Indo-Aryan Architecture

HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
INDO-ARYAN STYLE

-
MEHUL HOTWANI
-
AR.PRIYANKA RASTOGI
MEHUL HOTWANI
B.ARCH.IIYEAR (III SEMESTER)
2018-19

Northern Hindu Style or Indo Aryan Style had spread over at
least three fourth part of northern India.
The earliest movement started in the state of Orissa, (ancient
Kalinga). It offered strong resistance to Mauryas but finally
subduded to Ashoka 260 BC.
NORTHERN HINDU STYLE
subduded to Ashoka 260 BC.
After Ashoka’s death Kalinga regained its independence and
became more powerful under Kharavela.
In AD 610 it was under king Sasanka but after his death
Harsha conquered Orissa.
The beginning of this Orissa group is seen at Bhubaneswar
where there are about 30 temples.

Most important are the temples of Jaggannath at Puri(1000
AD) built by Mahashivagupta Yayati 2nd and Sun Temple at
Konark (1250AD) built by Narasinha 1st.
The other groups are confined to some areas such as
Khajuraho all of which were built in a period of hundred years
NORTHERN HINDU STYLE
Khajuraho all of which were built in a period of hundred years
from AD 950 to AD 1050 under Chandella Rajput Rajas of
Bundelkhand who ruled from Mahoba.
The largest of entire series is Shiva Temple at Khandariya
Mahadev (1000 AD) at Khajuraho.
Further the Northern Hindu Style was extended to Rajputana,
Gujarat & Deccan.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
ORISSA TEMPLES
The Orissa temple is remarkable for its plan and elevation. As a
rule, the interior ground plan of the temple is square, the most
basic rational element of all geometric forms, used by the Hindus.
They adopted mainly trabeated style of construction.They adopted mainly trabeated style of construction.
The temples are distinguished by vertical offset projections
called “rathas”(on plan) or “pagas”(on elevation) . Depending on
the number of pagas, the temples are classified into trirathas,
pancharatha, saptaratha and navaratha.
The main temple rests on high platform called “Pista”.
The temple is approached by an assemble hall, known as “Jaga-
Mohan”- one which pleases the world.

ORISSA TEMPLES
The main temple is called as “Rekha Deul” because of its
emphasis on vertical lines.
The Jaga-Mohan is also called as the “Pida Deul” since, it is
composed of Pidas.composed of Pidas.
The diety is placed in the garba-griha of Rekha Deul over which
rises the spire or “Sikhara”.
The Hindus regarded the temple as the body of Cosmic Man
(Purasha). So the lower upright part of the main Deul is known as
“Bada”(feet) and the upper tapering part is known as
“Chhapra”(trunk).

ORISSA TEMPLES
Over the Chhapra, is a large melon shaped feature called
“Amalaka”(cap stone) crowned with “Kalasa”(head)- called “Amrit-
Kalasa” , symboling the jar of Nectar.
Similarily the “Jaga-Mohan” has the lower upright part-the “bada”Similarily the “Jaga-Mohan” has the lower upright part-the “bada”
and upper tapering part “Pida” in the form of terraced pyramid
which is crowned with “Ghanta-Kalasa”.
The temple is now the abode of God as manifested in human
shape.
The other feature of this temple is that the pillars are notable for
their absence.

ORISSA TEMPLES
The interior is plane,
featureless but exterior
walls are profusely
ornamented. Due to theornamented. Due to the
religious ritual
developments other
buildings were added in
front, in one axial line such
as “Bhog-Mandir” – offering
hall in the front, and
followed by “Nat-Mandir” or
Dancing Hall.

The Lingaraj temple in Bhubaneshwar, dedicated to Lord
Shiva, or Tribhubaneshwar represents the perfect harmony
between Orissa’s architectural style and decorative motives.
Lingaraj temple is believed to be the oldest and largest
temple of Bhubaneshwar.
The temple of Lingaraj is highly revered by the followers of
Hinduism. Temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva, who is
considered as the destroyer as per the Hindu thoughts.considered as the destroyer as per the Hindu thoughts.
The term ‘Lingaraj’ suggests ‘the king of Lingas’, where
‘Linga’ is the phallic form of Lord Shiva.
The Shiva linga is said to have emerged from the Earth
(Bhu) here and hence it is called Bhubaneshwar.
The most attractive feature of this temple is the great tower
of Deul or Sri Mandir richly built entirely of stone.

