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ABORIGINAL KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL
VALUES OF WATER
Australian Academy of Sciences
Water management options for urban and rural Australia

Bradley Moggridge
7 September 2010
Name the Title Page cultural site, if not this one?
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2010

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Planning Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Me


Toongabbie NSW




                         Kamilaroi Nation

                  Culturally I am Lucky and Unlucky:
                    Lucky - as I have a huge proud Murri family
Amaroo ACT 2010     and have a good education; and
                    Unlucky - as I have not grown up on Country
                    and cannot speak my language
Unsung Heroes: closing the gap by leading their way
NAIDOC 2010 POSTER




                              Artist: Sheree Blackley from Mt Isa QLD
                              Description of work: The artwork
                              depicts an Aboriginal mother who is an
                              'unsung hero' leading her children
                              through example, showing that actions
                              can speak louder than words. The dot
                              work illustrates nurturing and teaching
                              from birth, always guiding our children
                              towards 'closing the gap', towards
                              'success' for those who choose to stay on
                              the path.
Unsung Heroes and Leaders

Aboriginal heroes and leaders struggle to influence on a grand scale,
as locally their issues are to great

I don’t see myself as a leader, I just owe it to my ancestors

Dilemma for current generations:
   Aboriginal Demographics (75% under 24 years of age)
   Losing our Knowledge Holders at a great rate
   We are at risk of losing far too much
   We need to sit down and listen to our grass roots people
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Planning Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Aboriginal Water Knowledge = Survival

• Aboriginal people are still here (climate change and all)

• Aboriginal people’s ability to survive in and understand the
  Australian landscape is astounding this equates to:
     Generations of Traditional Knowledge


• A precise classification system was developed for water sites
     Aboriginal people know how to find and re-find water in a dry
     landscape


• BUT, Aboriginal people are still not part of the “western
  equation” in identifying how, when and where water flows in
  Australia
Aboriginal Water Knowledge

A hypothetical addition:

D + TLC = 5000+/-
        D = The “Dreaming”
        TLC = Traditional Lore and Customs
        5000+/-* generations of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and
        survival on the driest inhabited continent on earth
        *Based on 20years = 1 Generation (Wikipedia)

With the current state of the Country, who should protect and
nurture our country back to health - Aboriginal people, why?
       Deep seated understanding and long relationship
       Customary obligation
       Are happier and healthier (in spirit and wellbeing) when we have the
       same opportunities and standards of living as all Australians
Word Break



                                                      Frogs at
                                  “Royal” Brewarrina Golf Club




Baiame’s Ngunnhu – Barwon River
Brewarrina Aboriginal Fishtraps
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Planning Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Opportunities - National Water Initiative

• The National Water Initiative of 2004 for the first time explicitly recognised Indigenous
  rights and interests in national water policy (paragraph 25(ix)):
  “recognise Indigenous needs in relation to water access and management”

Paragraphs 52–54
Indigenous Access
  52. The Parties will provide for indigenous access to water resources, in accordance
  with relevant Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation, through planning
  processes that ensure:
    i) inclusion of Indigenous representation in water planning wherever possible; and
    ii) water plans will incorporate indigenous social, spiritual and customary objectives
       and strategies for achieving these objectives wherever they can be developed.

  53. Water planning processes will take account of the possible existence of native title
  rights to water in the catchment or aquifer area. The Parties note that plans may need
  to allocate water to native title holders following the recognition of native title rights in
  water under the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993.

