1. The document discusses various techniques for collecting data in research including forms and questionnaires, interviews, observation, documents and records, focus groups, oral histories, and case studies.
2. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each technique and provides examples of types within each technique.
3. The conclusion emphasizes that the methodology and analytical approach used by the researcher determines how the collected information can be used and what explanations it can generate.
Introduction to Research & Research methodology
2. Selection and formulation of research problem
3. Research design and plan
4. Experimental designs
5. Sampling and sampling strategy or plan
6. Measurement and scaling techniques
7. Data collection methods and techniques
8. Testing of hypotheses
9. Statistical techniques for processing & analysis of data
10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences
11. Report writing
Introduction to Research & Research methodology
2. Selection and formulation of research problem
3. Research design and plan
4. Experimental designs
5. Sampling and sampling strategy or plan
6. Measurement and scaling techniques
7. Data collection methods and techniques
8. Testing of hypotheses
9. Statistical techniques for processing & analysis of data
10. Analysis, interpretation and drawing inferences
11. Report writing
Survey method and its classification. Advantage and disadvantage of different types of survey method.
Observation method and its classification. Advantage and disadvantage of different types of observation method.
RESEARCH
Definition
Research is a scientific and systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data basing on a certain phenomena. OR Is a careful and systematic investigation in a field of knowledge or a systematic process of collecting information and interpreting it.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
- To search for a new knowledge/insights.- To gain familiarity with a certain phenomena.- To develop theory about certain social economic phenomena.- To test hypothesis so as to find out their reliability.- To explain/describe about certain phenomena.- To find solution to the existing problems.- To make evaluation of a certain issue.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
Research develop or generate new knowledge e.g the information produced by research can be applied in many ways.
It helps to improve human activities for the betterment of people e.g A society can develop irrigation scheme when finds show that there is food shortage.
Research can be used to develop new theories and laws.
It helps to im
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Survey method and its classification. Advantage and disadvantage of different types of survey method.
Observation method and its classification. Advantage and disadvantage of different types of observation method.
RESEARCH
Definition
Research is a scientific and systematic process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting data basing on a certain phenomena. OR Is a careful and systematic investigation in a field of knowledge or a systematic process of collecting information and interpreting it.
OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
- To search for a new knowledge/insights.- To gain familiarity with a certain phenomena.- To develop theory about certain social economic phenomena.- To test hypothesis so as to find out their reliability.- To explain/describe about certain phenomena.- To find solution to the existing problems.- To make evaluation of a certain issue.
IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH IN DAILY LIFE
Research develop or generate new knowledge e.g the information produced by research can be applied in many ways.
It helps to improve human activities for the betterment of people e.g A society can develop irrigation scheme when finds show that there is food shortage.
Research can be used to develop new theories and laws.
It helps to im
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
4. 1. Forms and Questionnaires:
Form and questionnaire are research instruments that consists of a set of
questions or other types of prompts that aims to collect information from
a respondent.
Advantages of Forms and Questionnaires Dis-Advantages of Forms and Questionnaires
1. Cost savings: ...
2. Reach people quickly: ...
3. Scalability: ...
4. Respondent anonymity: ...
5. Flexibility for respondents over where and…
6. when to complete their questionnaire: ...
7. Data accuracy: ...
8. Differences in understanding…
9. interpretation: ...
10. Unanswered questions…
1. Incorrect Feedback: ...
2. Reluctance Towards Sensitive Topics: ...
3. Ignorance of Questions: ...
4. Neglects Emotions: ...
5. Different Interpretations: ...
6. Survey Fatigue: ...
7. Lack of Accessibility: ...
8. Superficial Responses: …
5. There are following types of questionnaires
1. Telephone questionnaire. ...
2. In-house survey. ...
3. Mail Questionnaire. ...
4. Open question questionnaires. ...
5. Multiple choice questions. ...
6. 2. Interview
An interview is a qualitative research method that relies on asking
questions in order to collect data.
Advantages of Interview Dis-Advantages of Interview
1. Selecting the ideal candidates for the
position...
2. Conducting detailed evaluations...
3. Getting to know the candidate and
yourself well...
4. Experiencing improved customer bonds...
5. Differentiating similar candidates…
1. Interviewing is a time-consuming process.
Traditional face-to-face interviews can be
extremely time-consuming...
2. Interviewing is a costly process. The cost
of interviewing is the sum of the time and
resources that you spend on interviewing...
3. Unethical behavior in interviews…
7. Types of interview techniques for research
1. Structured interview...
2. Unstructured interview...
3. Semi-structured interview...
4. Email interviews...
5. Personal interviews...
6. Telephonic interviews...
7. Focus group interviews…
8. 3. Observation
An observational method that involves observing people's behavior in
the environment in which it typically occurs.
Advantages of Observation Dis-Advantages of Observation
1. Simplest Method…
2. Useful for Framing Hypothesis…
3. Greater Accuracy…
4. An Universal Method…
5. Observation is the Only Appropriate Tool
for Certain Cases…
6. Independent of People’s Willingness to
Report…
1. Less Accuracy…
2. Lack of Reliability…
3. Faulty Perception…
4. Personal Bias of the Observer…
5. Slow Investigation…
6. Expensive…
7. Difficulty in Checking Validity…
10. 4. Documents and Records
Documents and Records means all of the files, books and records, in
paper and/or electronic data format and etc.
