2. WHAT IS CANCER?
Cancer is an abnormal growth
of cells caused by multiple
changes in gene expression (or)
mutation
3. Types of cancer
Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
3 specific groups
(i) carcinomas
(ii) sarcomas
(iii) Leukemias (or) lymphomas
4.
5.
6. PROPERTIES OF CANCER CELL
Density dependent inhibition
Autocrine growth stimulation
Less adhesive than normal cells
Insensitive to contact inhibition growth
Proteases, Angiogenesis
Fail to differentiate normally
No apoptosis
Metastasis
7.
8.
9. Causes of cancer
In 1775 Percivall Pott a british surgeon
correlation between an environmental
agent & development of cancer
Carcinogenic agents
DNA and RNA tumor virus
10. Tumor suppressor genes
Regulate the growth of cells
1st suppressor gene to be studied is
retinoblastoma (RB) (sporadic and familial)
Caretaker genes
Gatekeeper genes
11.
12. p53
Guardian of the genome
Repair of damaged DNA
Apoptosis if there is extensive damaged
DNA
TP53 when absent may cause Li-
Fraumeni syndome.
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor
genes help repair damaged DNA
13.
14. Oncogenes
Promote loss of growth control
Derived from proto-oncogenes
First human oncogene identified as
human homolog of the rasH(oncogene of
harvey sarcoma virus)
Activation of oncogene called gene
amplification (erbB-2)
15.
16. proteomics
The term proteomics and proteome coined by
Mark Willkins & his colleagues
Complete collection of proteins encoded by a
genome of an organism
Various type of techniques
Biomarkers
2-D PAGE
Mass spectrometry
Protein microarrays
17. Biomarkers
A cancer biomarker refers to that is
indicative of the presence of cancer in the
body
Important tool for cancer detection &
monitoring
Proteins used as biomarkers (HER-2,
EGFR)
19. Mass spectrometry
It is an analytical technique that ionizes
chemical species and sorts the ions based
on their mass to charge ratio
Used to identify proteins in a mixture
MALDI-TOF : Matrix associated laser
desorption ionization time of flight
21. SELDI -TOF
Extension of MALDI-TOF
The differences between SELDI & MALDI
construction of sample target
design of the analyzer
software tools used
22.
23. Future implications
Improvements in the area of multidimensional
separations promise the importance of biomarkers
identification (LCM)
Development of proteomic pattern diagnostic might
represent a revolution in the field of molecular field
Nanotechnology devices have the potential to
greatly expand the capabilities of proteomics,
addressing and providing a "toolbox" to translate the
discovery of protein biomarkers to novel therapeutic
and diagnostic tests
Nanowires & nanocantilever arrays can be used in
biosensors that measure minute quantities of
biomarkers in biological fluids
24. References
Proteomic Applications for detection of
cancer (Nature Reviews)
Julia D. Wulfkuhle, Lance A.Liotta
& Emanuel F.Petricoin
Cell Biology 7th EDITION (Gerald Karp)
chapter-16
The cell 2nd EDITION A Molecular
approach
(Geoffrey M Cooper)
chapter-13