1. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF
BULKHEAD USING FEM
Presented by
Diana Augustine
Reg. No: 95415011
Dept. of Ship Technology
CUSAT
External guide Internal Guide
Dr. Smitha K.K. Dr. Manoj T Issac
Associate Professor Asst. Professor
SNGCE Dept. of Ship Technology
CUSAT
1

2. INTRODUCTION
KEY ELEMENTS OF A SHIP
 bottom and side shell plating
 deck plating
 transverse bulkheads
 fore end & aft end
 super structure
2
Fig 1: Key structural elements of a ship [ Manoj, 2016]

3. INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE BULKHEADS
 Bulkheads are stiffened-plate structures primarily subjected to
normal loads and secondarily to in-plane loads.
 Similar to internal walls dividing a building into separate rooms.
 They subdivide the ship hull into a number of large water tight
compartments.
 Bulkheads can either be arranged transversely or longitudinally.
3

4. BULKHEAD
4
Fig 2 : Bulkhead [www.marine-knowledge.com/bulk-head]

5. FUNCTIONS OF BULKHEAD
 An important function of bulkhead is to improve the general
strength and rigidity of the entire hull structure.
 As transverse members, they contribute to hull stiffness .
 Transverse bulkhead prevents racking and torsional distortion
of a ship.
 Longitudinal bulkheads contribute to the longitudinal strength
of the ship.
5

6. WHY STIFFENED PLATE?
 In aircraft and ship construction, it is important to save weight to
alleviate structures themselves.
 This necessity is met by
using stiffened plates.
 Plates can be either
longitudinally stiffened or
stiffened both longitudinally
and transversely .
6
Fig 3 : Model of a stiffened plate[ Jeom, 2002]

7. ADVANTAGES OF USING STIFFENERS
 Tremendous increase in strength and stability with minimum increase
of weight to the overall structures. i.e. high strength-to-weight ratio.
 Increases the bending stiffness of the structure with a minimum of
additional material.
 Also it subdivide the plate into smaller panels, thus increasing
considerably the critical stress at which the plate will buckle.
7

8. ANALYSIS METHODS
ORTHOTROPIC PLATE APPROACH
 Basis - convert the stiffened plate into an equivalent plate with constant
thickness.
 Flexural and torsional rigidities in orthogonal directions represent the
combined strength of stiffener and plating in the respective directions.
8
Fig 4 : Idealization of stiffened plate as equivalent plate [Dongqi, 2004]

9. ANALYSIS METHODS
STRUT OR BEAM COLUMN APPROACH
 The stiffened plate is treated as a series of unconnected struts.
 A strut is composed of a stiffener with associated effective width of
plate as shown in the Fig
9
Fig 5 : Strut/beam column approach[Dongqi, 2004]

10. ANALYSIS METHODS
FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
 For the analysis of stiffened plates three different finite element models
can be employed.
- discrete model : plating is modeled using thin shell element and the
stiffeners using ordinary beam elements.
- smeared model : the stiffeners are smeared along the plate to form
an equivalent plate
- stiffened panel element : models the in-plane stiffness of a flat
rectangular panel of stiffened plate having any number of parallel
stiffeners in either one direction or in both directions.
10

11. OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the present study are
 To conduct a study on the structural behaviour of bulkhead
 To conduct a linear static analysis of bulkhead, subjected to in-plane
load and lateral pressure with various boundary conditions, using the
finite element software, Abaqus.
 To conduct a parametric study on the behavior of bulkhead by
varying the geometry of the stiffener, keeping the material volume a
constant.
11

12. SCOPE OF THE WORK
 The stresses and displacements produced are affected by the
thickness of the plate, geometry of the stiffeners, boundary
conditions and grade of the steel used.
 In designing, the boundary condition assumed is simply supported
where this assumption gives a large factor of safety. But in reality the
bulkheads are neither simply supported nor fixed. [Hughes, 2010]
 The work done in this project is a step towards modelling a bulkhead
with a more accurate boundary condition and thus analyse the
stresses and displacements produced on application of lateral and in-
plane loads.
12

13. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Ji et al. [2001] derived simplified formulas to calculate the ultimate strength
of corrugated bulkheads.
 The paper also provided the means to estimate the effect of shearing force
on the ultimate strength of corrugated bulkheads.
 The axial compression induced by vertical shear force may reduce the
ultimate strength.
 Khosrow et al. [2003] discussed the non linear large deflection analysis of
stiffened plate.
 If lateral pressure is zero and the stiffened plate is under longitudinal
compression, buckling takes place.
13

14. LITERATURE REVIEW
 With an increase in lateral pressure, the effect of buckling decreases and thus
ultimate strength increases.
 The contribution of a large number of transverse bulkheads to general hull
stiffness was analysed by Ivo et al. [2008].
 Thin walled girder theory in combination with orthotropic plate theory is
used.
 Transverse bulkheads are modelled by axial elastic springs at their joint to
ship hull.
 Chikalthankar et al.[2013] presented Trigonometric Shear Deformation
Theory, for the analysis of orthotropic plate.
14

15. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Bhaskar K and Anup Pydah [2014] derived analytical solution for stiffened
plate.
 The plate is modelled using equations of 3D elasticity while the stiffener is
modelled using a plane stress formulation.
 The effect of slenderness ratio (b/t) on ultimate strength of stiffened plate was
studied experimentally by Shanmugan et al. [2014]
 Plate was kept simply supported at all four edges and was modelled using 8
noded doubly curved thin shell element.
15

16. LITERATURE REVIEW
 Deepak et al.[2015] carried out parametric study to estimate the maximum
deflection and stress in the isotropic plates by varying the geometry of
stiffener keeping the constant volume of material.
 Parametric study for different combination of stiffened plate geometry.
 Thickness of stiffener should be approximately equal to the thickness of the
plate.
16

17. FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE
 The finite element method is an approximate technique by which an
object is decomposed into pieces and treated as isolated, interacting
sections.
 The advancement in computer technology enables us to solve even
larger system of equations and to display the results quickly and
conveniently.
 Another important feature is the meshing, i.e. discretization of a
continuous domain into a set of sub-domains.
17

18. FINITE ELEMENT PROCEDURE
 A time-independent problem in finite element analysis is typically expressed
by the following stiffness equation.
{R} = [K]{U}
where {R} = load vector, {U} = displacement vector and
[K] = stiffness matrix.
 The stiffness matrix is a function of the structure’s geometric and material
properties.
 If these properties are constant, the problem is linear. If these properties are
dependent on either {R} or {U}, the problem is nonlinear.
 For finite element analysis ABAQUS software is used in this study.
18

19. VALIDATION OF ABAQUS SOFTWARE
 For validating Abaqus software, analysis of a stiffened and unstiffened plate
is considered.
 The total volume of the stiffened and unstiffened plates and the plan
dimensions have been kept equal so that the plate thickness for the
stiffened plate has been reduced.
 The plates were meshed using a 4 noded plate shell element.
 For the anlalysis of unstiffened plate, a rectangular plate 1.4x1.4 and 15mm
was considered.
 Uniformly distributed pressure load of 10kPa was applied laterally and the
four edges were made simply supported.
19

20. VALIDATION OF ABAQUS SOFTWARE
 For the anlalysis of stiffened plate, a rectangular plate 1.4x1.4 stiffened
orthogonally using 0.15x 0.0148 m flat bar with a spacing of 350mm was
considered.
 The thickness of the plate is reduced to 6mm so that the unstiffened and
stiffened plates have equal material volume.
 Uniformly distributed pressure load
of 10kPa was applied laterally and
the four edges were made simply
supported.
20
Fig 6: Orthogonally stiffened plate model

21. VALIDATION OF ABAQUS SOFTWARE
 The analytical results for the deflection at the centre of an unstiffened plate
have been taken from the book by Timoshenko [1959]
w = α qa4/D
where D = Eh3/12(1-υ2)
w : deflection at the centre
E : Young’s modulus
h : thickness
α : constant depending on b/a ratio
b : major length of the plate
a : minor length of the plate
q : lateral pressure
 The differential equation for deflection surface is given by
21

