Here attached is condensed description on introductory part of animal nutrition. Specifically relying on principle of Animal nutrition. Therefore, I hereby assure that anyone in need of this material can access freely.

1. DEMBI DOLLO UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL SCIENCE
Lecture Notes On
Principle Of Animal Nutrition (AnSc 222)
(Contact/week Hr.: 3)
To: Animal Science, 2nd Year, 2nd semester
Instructor By:
Melkamu Tilahun (Msc, Animal Nutrition)
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2. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL NUTRITION
• CONTENT OF THE CHAPTER
1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS NUTRITION
1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
1.3. ANIMAL AND ITS FEED
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3. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The word “animal” is derived from the Latin word animalis,
• Meaning “having breath and “living being”
• All animals are multicellular, eukaryotic, and motile organisms
• Of the kingdom Animalia
• Based on the types of feed they consume, animals are classified as:
Carnivores: whose diets consist mainly of non-plant materials;
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4. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
Herbivores : whose diets are composed primarily of plant materials, herbal feeders
Omnivores : whose diets include both plant and animal materials, Omni feeder
• Feed: it is an edible material that contains nutrients,
Nourishing animals either for maintenance or production
• Feedstuff: is any material used for feed
• Feed Ingredient: is interchangeable term of feedstuff
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5. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrient: is defined as a substance in a feedstuff
Needed for maintenance, production and health of animals
• Nutrition is the process by which living matter acquires,
Substances called nutrients for growth, reproduction, repair and energy
• Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of
Nutrients and other substances in animal’s body
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6. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, nutrition includes:
Food intake
Digestion,
Absorption,
Assimilation,
Biosynthesis (Anabolism)
Catabolism of nutrients (vs Anabolism)
 Excretion of metabolites 6

7. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutritional science is a cluster of scientific disciplines related to
Biology
Biochemistry
Immunology
Molecular biology
Pharmacology
Physiology
Toxicology
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8. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Thus, Animal Nutrition is essentially every biological science
Applied to nutrient utilization and nutritional problems in animal
• There are two reasonably distinct areas of Animal Nutrition studies:-
Principle Of Animal Nutrition; the basic biochemistry and physiology
Of the discipline (Animal Nutrition)
Applied Animal Nutrition; the application of these concepts
To the design of feeding systems
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9. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• The General subject matter of Animal Nutrition
Is the phenomenal studies to:-
The chemical structure of the different nutrients
Understand how animal system actually functions,
How the animal transforms feed into body tissues and activities
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10. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Therefore, nutrition involves the following process
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption of nutrients
Nutrients Transportation to all body cells
The removal of unusable elements & waste products of metabolism
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11. 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ANIMAL AND ITS
NUTRITION
• Nutrition is also concerned with:-
The nature of the feed and its nutrients,
Requirement of animals of different regions and purposes for nutrients
Transformation of feed elements to animal products
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12. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR MAINTENANCE
An animal is in a state of maintenance when its body composition remains constant,
When it does not give rise to any production purpose
The animal is then in a state of negative energy balance
Animal experiences neither net gain nor net loss of that nutrient
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13. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR GROWTH
It is normal process before, and after birth
Until the animal reaches its full mature size
During the foetal period and from birth to puberty,
The rate of growth accelerates;
After puberty, it decelerates and reach a very low value
As the mature weight is approached
An animal’s growth pattern of an animal determines nutrition requirements
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14. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
By altering its nutrition, an animal’s growth can be modified
When feeding animals for meat production,
The farmer is often aiming to produce carcass
For weight and its composition
Also used for other purposes,
Such as reproduction or milk production
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15. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
• FOR PRODUCTION
The amount of feed offered to any animal`s
Growth, milk production, reproduction, work purpose,
Over and above maintenance is known as nutrient for production purpose
For Wool production: sheep needs more protein for wool growth
The lack of protein in sheep ration
Makes the wool rough and coarse quality
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16. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
For milk production: The composition and quality of milk
Varies with breed and species of animals
All nutrients of milk come from blood,
Which should be replaced by feed ingredients
Therefore cow needs additional nutrients for milk production of energy
3 kg of milk, additional 1 kg concentrate is needed to be given to the cow
For every 1 kg of milk of 4% fat, a cow requires 45g DCP and 316g TDN
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17. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR EGG AND MEAT PRODUCTION IN POULTRY: Egg contains
67% water,
13% protein,
9% fat and 11% minerals
All these nutrients are supplied by blood for egg formation
Egg is more nutritive, therefore,
All essential minerals, vitamins and amino acids
Should be present along with enough energy in the feed 17

