TKT
MODULE 1
Describing language and language skills
Galora Toapanta Mishel Estefania

A winner is a dreamer who never
gives up
Nelson Mandela

Make a definition about grammar using these words.
● Combine.
● Change.
● Organize .
● Unconsciously
● Forms
● Uses
● Words and groups of words make meaning
GRAMMAR

What is grammar?
I
It refers to how we combine,
change and organize parts of
the words, words and groups
of words to make meaning.
2
We use grammar
unconsciously ( write
speak, read and
listen).
3
Teachers use grammar to
describe language.
4
Teachers explain the use
and form of grammar.

Grammatical forms
How words are made up and presented.
There are gramatical forms in :
 Parts of the speech.
 Grammatical structures.
 Words with prefixes and suffixes.
Prefixes: a group of letters added
at the beginning of a base word.
Suffixes : a group of letters added
at the end of a base word.

Examples
Form of the plural of
regular nouns.
Form of the gerund.
Word base + s CARS
Word base + ING LISTENING

How many parts of the speech are there?

Nouns Verbs Adjectives Adverbs
Determiners Prepositions
Pronouns Conjunctions Exclamations
Part of the speech
It describes how words behave in sentences. How they operate and combine. The form of
some parts of speech varies ( FUNTIONS).
9 parts of
speech

Grammatical structures
It is the arregement of
words into patterns
which have meaning.
There are gramatical
structures in sentences,
phrases and clauses.

English forms words by affixes
These give grammatical information.
They are used to make new words.
Affixes are a group of letters added at the beginning or end of the base word
These change the part of speech and adding a meaning to the base
word.
Prefixes Suffixes
Misunderstanding

Grammatical uses
How grammatical structures are used to convey meaning. The
meaning comes from the context.For example:
He is cooking rice.
Present progressive
o He is cooking right
now in the moment
he is speaking.
o Cooking for him is a
temporary actions
happening around the
time of speaking.
o Cooking would be a
future plan or
intention.
Convey meaning :
To show, express or
communicate
meaning.

Language
teaching
classroom

Learners need to develop accuracy.
Learners can speak and write very well without knowing any grammatical rules.
Teachers have to consider three things while they are teaching grammar.
Language teaching classroom are focused on funtions, language skills,
fluency and communication. (form and use).
Grammar rules describe the way that language works.

LEXIS

Make a definition about lexis using these words.
SET OF WORDS
WORDS
INDIVIDUAL WORDS
LEXIS
MEANING

Individual words or sets of words which have a specific meaning.
Get upTREE
Fisrt of all
What is lexis ?

What kind of meaning
can words have ?

Meaning that describes the thing or idea
behind the vocabulary .
“Family tree” and the tree of life”
Words have different kind of meaning
Denotative meaning
Figurative meaning
Imaginative meaning

Context
Meaning of some vocabulary items.
We couldn’t see the house because of the tall trees in front
of it.
Click
here
Form
Suffixes, prefixes and compounds .
Oppositive meaning : unsafe
Comparative meaning: easy – easier
Superlative meaning: big – biggest
Change the part of speech: quick – quickly

There are words that get their meaning from being together
There are many words which collocate
in a language so the degree can vary.
Get their meaning from being together.
Bookshop.
Their meaning is different from
the combination of the meaning of
the individual words.
They cannot be changed.
To tell you the truth.
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
XXXX
Compound
nouns.
Collocations
Fixed
expressions Idioms
Chunks
Click here

Chunks
Chunks involve phrases, set
phrases and fixed phrases.
Set of words and they work
together in a language.
People use their knowledge
of chunks to help them to
predict meaning.
Have a good trip

Words have different relationships with one another.
Synonyms
Antonyms
o Both are part of
the same lexical
set.
o They belong to
the same word
family.
Similar meanings
Opposite meanings

Words can relate to one another
False Friends Homophones Homonyms Varieties of English
They have the same DECORATE DISCREET DECADENCE
CONDECORATE DECATHLON DECKER DECALITER
DECIPHER DECAMETER DESCEND DECATHLETE
False friends, homophones, homonyms and varieties of English.
They have the
same and similar
form in two
languages but a
different meaning.
They have the
same
pronunciation, but
different meaning or
spelling. .
They have the
same spelling and
pronunciation, but
different meaning .
There are different
kinds of English
spoken around the
world.
Embarazado There- their Mother

Lexis in the language teaching classroom.
o Firstly, students need to learn about denotative meaning of words and
its spelling and pronunciation.
o Students need to consolidate the knowledge of a word.
o Context help students to know the meaning of a word.
o At first teachers explain students only the important words ( key words)
and she or he exposes them to many time. Students pick up the words
but only their meaning after that students will be able to combine the
base word in different ways.
o Teachers can use the relationships in meaning between words to
extend the knowledge of students.
o At the beginners levels teachers have to explain students about
categories of words. General words.

THANKS!
Spratt, M., Pulverness, A., & Williams, M. (2011). The TKT course. Ernst Klett Sprachen.
Bibliography

The situation in which
language is used or
presented.
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Nouns made from
two or more
separate words.
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o Watch out.
o Watch a video.
o Watch the postmen.
Strong collocation.
Less strong.
Is not a collocation.
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