HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
OF PHILIPPINE
POLITICS
Presented by:Shella may C. Cabrido
Christian Andres

• First president of the 4th Republic of
the Philippines
• Born on September 11,1917
• Studied Law at University of the
Philippines
• member of Philippine Senate(1959-
(1965)
• Member House of the
Representatives (1949-1959)
• died on September 28,1989 due to
kidney failure

In 1965,Ferdinand Edralin Marcos was
elected to presidency and his
administration National plans are:
•AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
•SOLID INFRASTRACTURES
•ENERGY
•EDUCATION

• Irrigational canals to improve rice production
• the MASAGANA 99 RICE PROGRAM
• LAND REFORMS
• FOLK ARTS THEATER
• North Luzon Express Way
• National Kidney and Transplant Institute
• Philippine Heart Center
• San Juanico Bridge
• Mactan-Mandaue Bridge
• Pantabangan Hydro Electric Power Plant
• BLISS Housing Project
• Angat Hydro Electric Power Plant
• Leyte Geothermal Power Plant
• Educational Assistance Act of 1976
• Created the system of State Universities
• Philippine International Convention Center
• Cultural Center Of the Philippines
• Nayong Pilipino National Art's Center in Makiling
• People's Park in the Sky in Tagaytay source:https://kahimyang.com

The National Manpower and Yout Council was founded in 1976
and is now the TESDA or Technical Education and Skills
Development President Marcos' Presidential Decree 27,which
called for the "emancipation of tenants from the bondage of
the soil",was also among his notable contributions to social
justice.In the field of diplomacy,Marcos initiated the formation
of ASEAN in 1966 - together with the heads of state of
Singapore,Indonesia,Malaysia and Thailand - that has grown to
10 member-state,
source:https://kahimyang.com

• His term was marked with increased industrialization and the creation
of solid infrastracture nationwide.
• Marcos also increased the funding of the Armed Forces,to help
modernize Philippines capability to defend itself from foreign or
internal threats.
• Marcos also established schools ang learning institution nationwide.
• Under Marcos administrationa new constitution was adopted in 1973
• The 1973 Constitution provided that the Philippines will have a
Parliamentary form of government.
• During the Martial Law,the political rights of the people as well as their
human rights were suppresed and violated.

On August 21,1971,the Liberal party held campaign rally at the Plaza
Miranda to proclaim their Senatorial bet and their candidate for the
Mayoralty of Manila.Two grenades were reportedly tossed on
stage.Injuring almost everybody present.As a result Mracos suspended
the Writ of Habeas Corpus.In order to arrest those behind the
attack.Marcos and his allies took an ivestigation and which it turnout -
coning from the opposition.The writ was briefly restored on January
11,1972 amidst widespread protest.Decades later,the CPP under Jose
Maria Sison admitted that they were responsible for the Plaza Miranda
attack,though Marcos was blamed for it.

In 1969,he ran for re-election and succeeded
making him the only president under 1935
Constitution to be elected for the second term.
That time the country was undergoing worsening
economic condition,detoriating peace and
order,social discontent,and a growing communist
insurgency.Marcos second term was marked by
economic turmoil brought about by factors both
external and internal,

PROCLAMATION NO. 1081
• Proclamation No. 1081 was the declaration of Martial Law in the
Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos.It became effective
throughout the entire country on September 21,1972,and was
announced to public two days later.It was formally lifted on January
17,1981- six month later before the presidential election in the
Philippines in twelve years
• Under the pretext of assassination of then-Defense Secretary Juan
Ponce Enrile and and ensuing Communist insurgency.
• He initially signed the Proclamation on September 17,1972,but it was
posdated to 21 Of September because of Marcos superstitions and
numerological beliefs.Marcos formally announced the Proclamation in a
live television and a radio broadcast from Malacañang Palace a further
two days later on the evening of 23 September 1972

• December 12,1980,when the President declared "We must
erase once and for all from the public mind any doubts as to
resolve to bring martial law to an end and to minister to an
orderly transition to parliamentary government"
• December 22,1980 when the president proclaimed "A few days
ago,following extensive consultationswith a broad representation
of various sectors of the nation and in keeping with the pledge
made a year ago during the seventh anniversary of the New
Society,I came to firm decision that martial law should be lifted
before the end of january 1981,and that only in a few areas were
grave problems of public order and national security continue to
exist will martial law continue to remain in force".

During the early years of martial law,the Philippine economy grew a
significant amount,spurred by heavy borrowing from transnational
banking companies and government-to government loans.By
1980,however,the heavy burden of foreign debt servicing took its toll in
the economy,and mismanagement of important industries due to crony
capitalism led the economy to downturn.The assassination of popular
opposition leader Benigno Aquino in 1983 led the pull-out of foreign
capital from the country resulting to negative GDP growth in 1983 and
1984.