22. VALIDATION OF ABAQUS SOFTWARE
 In case of orthogonally stiffened plate, they are converted into an equivalent
orthotropic plate.
 The thickness is obtained by equating the rigidities of the stiffened plate in
two perpendicular directions to the equivalent plate rigidity.
 For a stiffened plate of thickness tp, the combined flexural rigidity of the
plate and the stiffeners can be equated to the flexural rigidity of an
equivalent plate as given below.
Etp
3/(12(1-υ2)) + E (I/ unit length) = Eteq
3/(12(1-υ2))
22

23. VALIDATION OF ABAQUS SOFTWARE
 The governing equation for orthotropic plate analysis known as Huber’s
equation is as follows:
23
I1 : moment of inertia of one stiffener
b1 : spacing of stiffener in x direction
I1 and a1 : respective values in y direction
Dx and Dy : Flexural rigidities in x and y
directions respectively

24. RESULTS
 ABAQUS result for the deflection of an unstiffened plate
24
Fig 7 : Deflection of unstiffened plate

25. RESULTS
 ABAQUS result for the deflection of an stiffened plate
25
Fig 8 : Deflection of stiffened plate

26. RESULTS
26
 The Abaqus and analytical results for maximum deflection at the centre
of the plate is given in the table below.
 It is clear Abaqus software gives a good result in accordance with the
analytical solution and thus Abaqus software can be further extended for
the analysis of bulkheads.
Analytical solution (m) FEM
(m)
Percentage Variation%
Unstiffened plate 2.18x10-03 2.19x10-03 0.46
Orthogonally stiffened
plate
8.112x10-05 8.59x10-05 5.89

27. STRUCTRE DESCRIPTION OF
BULKHEAD
 Generally rectangular in shape and the dimensions may vary depending on
the type of ship.
 On an average, the dimensions of a ship will be : 200m long, 40m wide
and 24m deep.
 The minimum thickness of bulkheads is 8mm and this increases towards
the bottom .
 Plate thickness is directly related to the pressure exerted by the head of
the water.
 They are welded to the shell, deck and tank top.
27

28. STRUCTRE DESCRIPTION OF
BULKHEAD
 Mild or high-tensile steel and aluminium alloy is commonly used.
 High-tensile steel is preferred in the highly stressed regions.
 This allows reduction in thickness of the members.
 The stiffener spacing is about 760mm for watertight bulkheads
 And the spacing between bulkheads is about 10m.
28

29. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT OF
A TYPICAL BULKHEAD
 The bulkhead plating is supported by three stiffening systems
 Primary stiffener : one or more deep horizontal girder
spanning the width of the bulkhead.
 Secondary stiffener : vertical and span full depth of the
bulkhead.
 Tertiary stiffener : oriented horizontally and are arranged to
give a bulkhead plating panel an aspect ratio of about 1
29

30. STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT OF
A TYPICAL BULKHEAD
30
Fig 9 : Cross section of a flat – plate bulkhead structure

31. BOUNDARY CONDITION
 Although the plates are neither simply supported nor clamped, in maritime
engineering practice, it is often assumed that the plates are simply supported
at their edges. [Hughes, 2010]
 The top and bottom of the bulkhead is welded to the deck plate and tank top
respectively.
 Stiffeners are connected to deck plate and tank top using brackets.
 Though this provides a rigid connection, when lateral pressure is applied,
bending of bulkhead takes place, but due to the elastic nature of the deck
plate, the deck plate-bulkhead assembly tend to rotate as a whole.
 Thus as far as the connection is concerned, the connection is rigid at that
particular point but the structure has the freedom to move in a limited
manner. ie. , Limited rigidity and limited flexibility
31

32. STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR
 In a bulkhead, the stiffener and the plating between stiffeners undergo
bending due to lateral load
 Most of the lateral load initially acts on the plating.
 Then through plate bending action, plating transmits the lateral load to the
stiffeners
 The bulkhead platings undergo bending due to lateral loads and exhibit
buckling due to axial compressive loads.
 Stiffened plates have high stiffness to weight ratio and high strength to
weight ratios.
 The strength of the plate, as indicated by the yield stress, is proportional to
the section modulus of the profile.
32