Its base measures 17m side but due to projecting faces it is
not square.
The “Bada” or lower storey is vertical one-third of its height
and above, it has parabolic curve rising to a height of 38m
from the ground.
Over it is a necking or beki above which rests the melon
shaped fluted dic or “amal-sila” and crowned with “kalasa”.
The deep fluted ribs and miniature replicas of the Deul, add
to the vertically of the soaring sikhara which dominates over
all the 65 temples.
 The outer surfaces exuberantly carved with gogs,
goddesses, nymphs.
A Shiva Linga 3m high and 2.5m in diameter is installed in
garbh-griha.

The “Jaga-Mohan” is 22m
long and 17m wide, with its
lower storey “Bada”, rising
to a height of 10m and its
“Pidda” a pyramidal tower
attaining a height of 30 from
the ground.
The Nat-Mandir and Bhog-The Nat-Mandir and Bhog-
Mandir are of smaller sizes
but are of the same style.
In the courtyard there are
temples of Parvati, Ganesh
ji, Kartikeya, Balraja,
Subhadra & Krishna.

MAIN SHRINE
In the 11th century Lingraj temple was built by the king of
Jajati Keshari, who belonged to Soma Vansh. It is thought
that that when the king shifted his capital from Jaipur to
Bhubaneshwar, he started the construction of Lingraj
Temple.
However there are many parts that are acknowledged toHowever there are many parts that are acknowledged to
date back the 6th century.
Actually the temple is divided into four parts, the Garbh-
Griha, the Yagna-Shala, the Bhoga-Mandap & the Natya-
Shala respectively. In the Garbh-Griha (Sanctum
Sanctorum), the Lingam of Lord Shiva is regarded as
‘Swayambhu’ (Self-originated & it is worshipped as both
Lord Shiva & Lord Vishnu.

On the main entrance
one can see a trident
(Lord Shiva) and
Chakra (Lord Vishnu)
on the either side of
the door. The concord
of the two sects can beof the two sects can be
seen here, where the
deity is worshippd as
Hari-Hara. The term ‘
Hari’ refers to Lord
Vishnu ‘Hara’ refers to
Lord Shiva.

TEMPLE LAYOUT
The Lingraja temple confirms to the building principles
of the Kalinga School of Architecture, and is built along
the Bindu Saras lake.
Legend has it that Lord Shiva created the lake to quench
the thirst of Parvati.
Sprawled over 25,000 sq.ft, the Lingaraja temple and itsSprawled over 25,000 sq.ft, the Lingaraja temple and its
100 subsidiary shrines are enclosed by high walls, with a
main entrance on the east, and secondary gates on the
North and South.
Laid out on the pancharatha plan with five divisions to
the temple and five richly engraved mouldings, the temple
is acclaimed for its ornamental carvings and fine
workmanship.

The 54m high Sri Mandir and 29m high pyramid of the
“jagamohana” are richly adorned with carvings.
The bhoga mandap and the natya mandir have similarly
engraved shafts supporting their heavy roofs.
The “lingam”, measuring 2.5m wide is one of the 12
Jyotirlingas in India, and is reverd as Hari-Hara, the
embodiment of Vishnu and Shiva.embodiment of Vishnu and Shiva.
The Parvati temple in the north-east corner carries
exceptionally beautiful carvings, and continues with the
13th century tradition of serving meals to 51 priests and
51 under privileged persons everyday.
Erected in red sandstone, Lingraj Temple has the stone
of the darkest shade.

All the shrines are safe under
the kind fortification made by
the massive walls that are
covered beautifully with
sculptures. One can enter the
temple complex through ‘Simha
Dwara’ (the Lion’s Gate), where
the lions flank both the sides,
crushing elephants under theircrushing elephants under their
feet.
An optical effect is produced
with the deep cut warped lines
that run perpendicularly on the
spire. Due to this, the temple
looks much larger than what it
actually is.