• The first formal election since 1969 for an interim
BATASANG PAMBANSA(NATIONAL ASSEMBLY) were
held on April 7,1978.Senator Aquino,then in jail,decided to
run as a leader of his party,the LAKAS NG BAYAN party,but
they did not win any seats in the BATASAN,despite public
support and their apprent victory.The night before the
elections,supporters of the LABAN party showed their
solidarity by setting up an "noise barrage" in Manila,creating
noise the whole night until dawn.

• The opposition boycotted the June 16,1981 presidential election,which
pitted Marcos and his KILUSANG BAGONG LIPUNAN against retired
general Alejo Santos of the NATIONALISTA PARTY.Marcos won over a
margin of 16 million votes,which constitutionally allowed him to
another 6 year term.Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime
Minister of BATASANG PAMBANSA.
• In 1983,opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assasinated at
Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a
long period of excile in the United States.This coalesced to popular
dissatisfaction with Marcos and began series of events,including
pressure from the United States,that culminated in a snap presidential
election on Febuary 7,1986.
• This election was marred by widespread of violence and tampering of
results by the Marcos side.

The official election canvasser,the COMMISION on ELECTION
(COMELEC),declared Marcos the winner,despite a walk-out
staged by disenfranchised computer technicians of February
9.According to the COMELEC's final tally,Marcos won over
10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes.By contrast,the
final tally of NAMFREL an accreditted poll watcher said Aquino
won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos's 7,053,068.
However,the complete NAMFRELcount done in 1987 revealed
that Marcos would still have won with 10,635,458 against
Aquino's 9,853,456 .A peaceful civilian-military uprising forced
Marcos into excile and installed Corazon Aquino as president on
February 7,1986.

• The fraudulent result was not accepted by Aquino and her
supporters international observers,including U.S delegation
led by Senator Richard Lugar,denounced the official results
.General Fidel V. Ramos and Defense Minister Juan Ponce
Enrile then withdrew their support for the administration
defecting and barricading themselves within Camp Crame.
• This resulted in the peaceful 1986 EDSA REVOLUTION that
forced Marcos into excile in Hawaii while Corazon Aquino
become the president,ending the Fourth Republic and
ushering the beginning of the FIFTH REPUBLIC

• BORN ON JANUARY 5,1933
• PRESIDENT OF FIFTH REPUBLIC (1986-1992)
• A SELF PROCLAIMED "PLAIN HOUSEWIFE"
• WIFE OF THE LATE SENATOR BENIGNO AQUINO
• DIED ON AUGUST 1,2009
• DIED OF COLON CANCER
www pcw.gov.ph

•The presidency of Corazon Aquino began following the triumph of the peaceful
PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION when Corazon Aquino became President of the
Philippines,and spanned a six-year period from February 25,1986,to June 30,1992.The
triumph of peaceful People Power Revolutionand the ascension of Corazon Aquino to
the presidency signaled the end of authoritarian rule in the Philippines and the dawning
of a new era for the nation.The relatively peaceful manner by which Aquino came into
power drew international acclaim and admiration for her and the Filipino people.During
the first months of Aquino's presidency,the country experienced radical changes and
sweeping democratic reforms.One of Aquino's first and boldest moves was the creation
of Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCCG),which was tasked to go after
Marcos ill-gotten wealth,But,after her presidency ,the PCCG itself was also implicated by
corruption scandals when it was alleged that officials were "milking" sequestered assets.

Aquino,as a revolutionary president,repealed and abolished repressive laws under her
predecessor,restored civil rights,civil liberties, and abolished the 1973 "Marcos
Constution".Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3,which established a revolutionary
government.She abolished 1973 Constitution and instead promulgated the provisional
1986 Freedom Constitution,pending the ratification of a new Constitution.Tjis allows
Aquino to exercise both executive and legislative powers until tha ratification of the
new Philippine Constitution and establishment of a new Congress in 1987.Aquino's
government met criticism from Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Vice President
Salvador Laurel as well as constitutionalist amd retired Supreme Court Justice Cecilia
Muñoz-Palma. Palma said "To declare her government "revolutionary" and abolished
the Batasan Pambansa was to behave no better than dictator Marcos"Homobono
Adaza also said "when the United Democratic Opposition (UNIDO) decided to support
Cory for president,the agreement with Cory was the type of government of Marcos
would be continued,with Cory as ceremonial president,since everyone knew that Cory
had no knowledge of how to run a country,and Cory admitted this".Enrile and Laurel
resigned from Aquino's government.