33. LOADS ON BULKHEADS
 The design lateral pressure on ordinary watertight bulkheads as given in
Indian Register of Shipping [2014]
Plat = 10 h [kPa]
h : the vertical distance from the centre of loading to the top of
bulkhead or to the flooded waterline if it is higher.
33
Fig 10 : Lateral pressure acting on a bulkhead

34. LOADS ON BULKHEADS
Fig 11 : In-plane loads on a bulkhead
34

35. LOADS ON BULKHEADS
 Pressure due to dry cargo, stores and equipment on the deck as per given in
given in Indian Register of Shipping [2014]
pdeck = q (10 + 5 av) [kN/m2]
q : deck cargo load [t/m2]
= 1 [t/m2] for weather decks and hatchcovers with
cargo loading, in general
= 1.6 [t/m2] for platform deck in machinery spaces
av : vertical acceleration due to heave and pitch
35

36. LOADS ON BULKHEADS
 Static pressure acting on ship hull [kN/m2]
pwater = 10 (1.4 T – z) for z < T
= 0 for z ≥ T
Where
T : draught
z : distance from the load centre of the structure to
the base line [m]
.
36

37. LOADS ON BULKHEADS
 Sloshing forces may be required to be taken into account for bulkheads
with partially filled holds or tanks.
 In the analysis of bulkhead, the static pressure acting on ship hull is
usually neglected as it is considerably too small compared to the lateral
pressure and deck load acting on the bulkhead.
 So in the present study, the lateral pressure in a fully flooded condition
and the deck load are only considered.
 As the bulkhead considered is fully flooded sloshing effects are also not
considered
37

38. BULKHEAD FAILURES
 Fracture Damage Type
- In most cases fractures are found at locations where stress concentration occurs.
- If fracture occur under repeated stresses which are below the yielding stress,
the fractures are called fatigue fractures.
- There are also chances of brittle fracture, which is a catastrophic failure, in
which failure ocuurs without prior plastic deformation and at extremely high
speeds.
 Buckling Damage Type
- Buckling is caused by excessive compressive and/or shear stresses
resulting in out-of-plane deformation.
- The buckling strength of a plate depends on the ratio of thickness to
stiffener spacing.
38

39. BULKHEAD FAILURES
- In overall buckling, the stiffeners buckle along with the plating;
- in local buckling, either the stiffeners buckle prematurely because of
inadequate rigidity or stability, or the plate panels buckle between
the stiffeners, thus shedding extra load into the stiffeners
 Deformation Damage Type
- Deformations are often caused by impact loads/contact and
inadvertent loading.
 Damages due to Welding
- Weld defects are associated with areas where stress concentrations
are significant
39

40. BULKHEAD FAILURES
- Full penetration welds are to be provided at regions with high stress
concentration.
- This is because, only full penetration welding can be inspected
through the whole thickness by ultrasonic testing.
 Damages due through Thickness lamellar Tearing
- Lamellar tearing is a crack parallel to the rolled surface of steel
plates in layers after welding.
- high sulphur content will create soft layers which will contribute to
lamellar tearing.
- So it is important to control the sulphur level of steel.
40

41. ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD
CLASSICAL METHOD
 Watertight bulkhead is a stiffened sheet of plating restrained in some
way all round its edges and subjected to water pressure on one side.
 Let the water pressure at any position
be w(x) where w is the weight per unit
volume of the fluid and let the stiffener
spacing be ‘s’.
41
Fig 12 : Cross section of a bulkhead

42. ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD
 Then the basic equation for the bending analysis of bulkhead is given
by
 On integration, deflection is given by
42

43. ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD
 One of the primary failure modes of stiffened panels is the buckling
and plastic collapse of the plates surrounded by support members.
 thus an evaluation of the buckling and plastic collapse behaviour of
plates is essential to identify the failure of ship structures.
 Structural strength analysis may be based on linear elastic theory.
 Lateral pressures have effects on the buckling strength of stiffeners, so
they are considered in the stiffener buckling strength assessment.
43

44. ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD
 Plate behaviour always involves a large degree of deflection (geometric
nonlinearity) and/or plasticity (material nonlinearity) before and after the
ultimate strength has been reached.
 Plate behaviour depends on a variety of influential factors, namely the
plate’s geometric and material properties, loading characteristics,
boundary conditions, etc.
TYPES OF ANALYSIS
 Linear Elastic Analysis
 Linear Buckling Analysis
 Non-linear Analysis
44

45. ANALYSIS OF BULKHEAD
 In the present study linear static analysis of bulkhead subjected to both
lateral pressure and in-plane compressive deck load is conducted.
 The analysis is concerned with the linear behaviour of elastic continnum
under prescribed boundary conditions and statically applied loads.
 Linear static analysis can be used to find the displacements, stresses etc.
45

46. MODELLING OF BULKHEAD
 Bulkheads are idealized as stiffened plates, generally stiffened in a
grillage form i.e. the stiffeners run along both the directions.
 For the numerical analysis and simulation, the finite element analysis
software - Abaqus is used.
 4 noded quadrilateral plate-shell elements are used to model the plate
and stiffeners.
 Bulkheads are modelled as plate stiffened using angle stiffeners, flat bars
and T- stiffeners
46

47. MODELLING OF BULKHEAD
 represents a transverse bulkhead along with the adjoining longitudinal
bulkheads, transverse bulkheads, bottom shell and deck plating.
47
Fig 13 : Meshed model of a bulkhead

48. MODELLING OF BULKHEAD
ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
 Bulkheads are modelled using Abaqus by selecting a suitable element
from Abaqus/Standard shell element library
 Triangular and quadrilateral elements with linear interpolation are used.
 In the present study, S4R and S3 elements are used to mesh the bulkhead
model.
 bulkhead was meshed using 69193 elements of which 66474 are S4R
elements and 2719 are S3 elements.
48

49. MODELLING OF BULKHEAD
ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
 S3 elements are 3-noded triangular general purpose shell element with a
finite membrane strain formulations.
 These elements have six degrees of freedom per node.
 Provides accurate results in most loading situations
 S4R element is a shear flexible, isoparametric quadrilateral shell with
four nodes.
 These elements have six degrees of freedom per node.
49

50. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
 The variation in the deflection of a bulkhead, by varying the boundary
condition and the geometry of the stiffeners is studied.
 Simply supported, fixed and a condition which is partially fixed and simply
supported is considered in the study.
 The geometry of the stiffeners used is shown in the Fig 6.1 below.
50
Fig 14 : Geometry of Stiffener

51. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF GEOMETRY OF THE STIFFENERS AND BOUNDARY
CONDITION
 Lateral load(triangular loading) with peak value of 150kPa and in-plane load
(compressive loading) of 32kPa are applied in the model for the analysis.
 The maximum deflection values are as below
51
Type of Stiffener Fixed Partially fixed and
Simply Supported
Simply Supported
Angle bar 1.708 x 10-02 4.745x10-02 1.712x10-0.2
Flat bar 4.717x10-02 6.285x10-02 4.743x10-02
T- Stiffener 1.794x10-02 1.911x10-02 1.796x10-02

52. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
52
Fig 15 : Abaqus result for deflection in a bulkhead

53. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
 The actual boundary being neither fixed nor simply supported, a
condition which is partially fixed and partially simply supported is
considered to be a more appropriate boundary condition.
 And in the analysis, the result obtained is such that, this boundary
condition gives more deflection than the fixed and simply supported
conditions.
53

54. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
 Lateral loaded bulkhead is considered and the in-plane load is varied.
54
Fig 16 : Abaqus result for stress variation in a bulkhead

55. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 1
55
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Stress
(MPa)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar
Fig 17 : Graph showing variation of stress (in x direction) - case1

56. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 1
56
Fig 18: Graph showing variation of stress (in y direction) - case1
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Stress
(MPa)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar

57. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 1
57
Fig 19: Graph showing variation of deflection- case1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Deflection
(mm)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar

58. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 1
 It is clear that for a particular of in-plane load, the stress and the deflection in
the bulkhead is less when stiffened using T-stiffeners.
 But, for the stiffener size chosen in this case, the thickness of the plate is too
large which cannot be practical in the actual case.
 So a study by varying the dimensions of the stiffeners is conducted so that the
thickness can be made within feasible limits.
58

59. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 2
59
Fig 20 : Geometry of Stiffener for case 2

60. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 2
60
Fig 21: Graph showing variation of stress (in x direction) - case1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Stress
(MPa)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar

61. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 2
61
Fig 22: Graph showing variation stress (in y direction) - case2
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Stress
(MPa)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar

62. FINITE ELEMENT RESULTS AND
DISCUSSIONS
EFFECT OF IN-PLANE LOAD ON A LATERALLY LOADED BULKHEAD
Case 2
 It is clear that for a particular in-plane load , the stress and deflection in
bulkhead stiffened using flat bar stiffeners is the least.
62
Fig 23: Graph showing variation of deflection - case2
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Deflection
(mm)
Load (kPa)
angle bar
T- stiffener
flat bar

63. CONCLUSIONS
 Bulkhead with a boundary condition which is much closer to the condition that
exist in reality (which is neither simply supported nor fixed) was modelled.
 There is more deflection in this special boundary case compared to the other
two boundary conditions.
 The effect of in-plane load on a laterally loaded bulkhead was studied by
varying the in-plane load and also the stiffener geometry.
 For the stiffener sizes chosen in the first case, T- stiffened bulkhead showed
better load carrying capacity.
 But as the thickness required is too large for this stiffener size, the dimensions
of the stiffeners are altered.
63

64. CONCLUSIONS
 For the stiffener dimensions chosen in the case 2, bulkhead stiffened using flat
bar showed good results.
 This may be because, in the case 2, the thickness of the whole structure is
reduced and the stiffeners becomes more slender.
 Due to this, local buckling effect comes into play, which is absent in case 2, as
web thickness is too large.
 Considering the material volume, the case2 requires only nearly half the amount
of the volume as required in case 1 and gives a better load carrying capacity.
 overall performance of the bulkhead is greatly dependent on the stiffener
geometries chosen.
64

65. REFERENCES
1. Bhaskar K., Anup Pydah, “An elasticity approach for simply-supported
isotropic and orthotropic stiffened plates”, International Journal of
Mechanical Sciences, Volume 89, 2014, PP No. 21-30
2. Chikalthankar S.B., I.I.Sayyad, V.M.Nandedkar, “Analysis of Orthotropic
Plate By Refined Plate Theory”, International Journal of Engineering and
Advanced Technology, Volume-2, Issue-6, August 2013.
3. Deepak Kumar Singh, S K Duggal, P Pal, “Analysis of Stiffened Plates
using FEM – A Parametric Study”, International Research Journal of
Engineering and Technology, Volume: 02, Issue: 04, July-2015.
4. Eyres D.J., “Ship Construction”, Elsevier, 2007, PP No.191
5. Ivo Senjanovi´c, Stipe Tomaˇsevi´c, Smiljko Rudan, Tanja Senjanovi´c,
“Role of transverse bulkheads in hull stiffness of large container ships”,
Engineering Structures, Volume 30, 24 March 2008, PP No. 2492-2509
65

66. REFERENCES
6. Ji H.D., Cui W.C., Zhang S.K., “Ultimate strength analysis of corrugated
bulkheads considering influence of shear force and adjoining structures”,
Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Volume 57, 2001, PP No. 525-545
7. John P. Comstock, “Principles of Naval Architecture”, The Society of Naval
Architects and Marine Engineers, 1967, PP No. 224
8. Owen F. Hughes and Jeom Kee Paik, “Ship Structural Analysis And Design”,
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, 2010.
9. Shanmugam N.E,Zhu Dongqi, Y.S.Choo, M.Arockiaswamy, “Experimental
studies on stiffened plates under in-plane load and lateral pressure”, Thin-
Walled Structures, Volume 80, 2014, PP No. 22-31
10. Timoshenko S. , Woinowsky-Krieger, “Theory of Plates and Shells”, McGraw-
Hill, 1959, PP No. 120
66