  54. Water allocated to native title holders for traditional cultural purposes will be
  accounted for.
Second Biennial Assessment of NWI 2009

Indigenous Specific Findings and Recommendations:

Finding 1.6
  It is rare for Indigenous water requirements to be explicitly included in
  water plans, and most jurisdictions are not yet engaging Indigenous
  people effectively in water planning processes. The Commission notes
  that Indigenous groups are, at their own initiative, currently developing the
  capacity to participate more fully in water planning processes

Recommendation 1.4
 The Commission recommends that all jurisdictions develop and publish
 processes for effective engagement of Indigenous people in water
 planning. Parties should ensure that all new water plans (including
 statutory reviews of existing water plans) provide for Indigenous access to
 water resources by at least incorporating Indigenous social, spiritual and
 customary objectives and strategies for achieving those objectives.
 Jurisdictional processes should also make clear how Indigenous groups
 can pursue their legitimate economic objectives
Second Biennial Assessment of NWI 2009

Indigenous Specific Findings and Recommendations:

Finding 6.7
 Water to meet Indigenous social, spiritual and customary objectives
 is rarely clearly specified in water plans. It appears often to be
 implicitly assumed that these objectives, where considered at all,
 can be met by rules-based environmental water provisions

Recommendation 6.5
 The Commission recommends further exploration of Indigenous
 needs in relation to water access and management, and
 mechanisms to meet those needs. The Commission proposes to
 initiate a national study on this matter
The Third NWI Biennial Assessment


• The Third Biennial Assessment is due in 2011

• Will it be a cut and past from the 2009 Assessment?
    Aboriginal interests in water planning are still neglected


• The formation of the First Peoples’ Water Engagement Council
  just recently will assist the NWC:
    to incorporate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective into
    NWC processes and projects
    to hopefully move on from a cut and past scenario
UN Declaration

• On 3 April 2009 the Australian Federal Government gave its
  support to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the
  Indigenous People, and for the purpose of this presentation
  Article 25 is of relevance as it states:

    Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their
    distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or
    otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal
    seas and other resources and to uphold their responsibilities to
    future generations in this regard.
Word Break



                            Ngemba Mission Billabong
                                      - Barwon River




Thirlmere Lakes - Tahmoor
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Planning Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Value of Water to Aboriginal People

• Aboriginal peoples’ value to water is sacred, deep and
  necessary for survival.

• It is protected by Lore, which provide a system of sustainable
  management ensuring healthy people

• Aboriginal people’s connection with Country does not separate
  the individual features of the landscape

• Non-Aboriginal laws and traditions tend to separate water from
  the land and from the sky
Value of Water to Aboriginal People

• Aboriginal cultural and economic values associated with waters
  are poorly understood by water resource managers including
  the cultural economy
  (i.e. 1 echidna may equal 3 yellow bellies)

• The poor understanding leads to poor allocations/entitlements

• Aboriginal people are critical of water managers for the
  exclusive focus given to satisfying ecological criteria in
  environmental watering
The Value of Healthy Water

Water that is of adequate quantities and quality is the centre and
life blood to a healthy existence for all

                         Healthy
                         People




                         Healthy
                          Water


         Healthy                         Healthy
         Country                         Culture
Water Dependent Cultural Values

The water dependent cultural values will relate to the below cultural
assets in the form of:

 • Creation sites and cultural hero stories linking with spiritual significance
   along a song line/dreaming tracks - non-tangible (“Dreaming Sites”);
 • Language (connects culture to place);
 • Resource sites for traditional bush foods and medicines;
 • Resource sites for artefacts, tools, art and crafts;
 • Gender specific sites – men’s and women’s business;
 • Ceremonial sites;
Water Dependent Cultural Values

Wait there's more:

•   Burial places/sites;
•   Teaching sites;
•   Massacre sites where frontier battles occurred with traditional groups;
•   Tribal boundary indicators, landscape features, or stone
    arrangements;
•   Cultural specific environmental conditions to sustain totemic species;
    and
•   Sites that contain physical/tangible evidence of occupation middens,
    campsites, artefact scatters, scarred and carved trees, stone
    arrangements and fish traps
Aboriginal Water Conceptual Model
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Planning Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Cultural Flow

• Aboriginal people rely heavily on rivers, groundwater and wetlands to
  access their values both tangible and non-tangible,

• Many values require a flow, otherwise the story/connection is lost

• The terms Cultural Flow and Cultural Water have been mentioned and
  described in a number of published papers and reports, below is a personal
  description of both:

     Cultural Flow: is the water determined/managed by an Aboriginal group and
     ordered from an water authority to arrive at a certain time of year (seasonal) for
     a certain cultural purpose to sustain their local water dependant cultural values

     Cultural Water: is the water body itself that sits in a billabong, wetland or river
     that allows Aboriginal people to undertake their custodial and cultural
     responsibilities. This cultural water, Aboriginal people engage and interact with
     rather than extract, irrigate or store for economic or environmental purposes
     (Following discussions with F.Hooper, 2010)
Cultural Flow

• Water Plans generally assume that environmental water or
  flows will meet cultural values, including Aboriginal social and
  economic values

• The problem here is that Aboriginal people are rarely engaged
  to determine environmental flows

• Other challenges include for Aboriginal water entitlements:
     Lack of data
     No clear definitions
     Lack of policy and guidance
     Lack of understanding
Cultural Flow

• In a report to the NSW Healthy Rivers Commission by Behrendt and
  Thompson 2003 state that:

        Cultural flows should be an essential component of river
        management. A ‘cultural flow’ can be set and monitored as
        sufficient flow in a suitable pattern to ensure the maintenance of
        Aboriginal cultural practices and connections with the rivers
        (Behrendt and Thompson 2003)

• Another definition offered by a MDLRIN delegate from the Yorta Yorta
  Nation, Professor Henry Atkinson:

        Cultural Flows’ are water entitlements that are legally and
        beneficially owned by the Indigenous Nations of a sufficient and
        adequate quantity and quality to improve the spiritual, cultural,
        environmental, social and economic conditions of those Indigenous
        Nations (Atkinson 2009)
Cultural Flow
• Definitions and needs for cultural water by Aboriginal people
  may differ at a local scale

• A representative definition of a Cultural Flow is yet to be agreed
  upon by the 250+ Aboriginal Nations within Australia




                                                         AIATSIS (2005)
Australia with NO Cultural Water
Australia with Cultural Water
Outline

 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC

 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge

 3. Opportunities

 4. Values of Water

 5. Cultural Flow

 6. Gaps
Gaps in Knowledge

• No research is yet to quantify a cultural flow i.e. no credible evidence

• No research has compared a cultural flow to an environmental flow

• There is a severe lack of quantitative real data on Aboriginal water uses
  and values:
     So a need for further primary data collection or case specific investigations
     (Long Term)

• There are substantial gaps in science of identifying Aboriginal water
  requirements – Culturally and Economically

• Aboriginal people do not have the big reports or glossy maps, all their
  knowledge is obtained orally, in song, stories through TEK
CSIRO

• CSIRO investing in Aboriginal water management through the
  Water for a Healthy Country Flagship:
    Work to date in Northern Australia
    CSIRO Indigenous Engagement Strategy
    CSIRO Indigenous Employment Strategy, aiming to increase
    Indigenous employment in CSIRO to 2.5%
    CSIRO three National Indigenous Roundtables on:
         o Indigenous Research, 2008 in Broome
         o Water and Climate Change, 2008 in Mildura
         o Health, 2009 in Adelaide
    Employment of Brad Moggridge

• CSIRO has a strong interest in developing long term research
  activity to address Aboriginal water requirements
Wrap Up

• Aboriginal people have a long and deep relationship with water but are not
  part of the water debate
• Aboriginal people have opportunities to engage in water through the NWI
  and UN Declaration, but jurisdictions need to allow this to occur
• Aboriginal people want to protect Country as their relationship with Country
  does not separate the individual features of the landscape such as water,
  land and sky
• A growing body of interest in a Cultural Flow
• There are considerable gaps in knowledge in understanding how water is
  used by Aboriginal people both economically and culturally and what
  benefits TEK can provide “Western Science”

• While I am at CSIRO I will be keeping this issue on the lab bench
Thanks goes to