Located on the shoreline, now a little over 3 kms from the
sea, the temple takes the form of the chariot of Surya (Arka),
the sun god, and is heavily decorated with stone carvings.
It was built in 13th century.
The temple compound measures 261m by 160m.
Alignment of the temple is on the east-west direction.
The entire complex was designed in the form of the god’sThe entire complex was designed in the form of the god’s
huge chariot drawn by seven spirited horses on the twelve
pairs of exquisitely decorated wheels at its base.
The huge wheels carved at the base of the temple are one
of the major attractions.
The spikes of the wheels serves as sun dials and the
shadows cast by these can give precise time of the day.

The pyramidal roof soars over 30m in height. The temple
complex also contains erotic sculptures similar to the temple
in Khajuraho.
The entrance is guarded by two giant lions, which are each
shown crushing a war elephant.
Each elephant in turn lies on top of human body.
At the entrance of the temple is the Nat Mandir. This isAt the entrance of the temple is the Nat Mandir. This is
where the temple dancers used to perform dances in homage
to the Sun god.
All around the temple, there are various floral and
geometrical patterns.
The temple is now partly in ruins, and a collection of its
sculptures is housed in the Sun Temple Museum, which runs
by the Archaeological Survey of India.

Majestic in conception, this temple is one of the most sublime
monuments of India, famous as much for its imposing
dimensions and faultless proportions as for the harmonious
integration of architectural grandeur with plastic allegiance.
Each inch of the temple is covered with sculpture of an
unsurpassed beauty and grace, in tableaux and freestanding
pieces ranging from the monumental to the miniature.

The main sanctum (229 ft high) which was constructed alongThe main sanctum (229 ft high) which was constructed along
with the audience hall (128 ft high) have elaborate external
projections.
The main sanctum which enshrined the presiding deity has
fallen off.
The audience hall survives in its entirely, but only small
portions of the dancing hall (Nat-Mandir) & the dining hall
(Bhoga-Mandir) have survived the vagaries of time.

gujarat TEMPLES
Gujarat made rapid progress under able rulers of the Solanki
dynasty, a saivaite line.
They also expanded their rule over Kuch Kathewad with capital at
Patana, north-west of Ahmedabad.Patana, north-west of Ahmedabad.
Many splendid temples constructed were destroyed by the
Muslim conquerors to provide materials for their mosques.
The temples is laid on usual ie, the cella, a mantapa, and a sabha-
mantap with two or three storeys.
In the exterior, the elegantly covered pillars are arranged forming
an octagonal nave in the centre of a main hall.

gujarat TEMPLES
The interiors are profusely sculptured. The “sabha-mantap”
leads to “gudha-mantap” and finally the mysterious deeply
shadowed sanctum in the end, with a Sikhara at top, e.g.
Temple of Surya at Modhera; Temple of Somnath.

The Somnath Temple located in the Prabhas Kshetra near
Veraval in Saurashtra, on the western coast of Gujarat, India,
is one of the twelve Jyotirlinga shrines of the God Shiva.
Somnath means “The Protector of (the) Moon God”.
Study of history reveals that the Somnath Temple was
invaded by the different conquerors who came to India who
came to India whereby some looted its wealth and others
destroyed some parts of it.destroyed some parts of it.
The Somnath Temple is known as “the Shrine Eternal”,
having been destroyed six times and rebuilt six times.
Legend goes that the Moon God – Chandra or Soma – was
married to the 27 daughters of King Daksha. However he
favoured only one queen Rohini, over his 26 other wives which
enraged his father-in-law. Further, he became arrogant of his
radiant beauty.

