In this presentation, we will talk about battery technology, from primary battery to Li-ion/Li-po battery, and different chemistry, achievable form factor and design key metrics.

1. Battery Technology
What's new and How to get the best
battery solution for your products
Michael Xie, Ph.D., CEO
PHD Energy Inc
#AdvMfgExpo

2. Self-Introduction
#AdvMfgExpo
Michael (Hui) Xie
• 2009, Ph.D. degree on
electrochemistry/battery
• 2009-2012: Worked for Prof Goodenough in
UT Austin
• 2012-2013: Battery material R&D in San
Diego
• 2013 - now: Providing battery solution and
products

3. Companies we helped
From Fortune 500 to startups and design firms....
Industries:
• Consumer
• Commercial
• Medical

4. Contents
• History and Facts
• Category:
– Primary/Non-rechargeable Batteries
– Second/Rechargeable Batteries
• Chemistry
• Form Factor
• Key Metrics
• Battery Packs

5. History and Facts

6. Category and Chemistry
Primary
(Non-Rechargeable)
• Low self-discharge and long shelf
life
• High energy density
• Wide temperature range
• Low Cost
• One time use only
• Low current rate
Secondary
(Rechargeable)
• Multiple times reusage
• Highly customizability
• High charge/discharge rates
• High self-discharge rate
• Short shelf life
• Lower energy density

7. Primary Batteries: Chemistry
Li-MnO2 3.0V Li-SOCl2 3.6V
• Highest voltage (3.6V) and
energy density
• Longest life (10+ years)
• Extraordinarily wide
temperature range: -60 -
+145 ℃
• Good for low current
applications
• Most widely used lithium
primary battery
• Best comprimised overall
performance and cost
• Flexible in form factor
• Compatible with Alkaline
AA and AAA batteries
• With higher energy density
and lighter
• Long shelf life
• Much higher pulse
capability
Li-FeS2 1.5V

8. Primary Batteries: Form Factor
Li-MnO2 3.0V Li-SOCl2 3.6V
• Cylindrical
• Prismatic
Very lexible in form factors:
• Button type Coin cell
• Cylindrical
• Pouch (soft pack)
• Ultrathin: 0.5mm
• Shaped
Only AA (14500) and
AAA(10440) sizes
Li-FeS2 1.5V

9. Primary Batteries: Key Metrics
What you need to know to nail down a design?
1. Working voltage
– Chemistry
– Single cell or multiple cell (series and/or parallel), “nSmP”
2. Cavity: Form factor and dimensions
3. Working temperature range
4. Power consumption:
– Continuous working current
– Peak/pulse current and duration
5. Service/shelf life
6. Tab: Solderability, Tab distance, or wire
7. Others: Cost, availability, etc.

10. Any Question?

11. Secondary Batteries: Chemistry
Lead Acid Battery Ni-MH Battery Lithium Ion Battery
• 2.0V per cell
• Lowest cost
• Very safe
• Low energy density
• Very heavy
• Not good for small
applications
• Short life
• 1.2V per cell
• Affordable cost
• Good safety performance
• Low voltage
• Low energy density
• 3.2-3.8 V per cell
• High energy density
• Long cycle life
• Very customizable
• Higher cost
• Compromised safety

12. Lithium Ion Battery: Category
Li-ion Battery
The fist generation of
Lithium ion battery using liquid
electrolyte and ridig metal
casing (both cylindrical and
prismatic).
Li-ion Polymer Battery
(or Li-po battery, pouch cell)
A newer generation of Li-ion
battery which uses a laminated
aluminum plastic-type of film as a
pouch to contain and seal the
battery. It supposes to use a special
polymer separator without liquid
electrolyte.
Solid state Li Battery
Next generation of Li
battery technology. Using all solid
state raw materials, no
electrolyte. Ultimate safety.

13. Lithium Ion Battery: Category
Li-ion Battery
• Standardized models
• Much lower cost per Ah
• Much better cell-to-cell and
batch-to-batch consistancy
• Limited options and fixed sizes
• Heavier in weight
Li-ion Polymer Battery
(or Li-po battery, pouch cell)
• Flexible in shape and size
• Better safety features
• More customizable in chemistry,
formula
• Higher cost per Ah
• Inferior consistancy
Solid state Li Battery
• No safety issue
• Can be flexible
• Low energy and power density
• Not mature in technology
• Low manufacturing efficiency
and High cost

14. Lithium Ion Battery: Chemistry
Lithium Cobalt Oxide
LiCoO2 (LCO)
Li(NiMnCo)O2
(NMC)
Lithium Iron Phosphate
LiFePO4 (LFP)
• Most mature
• Highest energy
density
• Higher cost
• Inferior safety
• Good for small form
factor batteries
• More and more mature
• Better power rate and
safety
• Lower cost
• Slightly Inferior in energy
density
• Good for 18650 and large
form factor batteries
• Best safety
• Longest cycle and service life
(2000+ cycles and 5+ years)
• Significantly lower in voltage
(3.2V vs 3.6V+) and energy
density
• Good for special applications

15. Lithium Ion Battery: Form Factor
Regular Shape Various Shaped Battery Pack
• Maximize the usage for the
available cavity
• High unit cost and tooling cost
• Difficult for quality control
• Easy and low cost to
customize
• Low unit price
• High manufacturing yield
• Not ideal for small products
• Can achieve higher
voltage and capacity
• More functions
• Complicated design
• High cost

16. Lithium Ion Battery: Shaped Battery
Ultrathin Cylindrical Li-po Curved
Round Donut And more and more

17. Lithium Ion Battery: Performance
Temperature Range Energy Density
Charge and Discharge Rate Cycle life

18. Battery Pack:

19. Battery Pack: Functions
• Abuse protection, sometimes
double protection
• Fuel gauge, SOC and SOH
• BMS for communications
• Waterproof
• Mechanical strength, etc

20. Thank you!
Any question, please feel free to
contact us.
PHD Energy Inc.
Michael Xie, Ph.D.
mxie@phdenergy.com
(626)922-9979