Chair, Professor Graham Farquhar
Dr Tom Hatton
Savita Khiani
Dr Fiona Leves
Brad Moggridge ph: 02 6246 5633
                                      or bradley.moggridge@csiro.au




                                              QUESTIONS




Thank you
Contact Us
Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176
Email: enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au

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Australian Academy of Science 7Sept10 B Moggridge CSIRO

  • 1. ABORIGINAL KNOWLEDGE AND CULTURAL VALUES OF WATER Australian Academy of Sciences Water management options for urban and rural Australia Bradley Moggridge 7 September 2010
  • 2. Name the Title Page cultural site, if not this one?
  • 3. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2010 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Planning Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 4. Me Toongabbie NSW Kamilaroi Nation Culturally I am Lucky and Unlucky: Lucky - as I have a huge proud Murri family Amaroo ACT 2010 and have a good education; and Unlucky - as I have not grown up on Country and cannot speak my language
  • 5. Unsung Heroes: closing the gap by leading their way NAIDOC 2010 POSTER Artist: Sheree Blackley from Mt Isa QLD Description of work: The artwork depicts an Aboriginal mother who is an 'unsung hero' leading her children through example, showing that actions can speak louder than words. The dot work illustrates nurturing and teaching from birth, always guiding our children towards 'closing the gap', towards 'success' for those who choose to stay on the path.
  • 6. Unsung Heroes and Leaders Aboriginal heroes and leaders struggle to influence on a grand scale, as locally their issues are to great I don’t see myself as a leader, I just owe it to my ancestors Dilemma for current generations: Aboriginal Demographics (75% under 24 years of age) Losing our Knowledge Holders at a great rate We are at risk of losing far too much We need to sit down and listen to our grass roots people
  • 7. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Planning Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 8. Aboriginal Water Knowledge = Survival • Aboriginal people are still here (climate change and all) • Aboriginal people’s ability to survive in and understand the Australian landscape is astounding this equates to: Generations of Traditional Knowledge • A precise classification system was developed for water sites Aboriginal people know how to find and re-find water in a dry landscape • BUT, Aboriginal people are still not part of the “western equation” in identifying how, when and where water flows in Australia
  • 9. Aboriginal Water Knowledge A hypothetical addition: D + TLC = 5000+/- D = The “Dreaming” TLC = Traditional Lore and Customs 5000+/-* generations of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) and survival on the driest inhabited continent on earth *Based on 20years = 1 Generation (Wikipedia) With the current state of the Country, who should protect and nurture our country back to health - Aboriginal people, why? Deep seated understanding and long relationship Customary obligation Are happier and healthier (in spirit and wellbeing) when we have the same opportunities and standards of living as all Australians
  • 10. Word Break Frogs at “Royal” Brewarrina Golf Club Baiame’s Ngunnhu – Barwon River Brewarrina Aboriginal Fishtraps
  • 11. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Planning Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 12. Opportunities - National Water Initiative • The National Water Initiative of 2004 for the first time explicitly recognised Indigenous rights and interests in national water policy (paragraph 25(ix)): “recognise Indigenous needs in relation to water access and management” Paragraphs 52–54 Indigenous Access 52. The Parties will provide for indigenous access to water resources, in accordance with relevant Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation, through planning processes that ensure: i) inclusion of Indigenous representation in water planning wherever possible; and ii) water plans will incorporate indigenous social, spiritual and customary objectives and strategies for achieving these objectives wherever they can be developed. 53. Water planning processes will take account of the possible existence of native title rights to water in the catchment or aquifer area. The Parties note that plans may need to allocate water to native title holders following the recognition of native title rights in water under the Commonwealth Native Title Act 1993. 54. Water allocated to native title holders for traditional cultural purposes will be accounted for.