Advantages of Documents and Records Dis-Advantages of Documents and Records
1. Easier compliance...
2. Better workflows...
3. Cost savings...
4. Minimize risks...
5. Protect data...
6. Preserve knowledge...
1. Lack of storage space…
2. Security issues…
3. Prone to damage…
4. Document transportation…
5. Editing problems…
6. High costs…
7. Limit communication and collaboration…
8. Environmental damage…
11. Types of Documents and Records
1. Administrative Records: Records which
pertain to the origin, development, activities,
and accomplishments of the agency...
2. Legal Records...
3. Fiscal Records...
4. Historical Records...
5. Research Records...
6. Electronic Records…
12. 5. Focus Groups
The focus group technique is one example of a qualitative research
methodology used to explore the opinions, knowledge, perceptions, and
concerns of individuals in regard to a particular topic.
Advantages of Focus Groups Dis-Advantages of Focus Groups
1. Easily Measure Customer Reaction
2. Time-Saving Opportunity
1. Not as In-Depth as Other Market Research
2. Expensive
3. Moderator Bias
13.
14. 6. Oral Histories
Oral history is a method of conducting historical research through
recorded interviews between a narrator with personal experience of
historically significant events and a well-informed interviewer, with the
goal of adding to the historical record.
Advantages of Oral Histories Dis-Advantages of Oral Histories
1. Oral traditions do not need a person to
know how to read and write.
2. Historians get first-hand information from
the people.
3. Information is easy to collect.
4. Historians can interview people anywhere
and at any time.
1.Poor Retention: The listener cannot retain
oral messages in his memory for a long
time...
2. No Record: Oral communication does not
provide any record for future reference...
3. Time Consuming...
4. Misunderstanding...
5. Lengthy Messages...
6. Lack of Responsibility...
7. Imprecise…
15. Sequence for Oral History Research
1. Formulate a central question or issue.
2. Plan the project...
3. Conduct background research.
4. Interview.
5. Process interviews.
6. Evaluate research and interviews and cycle back
to...
7. Organize and present results.
8. Store materials archivally.
16. 7. Combination Research
Mixed methods research is the type of research in which a researcher or team of
researchers combines elements of qualitative and quantitative research approaches
Advantages of Combination Research Dis-Advantages of Combination Research
1. Validity increased if quantitative and
qualitative used reliability cancel out
disadvantages.
1. Expensive time consuming methods need to
compliment each other skills needed to
analyses both sets of data.
17. Types of Combination Research
1. Convergent parallel: Quantitative and qualitative
data are collected at the same time and analyzed
separately.
2. Embedded: Quantitative and qualitative data are
collected at the same time, but within a larger
quantitative or qualitative design.
18. 8. Schedule
Schedule is the tool or instrument used to collect data from the
respondents while interview is conducted.
Advantages of Schedule Dis-Advantages of Schedule
1. Allows efficient and timely distribution
of information to relevant users.
2. Ensures that heavy querying is not done
during peak hours.
3. Minimizes the manual intervention by
automating the processes.
4. Enables users to analyze the changes in
the data in real- time
1. It's a very expensive process.
2. It's a method that takes a lot of time.
3. Even in the 'presence of the researcher the
respondents' may not respond to some
personal questions.
4. Reliability depends on data collection
honesty and dedication.
19. Types of Schedule Method
1.Capacity schedule
2. Resource schedule
3. Service schedule.
20. 9. Case Study
The case study method is a learning technique in which the student is
faced a particular problem, the case.
Advantages of Case Study Dis-Advantages of Case Study
1. They allow researchers to observe and
record information about rare, impractical,
or unethical conditions and behaviors.
2. They provide researchers with new
evidence to support psychological theories.
3. They help researchers develop
hypotheses that others can study or add to
in the future.
1. Case study results can be difficult to
replicate.
2. Case studies can be expensive and
time-consuming.
3. Researchers can allow their own
feelings to influence the case study,
known as researcher bias.
4. Case studies can lack scientific
methods and rigor to protect the accuracy
of data collected.
21. Types of case studies
1. Descriptive case studies.
2. Explanatory case studies.
3. Exploratory case reports.
4. Intrinsic case studies.
5. Instrumental case studies.
6. Collective case reports
22. Conclusion
Data collection methods are important,
because how the information collected is
used and what explanations it can generate
are determined by the methodology and
analytical approach applied by the
researcher.
23. References
1. Royce A. Singleton, Jr & 2009 Approaches to Social
Research, London: Bruce C Straits
OxfordUniversity Press.
2. Shipman, Martin 1988. The Limitations of Social
Research. London: Longman.
3. Smelser, Neil J. 1976 Comparative Methods in the
Social Sciences, Prentice Hall.
4. Young, P.V. 1969. Scientific Social Surveys and
Research. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India.
5. McIntyre J. Lisa 2005. Need to Know: Social
Science Research Methods, New York:
McGraw Hill