%
45%
57%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
1980
1988
1989
1990
1991
1993
1994
1996
1997
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
1980-90: Int'l Drinking Water
Supply & Sanitation Decade
1986-1999: Central Rural Sanitation 1999: Launch of Total Sanitation Campaign
2003: Launch of Nirmal Gram Puraskar

Fund
Structure
Total
Project
s
Outlay
Approved Share Release of funds Expenditure Reported
Centre State
Benefi
ciary
Centre State
Benefi
ciary
Total Centre State
Benef
iciary
Total
GRAND
TOTAL
(Rs in
Crores)
17885
11094.
03
4775.
75
2015.7
7
4642.4
2
2562.2
2
1345.1
8
85493391.88
1880.
54
894.5
4
6166
.

 Essential to train the community, particularly all the members of
the family in the proper upkeep and maintenance of the sanitation
facilities created.
 The maintenance expenses of individual household sanitary latrines
should be met by the households.
 The maintenance cost of community sanitary complexes may be
met by the panchayats/voluntary organizations.
 Institutions/Organizations operating and maintaining the Sanitary
complexes may charge suitable user charges to meet cost fully.

 Monitoring through regular field inspections by officers from the
State level and the district levels .
 Check and ensure that construction work has been done in
accordance with the norms, the community has been involved in
construction, the latrines are not polluting the water sources and
also to check whether there has been correct selection of
beneficiaries and proper use of latrines after construction.
 Check whether information has been displayed transparently in
Gram Panchayat (by wall painting or special hoarding).

• SACOSAN III DELHI DECLARATION
• Importance to maintenance- sustenance & not just toilet
building
• Importance to integrating sanitation with other programs like
health and education & national rural health mission.
• Importance to alt. solutions that conserve water, protect
environmental & reuse waste
• Provide range of options depending on demand and willingness
to pay

 If we added up everyone’s faecal matter could it cover the fertilizer
requirement of the country ?
 -- No; but could make a significant dent for phosphorus and potash
 -- National food security – import of fertiliser.
 Ministry of Fertilizers should see the value in promoting ecosan
productive kitchen gardens. Source of fertilizer for small dry-land
farmers who have not been using chem. Fertilizer & element in local
organic biomass based manures

 A study was done in block lakhan majra in rohtak which
was an observational cross sectional type of study
conducted in between june 2009 &nov 2010 in which 8
villages were selected out of 24 villages by st
 Total toilet availability was 62.1% having strong
correlation with income of groups.
 Similarly , in 21% cases, available toilet was never
utilized.& 43.7% of them were untidy .
A study was done in block lakhan majra which is a rural field practice area
attached to our dept. in rohtak .It was an observational cross sectional type of
study conducted in between june 2009 &nov 2010 in which 8 villages were
selected out of 24 villages by stratified random sampling technique. The results
were

 In the study maximum were hindu jats with a total availability of
70.5% toilets & non utilisation of 56%
 Non utilisation was maximum for jats & least for rajputs..
 The most common reason for not having toilet was mainly
financial followed by lack of space & water..
 Most common reason for non utilisation was preferance for
Open Defecation followed by foul smell.
 In anganwadi centres, only 22.6% of toilets were functioning.
 In schools provision of drinking water facility was 52%..Toilet
facility was provided in all of them ..There was adequate water
arrangements in 89.5% of schools. But there was no closed
sewerage system ..

A CLTS approach has also been applied in urban areas. The
first known case is Kalyani, a slum north of Kolkata, where
exceptional political leadership galvanised people to achieve
open defecation free(ODF) conditions without subsidies . In
July 2008, a CLTS training of government staff based on the
Kenya coast provoked meetings and action to install and
strive for total sanitation in the town. In other cases, for
example in Panipat District in Haryana, large semi-urban
areas have been declared ODF.

Strengths
•Committed financial resources
•Programme focusing on all elements-
HHL, School, Pre school, Supply chain,
Communication and capacity building,
incentive system
•Local bodies taking lead
Weaknesses
•Inadequate focus on hygiene
promotion
•Weak supply chain affecting post
construction support
•Weak monitoring system for process
parameters
•Lack monitoring of usage and
sustainability of the toilets
Opportunities
•Increased awareness among PRIs,
Women groups and government
officials
•Successful models in all states for
scaling up
•No dearth of resources
Threats
•Too rapid scaling up
•Poor monitoring of clean village award
(NGP)

(a) Gram Panchayats, Blocks and Districts, which achieve (a) 100% sanitation coverage of individual
house holds, (b) 100% schoolsanitation coverage (c) free from open defecation and (d) clean
environment maintenance.
(b) Individuals and organizations, who have been the driving force for effective full
sanitation coverage in the respective geographical area
• • There are 2 application forms developed one for PRI and another for Individuals
• & Organizations. These application forms are available on www.ddws.nic.in,
• which can be downloaded.
• • The applications should be duly scrutinized at the District Level & transferred to
• • The State Government. A checklist should be filled in and
• certified by the State Secretary in-charge of Rural Sanitation and forwarded to
• Department of Drinking Water Supply, Ministry of Rural Development.

 Currently operational in 587 districts with total budget outlay of
13000.83 crores.
 4.25 crores toilets at household levels
 2.8 lakhs toilets for anganwadis
 13169 community sanitary complexes
 Intensive health and hygiene education in schools, anganwadis
and village communities.

ANGANWADI/ BALWADI CENTERS MAY BE
INCLUDED
WOMEN COMPLEXES MAY BE APPROVED
TOILETS COMPLEXES AT MARKETS, BUS
STATIONS AND COMMUNITY PLACES
REQUIRED
DISTRICT MAY BE ALLOWED TO ENGAGE
TEMPORARY STAFF-SCALE MAY BE FIXED
PRESENT REQUIREMENT OF FUND TO BE
MET

“What is the greatest
medical milestone of
the last 150 years?”
SANITATION
MDG 7, Target 10:
To halve, by 2015, the
proportion of people without
access to safe drinking
water and sanitation

We shall not finally defeat AIDS, TB, MALARIA or any
infectious diseases that plague the developing nations ,until
we have won the battle for safe drinking water,sanitation &
basic health care……
KOFI ANNAN

 http://tsc.gov.in/RuralSanitationNew/HomePage.aspx
 http://www.tnrd.gov.in/schemes/tsc.html
 http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2008_FP16.PDF
 http://southtripura.nic.in/presentation/tsccal.ppt
 http://india.gov.in/allimpfrms/alldocs/8928.pdf
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation

Tsc seminar 1

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