  • 13. Second Biennial Assessment of NWI 2009 Indigenous Specific Findings and Recommendations: Finding 1.6 It is rare for Indigenous water requirements to be explicitly included in water plans, and most jurisdictions are not yet engaging Indigenous people effectively in water planning processes. The Commission notes that Indigenous groups are, at their own initiative, currently developing the capacity to participate more fully in water planning processes Recommendation 1.4 The Commission recommends that all jurisdictions develop and publish processes for effective engagement of Indigenous people in water planning. Parties should ensure that all new water plans (including statutory reviews of existing water plans) provide for Indigenous access to water resources by at least incorporating Indigenous social, spiritual and customary objectives and strategies for achieving those objectives. Jurisdictional processes should also make clear how Indigenous groups can pursue their legitimate economic objectives
  • 14. Second Biennial Assessment of NWI 2009 Indigenous Specific Findings and Recommendations: Finding 6.7 Water to meet Indigenous social, spiritual and customary objectives is rarely clearly specified in water plans. It appears often to be implicitly assumed that these objectives, where considered at all, can be met by rules-based environmental water provisions Recommendation 6.5 The Commission recommends further exploration of Indigenous needs in relation to water access and management, and mechanisms to meet those needs. The Commission proposes to initiate a national study on this matter
  • 15. The Third NWI Biennial Assessment • The Third Biennial Assessment is due in 2011 • Will it be a cut and past from the 2009 Assessment? Aboriginal interests in water planning are still neglected • The formation of the First Peoples’ Water Engagement Council just recently will assist the NWC: to incorporate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspective into NWC processes and projects to hopefully move on from a cut and past scenario
  • 16. UN Declaration • On 3 April 2009 the Australian Federal Government gave its support to the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of the Indigenous People, and for the purpose of this presentation Article 25 is of relevance as it states: Indigenous peoples have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to uphold their responsibilities to future generations in this regard.
  • 17. Word Break Ngemba Mission Billabong - Barwon River Thirlmere Lakes - Tahmoor
  • 18. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Planning Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 19. Value of Water to Aboriginal People • Aboriginal peoples’ value to water is sacred, deep and necessary for survival. • It is protected by Lore, which provide a system of sustainable management ensuring healthy people • Aboriginal people’s connection with Country does not separate the individual features of the landscape • Non-Aboriginal laws and traditions tend to separate water from the land and from the sky
  • 20. Value of Water to Aboriginal People • Aboriginal cultural and economic values associated with waters are poorly understood by water resource managers including the cultural economy (i.e. 1 echidna may equal 3 yellow bellies) • The poor understanding leads to poor allocations/entitlements • Aboriginal people are critical of water managers for the exclusive focus given to satisfying ecological criteria in environmental watering
  • 21. The Value of Healthy Water Water that is of adequate quantities and quality is the centre and life blood to a healthy existence for all Healthy People Healthy Water Healthy Healthy Country Culture
  • 22. Water Dependent Cultural Values The water dependent cultural values will relate to the below cultural assets in the form of: • Creation sites and cultural hero stories linking with spiritual significance along a song line/dreaming tracks - non-tangible (“Dreaming Sites”); • Language (connects culture to place); • Resource sites for traditional bush foods and medicines; • Resource sites for artefacts, tools, art and crafts; • Gender specific sites – men’s and women’s business; • Ceremonial sites;
  • 23. Water Dependent Cultural Values Wait there's more: • Burial places/sites; • Teaching sites; • Massacre sites where frontier battles occurred with traditional groups; • Tribal boundary indicators, landscape features, or stone arrangements; • Cultural specific environmental conditions to sustain totemic species; and • Sites that contain physical/tangible evidence of occupation middens, campsites, artefact scatters, scarred and carved trees, stone arrangements and fish traps