In response for agrarian reform,Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and
Executive Order 229 on July 22,1987,which outlined her land reform program
which included sugar land.In 1988,with the backing of Aquino,the new Congress
of the Philippines passed Republic Act No. 6657,known as the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law (CARP).The Law paved the way for the redistribution of
agricultural land from landowners to tenant-farmers.The landowners were paid
in exchange by the government through just compensation and were also not
allowed to retain more than 5 hectares of land.The law also allowed corporate
landowners to "voluntarily divest a propoportion of their capital stock,equity or
participation in favor of their workers or other qualified benificiaries",in lieu of
turning over their land to government for redistribution.despite the flaws in the
law,the Supreme Court upheld its constitutionality in 1989,declaring that the
implementation of CARP was "a revolutionary kind of expropriation".

Corazon Aquino herself was subjected to a contoversy that centered on
HACIENDA LUISITA,a 6,453-hectare estate located in Tarlac,which she and
her siblings inherited from their father José Cojuangco.Instead of Land
distribution,Hacienda Luisita reorganized itself into a corporation and
distributed stock,As such,ownership of agricultural portions of the
hacienda was transferred to the corporation which in turn,gave its shares
of stocks to the farmers.Critic argued that Aquino bowed to pressure from
relatives by allowing stock redistribution in lieu of land redistribution
under CARP.The stock scheme was revoked in 2006 when the Department
of Agrarian Reform ordered the mandatory redistibution of land to tenant-
farmers of Hacienda Luisita.The Department of Agrarian Reformhad
looked into its revocation since 2004,when violence erupted in the
hacienda over the retrenchment of workes,leaving seven (7) people dead.

Luis Beltran a Filipino journalist became notorious after mentioning in a column
about the 1987 coup attempt that then-president Corazon Aquino had been hiding
under her bed during the coup.He was sued by the President for libel.Aquino went so
far as to show the journalists that she cannot fit under her bed.Beltran,who openly
expressed his belief that the president was lacking in competence,countered that his
words were not meant to be taken literally.The court ruled in Aquino's
favor,sentencing the columnist and the STAR's editor-in chief Max Soliven to 2 years
imprisontment and ordering to pay 2 million pesos in moral damages.The Court of
Appeals later reversed the decision of the trial court and aquitted Beltran.

• 1990 Luzon earthquake-1600 people died
• Mt. Pinatubo Eruption 1991-2nd largest terrestrial eruption of 20th
century,300 people died,long term agricultural land devastation.
• Tropical Storm Thelma (typhoon Uring)-causes massive flooding in Ormoc City
in November 1991,around 6,000 people died,and considered as the deadliest
typhoon in Philippine History.
• 1989-1993,a long El Niño phenomenon caused severe draught in the
archipelago,destroyed crops and livestock led to nationwide food and water
shortage

Metro Manila experienced seven to 12 hours power outages
associated with el Niño became common.Numerous businesses were
brought to a halt.By the departure of Aquino in June 1992,businesses
in Manila and nearby provinces had lost nearly $800 million since
March 1992.According to one writer,the Aquino administration knew
for years that country's power plants were failing but did not act to
solve the problem.It was only during the time of his successoe,Fidel
Ramos,that the government decisively solved the severe power
outages that were common during her term.

As the end of her presidency drew near,she was told that since
she was not inaugurated under the 1987 constitution,she was still
eligible to seek the presidency again in the upcoming 1992
elections.But she stongly declined the request for her reelecetion
and wanted to set an example to both citizen and politicians that
the presidency is not for a lifetime position.Initially,she named
Ramon V. Mitra then Speaker of the House of Representatives,as
her candidate for the presidential race in 1992,She instead threw
her support behind the candidacy of her Defence Secretary and
EDSA Revolution Hero,General Fidel V. Ramos,who stood by and
defended her government from the various coup attempts and
rebellions against her.

Her sudden withdrawal of support for Mitra drew criticisms not only
from her supporters in the Liberal and social democratic sectors,but
from the Roman Catholi Church,as well,which questioned her
anointing of Ramos since he was a Protestant.Nevertheless,Aquino's
candidate eventually won the 1992 elections,albeit by margin of
23.58% and the total votes only,and was sworn in as the 12th
president of the Philippines on June 30,1992.Aquino attended the
swearing-in of her succesor at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila.As
final gesture as president,she rode the presidential limousine to the
event and later left the venue aboard a Toyota sedan,a gift from her
siblings,which was a strong symbol of her return to private life as
"Citizen Cory".

Don't hesitate to ask any questions!