So, Daksha cursed him that he’d lose his beauty and
radiance and wane into darkness. A scared and repentant
Soma then prayed to Lord Shiva for deliverance from this
curse at the Jyotirlinga, after which he was blessed by Shiva
to regain his radiance every time it was lost. So the Moon
would wane, but then grow and shine again, in an eternal
cycle.
As Shiva ‘protected’ Soma, he came to be known as a tributeAs Shiva ‘protected’ Soma, he came to be known as a tribute
to the benevolence of Shiva, the Somnath Temple.
Most recently it was rebuilt in November 1947, whenSardar
Vallabhbhai Patel visited the area for the integration of
Junagadh and mooted a plan for restoration.
The other names of this famous Somnath Temple are Deo
Pattan, Prabhas Pattan, or Somnath Pattan.

In the past, the Somnath Temple was known as the treasure
trove of wealth and goodies, that were looted away by Muslim
rulers.
It is believed that the Somnath Temple or Somnath Pattan was
popular in the ancient times. Revenues were collected from
10,000 villages to maintain the Somnath Temple. The temple was
visited by the people from all parts of the country even in the
ancient times.
The temple consists of Garbh Griha, Nritya Mandap, SabhaThe temple consists of Garbh Griha, Nritya Mandap, Sabha
Mandap and there is also a 150 feet high Sikhara, the top of
which has a Kalash that is said to weight 10 tons.
The Tristhamba or the arrow on the Abadhit Samudra Marg is
said to point to the direct sea route to the south pole.
Being an indicator of ancient geography by the Indian wisdom,
the nearest land near South Pole shown by this direction is
about 9936 kms.

It is in here in
Somnath temple
Gujarat that the Hari
Har Tirthdham is
located and this is said
to be the holy grounds
for bhagvan Shri
Krishna’s NeejdhamKrishna’s Neejdham
Prasthan Leela.
This was the place
exactly where Bhagvan
Shri Krishna was
pierced by an arrow of
a hunter whose name
was Bhalka Tirtha.

ARROW PILLAR
The present temple is built in the
Chalukya style of temple
architecture or Kailash Mahameru
Prasad Style and reflects the skill of
the Sompura Salats, Gujarat’s
master masons.
The temple is situated at such a
place that there is no land in
straight-line between Somnath
seashore till Antarctica, such an
inscription in Sanskrit is found on
the Arrow-Pillar called Baan-Stambh
erected on the sea-protection wall at
the Somnath Temple.

This Baan-Stambh
mentions that it
stands at a point on
the Indian landmass,
which happens to bewhich happens to be
the first point on land
in the north to the
south-pole on that
particular longitude.

The Sun Temple at Modhera, Gujarat, is dedicated to the Hindu
Sun god, Surya.
It was built in 1026 AD by King Bhimdev of the Solanki dynasty.
The Modhera Sun temple is situated on the banks of the river
Pushpavati, 25 km from Mehsana & 102 km from Ahmedabad.
The Sun temple is of a unique architecture of its own kind.
It comprises three separate but axially-alligned & intergrated
elements.elements.
Surya Kund, which is an intricately carved, stepped tank named
after Sun God, Surya.
Sabha Mandap is a hall used for religious gatherings &
conferences.
Guda Mandap, i.e. sanctum sanctorum, which once housed the
idol of the Sun God.

Also known as Ramkund is a large rectangular stepped
tank measuring 53.6m by 36.6m under the east face of
Sabha Mandap used to store pure water.
Devotees were required to perform ceremonial ablutions
here before worshiping the god.
Surya Kund is the finest example of geometry.
The organization of stones into composition gives shape to
a dazzling pattern of art.a dazzling pattern of art.
It is proportioned with innumerable stone steps leading
devotees down to its base.
108 miniature shrines are carved in between the steps
inside the tank. Also the number 108 is considered to be
auspicious by Hindus as Hindu rosary has same number of
beads.

This hall of religious gatherings is a magnificent
pillared hall.
It is open from all sides and has 52 pillars equal
to the number of weeks in a year.
The carvings depict various episodes from hindu
epics of Ramayana, Mahabharata & Krishna Lila.
Between the Sabha Mandap & the sanctum
sanctorum is a beautiful hallwith pillars and
arches, whose façade has been renovated &
partially redone, and the walls have 12 niches
showing the different aspects of the Sun God in
each month.