18. 1.2. ROLE OF NUTRITION IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
FOR FATTENING PURPOSES: pigs, goats and sheep and calve for beef
Raised for meat production
The maximum fat in body is stored from carbohydrates,fat and protein
Animal’s nutrient requirement varies with stage of fattening whether
But on average animal needs 1.5 to 2 kg additional carbohydrates
Per each days of production
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19. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Feed stuff is a compact of different composition, categorized largely into
Dry Matter and water
Dry matter consists of organic and inorganic compound
Organic compound includes all carbon containing molecule
Carbohydrate, protein, vitamin and lipid and
Inorganic (ash) contain all molecules which lack carbohydrate (Mineral)
• Foods consist of plant- and animal-source materials
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20. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• All animal are heterotrophic
Requiring both inorganic and organic form of nutrients
To renew old tissue and build new tissue (compare with autotroph)
• The major precursors for the formation of biomolecules are
Water, carbon dioxide, and three inorganic nitrogen compounds
→Ammonium(NH4+)
→Nitrate (NO3-)
→Nitrogen (N2)
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21. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The aim of animal production is to transform humanly inedible products
To highly desirable and nutritious human food
• Thus, to produce optimally, Animals need to be supplied with
Necessary nutrients in APPROPRIATE PROPORTIONS and QUANTITY
• Nutrition contributes to wellness and productivity of animals
• Many common health problems can be
Prevented or alleviated with good nutrition
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22. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Poor nutrition results in poor production output, and
Higher feed costs, because of over feeding
• The primary source of organic material is totally of the various feeds,
Those feeds used in livestock feeding are broadly classified as:
Roughages
Concentrates
Feed supplements and Feed additives
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23. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• ROUGHAGES
Feedstuffs containing >18% crude fiber and < 60% Total Digestible Nutrients
More bulky and low digestibility, compared to concentrates
Classified into two major groups
Green / succulent roughages – About 60-90 % moisture content
→silage, green fodders ( legumes and grass)
Dry roughages – About 10-15 % moisture content
→straws, and hay
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24. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• CONCENTRATES
Contain <18 % crude fiber and <60% TDN
Less bulkiness with higher digestibility
Concentrated source of nutrients
They have higher nutritive value than roughages
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25. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The concentrates are classified as:
Energy Rich Concentrates –
Protein Rich Concentrates –
Plant origin
Contain <47% crude protein
Animal origin
Contain >47% crude protein
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26. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The Dry Matter of feed is divided into
Organic material:
Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Vitamin
II. Inorganic material:
Minerals
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27. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• The main component of DM of pasture grass is carbohydrate,
And this is true of all plants and many seeds
• Carbohydrate content of the animal body is very low
• Oilseeds are exceptional in containing
Large amounts of protein and lipid material
• The lipid content of the animal body is variable,
Older animal contain greater proportion of lipid than young animal
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28. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• In plants, most of the protein is present as enzymes,
Concentration is high in young growing plant
As plant goes to maturity, concentration is decreased
• Animal body consists mainly of protein
Carrying genetic information of living cell
• Vitamins are present in plants and animals in minute amounts,
And many of them are important as components of enzyme systems
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29. 1.3. Animal and Its Feed
• Inorganic matter contains all those elements in plants and animals
Other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
• Calcium and phosphorus are the major inorganic components of animals,
• Whereas potassium and silicon
Are the main inorganic elements in plants
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30. • END
• OF
• THE
• CHAPTER
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