This document summarizes an ultrasound-guided injection treatment presentation given by Dr. John C. Hughes. It discusses using ultrasound to guide injections for scar tissue, bone spurs, neuromas, and intervertebral discs. Ultrasound provides benefits like visualization, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness. Injections involve identifying pathology and injecting agents to promote healing while ultrasound monitors effects. Studies show ultrasound-guided ozone injections for discs improved outcomes for 79.7% of patients with herniations. While expertise is required, imperfect injections may still provide benefits.

1. Ultrasound Guided Injectional Treatment
of Scar Tissue, Bone Spurs, and
Neuromas
Dr. John C. Hughes, D.O.
February 17-18, 2012
AAOT Conference
(Dallas, Texas)

2. Ultrasound Guided Injectional Treatment of
Scar Tissue, Bone Spurs, and Neuromas
 Injection Treatment Background:
 US guided injectional treatment for MSK injury
 US Images
 US guidance Benefits
 US guided Injectional Treatment: Scar Tissue/Bone
Spurs
 US guided Injectional Treatment: Neuromas
 US guided Injectional Treatment: Intervertebral Discs

4. US guided Visualization of MSK injury
 Creating a proper neuromuscular ultrasound image
takes years of training
 Visualization and understanding these images also
requires extensive work
 Download to a pdf can compromise some image
quality
 Injection of a substance such as a liquid or gas into
the view significantly
 It is all still better than going at it blindly

6. US guided Visualization of MSK injury:
R Shoulder
 Notice the supraspinatus tendon
 The tendon widens from 0.75mm to 2.03 mm
 The area of widening is the area of laxity
 The US guided the prolotherapy injection with
precision

8. US guided Visualization of MSK injury:
Trigger Point
 Trigger Point (initial)
 Big mangled mass of muscle tissue

10. US guided Visualization of MSK injury:
Intervertebral Disc
 US lumbar spine at L5-S1

11. Ultrasound Benefits for MSK Injury
 Noninvasive; Real Time
 Easy to Use; Easy to Transport
 No DNA damage, No cutaneous burns
 Accurate placement of needle guided injections
 Able to see immediate results
 Cost-effective
 Done at major universities such as Johns Hopkins as an
initial diagnosis instead of MRI

12. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Scar Tissue (aka Fibrosis, Tendonosis, etc.):
 Fibrosis is the formation of scar tissue due to injury or
long-term inflammation. Fibrosis tissues form a web
around the injured area in an attempt to support the
muscle while it heals itself. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-causes-muscle-scar-
tissue.htm)
http://www.parkwayphysiotherapy.ca/article.php?aid=245

13. Normal Tendon with distinct elongated,
parallel fibers
Scar tissue (fibrosis) early: disorganized
collagen, fibroblasts infiltrate: loose and pale
appearance
Histology of Scar Tissue in Tendons
Adapted from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
http://www.jbjs.org/article.aspx?Volume=81&page=259

14. Electron micrograph of normal area of
tendon: collagen with small and large
bundles, parallel arrangement
Electron micrograph of short fragments of
collagen in scar tissue that completely lack
organization
Histology of Scar Tissue in Tendons
Adapted from The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery
http://www.jbjs.org/article.aspx?Volume=81&page=259

15. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
http://www.chiropractorspringfield.com/doctor/chiropractor/10
12L/springfield-chiropractor/nova-chiropractic-and-wellness-
center.htm

16. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Bone Spurs (aka Osteophytes or Enthesophytes):
 Definition: Bone spurs, or osteophytes, are bony
projections that form along joints, and are often seen in
conditions such as arthritis. Bone spurs are largely
responsible for limitations in joint motion and can cause
pain. (http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/arthritis/g/bonespur.htm)
 Enthesophytes are bony projections which form at the
attachment of a tendon or ligament. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteophyte

17. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
http://physioindia.blogspot.com/2011/05/radiological-interpretation-of-joint.html
http://www.rad.washington.edu/academics/academic-sections/msk/teaching-materials/online-musculoskeletal-radiology-book/appendicular-arthritis
http://orthopedics.about.com/cs/arthritis/g/bonespur.htm

18. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Basics of US guided MSK injections
 Diagnosis often aided by Xray, MRI, CT
 Palpatory diagnosis critical for interpretation of US
image
 Patient history also critical: how the injury occur, prior
surgeries, etc.

19. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Injection Technique
 Key: To determine what is scar tissue/bone spur versus
healthy tissue
 Bone spurs: With a needle, spurs feel like barnacles
next to a ship hull (healthy bone)
 Scar Tissue (Fibrosis, Tendonosis): With a needle, scar
tissue feels like thick, crusty spider webs versus tender
chicken legs (healthy tendons and ligaments)

20. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Injection Technique
 Technique: Involves gentle needling and sometimes
chiseling for bone spurs all guided by ultrasound
 Goal: to free up the ligament, joint, tendon that may
overlap the spur and bring healthy blood flow and O2 to
the area to encourage fibroblastic resorpion and
prevent reattachment
 Following injection of scar tissue/bone spur, a second
injection (of a proliferant) is used to tighten the ligament
or tendon or joint

21. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Injection Components:
 Injection solution is often simply a local anesthetic
(lidocaine, procaine, marcaine) may also include other
trace agents that improve fibroblastic resorpion (eg.
Trace amounts of HCl, MgSO4, Phosphatidyl choline,
Ascorbate) followed by O3 at 20ug/cc
 Post Injection Visualization by Ultrasound:
 Should demonstrate a “clean”, integrous, smooth bone
surface with elongated, parallel fibers in adjacent
ligaments or tendons

24. Injectional Treatment: Ligament/Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 L MCL ligament laxity (aka chronic sprain) with bone spur
 Pre-Injection: Notice the spur in the central part of the
ligament at the joint space(initial); the spur is partly
visible as a white and partially hidden (due to
shadowing by the US)
 Post-Injection: Notice the absence of the spur (now in
pieces floating in the ECM) and the tightening of the
MCL ligament

27. Injectional Treatment: Ligament/Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 L LCL ligament laxity (aka chronic sprain)
 Pre-Injection: Notice the extreme edema and
inflammation and laxity in the ligament
 Post-Injection: Note the decrease in the fluid and the
tightening of the ligament

30. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 L ACL laxity (aka acute sprain with partial tear), minimal
scar tissue
 Pre-Injection: Note the thickness of ACL and its more
horizontal position
 Post-Injection: Note the tightening of the ACL and its
more vertical position

31. Injectional Treatment: Scar
Tissue/Bone Spurs
 Side effects of Injectional Treatment of Ligament/Scar
Tissue and Bone Spurs
 Pain-often acute, during the injection, even with local anesthesia;
it is difficult to anesthetize the nerve fibers imbedded in the scar
tissue and bone spur (Patients are given Valium or pain-killer)
 Pain-after the injection--usually for 1-3 days; secondary to the
proliferative activity
 Inflammation-can last 1-2 months; often seen in patients with
hyperactive immune systems, chronic inflammatory conditions
(such as arthritis, food allergies, genetic disorder)

33. US guided injection of neuromas
 What is a neuroma?
 Morton’s Neuroma: The thickening, or
enlargement of a nerve leading to compression
and irritation of the nerve. Usually located
between the 3rd and 4th metatarsals
http://www.footphysicians.com/footankleinfo/mortons-neuroma.htm
 What does a neuroma hurt?
 It is largely due to sodium channels, which are
upregulated in neuromas http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181690

34. US guided injection of neuromas
 Accumulation of PN1 and PN3 sodium channels
in painful human neuroma-evidence from
immunocytochemistry.
 Kretschmer T, Happel LT, England JD, Nguyen DH, Tiel RL, Beuerman RW, Kline DG.
Department of Neurosurgery University of Ulm, BKH Neurochirurgie, Günzburg,
Germany.
 Conclusions: Both, PN1 and PN3 seem to be involved in
hyperexcitability induced pain. Thus, in order to
therapeutically control hyperexcitability induced neuropathic
pain, it is necessary to selectively block different sodium
channel subtypes and subunits http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12181690

35. US guided injection of neuromas
 So what’s the treatment?
 Downregulate the sodium channels with small
injection of 1.8% to 2% sterile saline (Normal
Saline is 0.9%). Injection is done at least one time
per week x 3-4 weeks. US guidance allows for
precise visualization and demonstrates reduction
in size of the neuroma after each injection
 Use good orthotic to avoid compression and
reoccurence of the neuroma

36. US guided injection of neuromas

37. Intervertebral O3 injections--Italian Study
 http://www.ajnr.org/cgi/content/full/24/5/996/F2
 (American Journal of Neuroradiology)
 From 1999 to 2001, 600 patients aged 20–80
years treated with a single dose of oxygen-ozone
therapy. (All done in Italian hospitals).
 Three hundred patients (group A, received an
intradiscal (4 mL) and periganglionic (8 mL)
injection of an oxygen-ozone mixture with an
ozone concentration of 27 µg/mL

38. Ozone (O3)-Italian Study
 The other 300 patients (group B,) received
identical oxygen-ozone injections, followed by a
periganglionic injection of corticosteroid (1 mL of
Depo-Medrone 40 mg and anesthetic (2 mL of
Marcain 0.5%
 The L4–5 level was the most frequently treated
(61.8%); L1–2, 0.7%; L2–3, 1.2%; L3–4, 8.7%;
L5-S1, 27.6%.

39. Puncture at L4-L5 performed under CT
guidance.

40. FIG 3. Therapeutic outcome 6 months after
oxygen-ozone therapy. Light gray bars
indicate group A (n=300); dark gray bars,
group B (n=300). Numbers at top of bars are
percentages.

41. Ozone Study MetaAnalysis
 From June 2000 to December 2006, the Muto
group performed the oxygen/ozone procedure on
2900 patients with lumbar disc herniation.
 Dr. Murphy, professor of interventional radiology
at the University of Toronto states,
 “When you have 79.7% of patients with a
herniated disc getting improvement from this
procedure, that's pretty cool."

42. US guided injection of an Intervertebral Disc
MRI-L4-5 disc herniation US L4-5 disc herniation

44. US Guided Disc Injections-Final Words
 The question is no longer, “Can we visualize the
Intervertebral Disc Herniation using Ultrasound?”
 But rather, “Are you skilled enough to visualize
the area and perform the procedure?”
 And finally, “If an ultrasound-guided lumbar disc
shot is not performed perfectly, will it still benefit
the patient?”
 KEY: Horseshoes, Hand Grenades, and Ozone