This is called the main temple or the sanctum sanctorum of
the temple.
Lotus opens with sunrise & closes itself with sunset. Hence,
it is considered to be sun flower.
The entire temple is therefore based on the inverted lotus-
base plinth. It was designed such that the rays of the rising sun
& setting sun on the day of equinox fall on the bejeweled pure
gold idol of Sun riding on his chariot driven by Saarthi Arun.gold idol of Sun riding on his chariot driven by Saarthi Arun.
Sun’s chariot has seven horses and Saarthi Arun sits on the
4th horse.
The entire idol made of gold was placed on pit 15m deep &
filled with gold coins.
It was built by the Solanki’s in honor of their ancestral god.
It was plundered by Mahmud Gazni.

EXTERIOR
The exterior of the temple
walls has 12 different postures
of Adityas-Sun god along with
eight Dikpalas, Lord
Vishwakarma who
constructed Golden Dwarka
city for Lord Krishna,city for Lord Krishna,
Varundev-God of rain,
Agnidev-God of fire, Ganesha-
God of starting, Mata
Saraswati-Goddess of
education & wisdom.
Scenes of Samudra Manthan
is also depicted.

The Jain Dilwara Temple of India are located about 2.5 km from
Mount Abu, Rajasthan’s only hill station.
These temples were built by Chalukya’s between the 11th & 13th
centuries AD.
These temples are famous for their stunning use of marbles.
The five legendary temples of Dilwara are sacred pilgrimage sites in
the world.
The marble temples have an opulent entranceway, the simplicity in
architecture reflecting Jain values like Honesty and Frugality.
The temples are in the midst of a range of forested hills. A high wall
surrounds the temple complex.
Although the Jains built some beautiful temples at other places in
Rajasthan, some believe that none come close to these in terms of
architectural perfection.
The ornamental details spreading over the minutely carved ceilings,
doorways, pillars & panels are simply marvelous.

FIVE UNIQUE TEMPLES OF DILWARA
VIMAL VASAHI dedicated to the LUNA VASAHI dedicated to the PITHALHAR dedicated to theVIMAL VASAHI dedicated to the
1st Jain Tirthankara, Rishabha.
LUNA VASAHI dedicated to the
22nd Jain Tirthankara,Neminatha.
PITHALHAR dedicated to the
1st Jain Tirthankara, Rishabha.
PARSHVA
NATHA
dedicated
to the 23rd
Jain
Tirthankar
a,
Parshva.
MAHAVIR
SWAMI
dedicated
to the last
Jain
Tirthankara
, Mahavira.

The temples of Khajuraho are situated about 160
km south-east of Jhasi.
There were more than 85 temples but today only
30 are remaining, which occupies an area of 2.5
square kilometers.
The temples were built with sandstone of soft
black colour during the reign of Chandella Rajputblack colour during the reign of Chandella Rajput
dynasty of Bundelkhand.
The few rulers in the beginning were worshippers
of Lord Vishnu but the later kings worshipped Lord
Shiva.
One of which is Kandariya Mahadev Temple.

The plan of the temple is Latin-Cross, the largest side
lying on the east-west axis, entrance being on the east.
The temple is divided into three main parts-Ardh Mandap,
Assembly Hall & Garbh Griha.
Over the high basement, the compartments are
constructed with projections on the outer walls &
interrupted by balconied windows which admit light to the
exterior.exterior.
The temple has three separate edifices. The smallest is
over the Ardh Mandap (portico), then next higher over
theAssembly hall & the tallest one over the Garbh Griha.
The temple shikhara has an ascending parabolic outline
rising up in the graceful sweep & characterized with
superimposed miniature urusringa on all the four sides.

The exterior unlike the interior
is richly sculptured with figures
of enchanting grace and
loveliness.
Woman is the main figure who
is shown on temple walls, lintels
and reclining against the pillars
in her myriad moods.in her myriad moods.
The Khajuraho temples have
attained universal fame on
account of their erotic
sculptures.
They however depict sublime
theme of the life showing man-
woman relationship.

Indo-Aryan Architecture

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