  • 25. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Planning Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 26. Cultural Flow • Aboriginal people rely heavily on rivers, groundwater and wetlands to access their values both tangible and non-tangible, • Many values require a flow, otherwise the story/connection is lost • The terms Cultural Flow and Cultural Water have been mentioned and described in a number of published papers and reports, below is a personal description of both: Cultural Flow: is the water determined/managed by an Aboriginal group and ordered from an water authority to arrive at a certain time of year (seasonal) for a certain cultural purpose to sustain their local water dependant cultural values Cultural Water: is the water body itself that sits in a billabong, wetland or river that allows Aboriginal people to undertake their custodial and cultural responsibilities. This cultural water, Aboriginal people engage and interact with rather than extract, irrigate or store for economic or environmental purposes (Following discussions with F.Hooper, 2010)
  • 27. Cultural Flow • Water Plans generally assume that environmental water or flows will meet cultural values, including Aboriginal social and economic values • The problem here is that Aboriginal people are rarely engaged to determine environmental flows • Other challenges include for Aboriginal water entitlements: Lack of data No clear definitions Lack of policy and guidance Lack of understanding
  • 28. Cultural Flow • In a report to the NSW Healthy Rivers Commission by Behrendt and Thompson 2003 state that: Cultural flows should be an essential component of river management. A ‘cultural flow’ can be set and monitored as sufficient flow in a suitable pattern to ensure the maintenance of Aboriginal cultural practices and connections with the rivers (Behrendt and Thompson 2003) • Another definition offered by a MDLRIN delegate from the Yorta Yorta Nation, Professor Henry Atkinson: Cultural Flows’ are water entitlements that are legally and beneficially owned by the Indigenous Nations of a sufficient and adequate quantity and quality to improve the spiritual, cultural, environmental, social and economic conditions of those Indigenous Nations (Atkinson 2009)
  • 29. Cultural Flow • Definitions and needs for cultural water by Aboriginal people may differ at a local scale • A representative definition of a Cultural Flow is yet to be agreed upon by the 250+ Aboriginal Nations within Australia AIATSIS (2005)
  • 30. Australia with NO Cultural Water
  • 32. Outline 1. Who I am as identity is important and NAIDOC 2. Aboriginal Water Knowledge 3. Opportunities 4. Values of Water 5. Cultural Flow 6. Gaps
  • 33. Gaps in Knowledge • No research is yet to quantify a cultural flow i.e. no credible evidence • No research has compared a cultural flow to an environmental flow • There is a severe lack of quantitative real data on Aboriginal water uses and values: So a need for further primary data collection or case specific investigations (Long Term) • There are substantial gaps in science of identifying Aboriginal water requirements – Culturally and Economically • Aboriginal people do not have the big reports or glossy maps, all their knowledge is obtained orally, in song, stories through TEK
  • 34. CSIRO • CSIRO investing in Aboriginal water management through the Water for a Healthy Country Flagship: Work to date in Northern Australia CSIRO Indigenous Engagement Strategy CSIRO Indigenous Employment Strategy, aiming to increase Indigenous employment in CSIRO to 2.5% CSIRO three National Indigenous Roundtables on: o Indigenous Research, 2008 in Broome o Water and Climate Change, 2008 in Mildura o Health, 2009 in Adelaide Employment of Brad Moggridge • CSIRO has a strong interest in developing long term research activity to address Aboriginal water requirements
  • 35. Wrap Up • Aboriginal people have a long and deep relationship with water but are not part of the water debate • Aboriginal people have opportunities to engage in water through the NWI and UN Declaration, but jurisdictions need to allow this to occur • Aboriginal people want to protect Country as their relationship with Country does not separate the individual features of the landscape such as water, land and sky • A growing body of interest in a Cultural Flow • There are considerable gaps in knowledge in understanding how water is used by Aboriginal people both economically and culturally and what benefits TEK can provide “Western Science” • While I am at CSIRO I will be keeping this issue on the lab bench
  • 36. Thanks goes to Chair, Professor Graham Farquhar Dr Tom Hatton Savita Khiani Dr Fiona Leves
  • 37. Brad Moggridge ph: 02 6246 5633 or bradley.moggridge@csiro.au QUESTIONS Thank you Contact Us Phone: 1300 363 400 or +61 3 9545 2176 Email: enquiries@csiro.au Web: www.csiro.au