Indices Requirements of index: by world health organization 1977 1- Reliable 2- Valid 3- Acceptable to profession and public 4- Require minimal judgement 5- Administrively simple 6- Cheap Types of indices: 1- Occlusal classification: Angel ------- 1899 Incisors; Ballarad and Wayman 1964, Houston et al 1993 2- Skeletal classification 3- Malocclusion: = Occlusal index:------------------------- Summers 1971 = Handcapping malocclusion assessment record -------- Solzman 1988 = index of treatment needed IOTN ------------- Brook and shaw 1989 = index of treatment complexity outcome and need ICON-----------Richmond 2000. 4- Treatment assessment: Little irregularity index --------Little 1975 Peer assessment rating ---------Richmound et al 1992 5- Cleft outcomes: Golson yardistick ----------------Mars et al 1987 5 years old index ---------------- Atack et al 1997a,b 6- Periodontal: Gingival index; ------------------ Stilness and Loe 1964 Plaque index ---------------------- Loe and Stilness 1963 Plaque index: Stilness and Loe 1964 Record levels of supra-gingival plaque presents: 0: no plaque at gingival margin 1: initial deposit of plaque at gingival margin (not visible by eye) 2: plaque at gingival margin (visible by eye) 3: heavy accumulation of plaque in tooth. (does not indicate plaque control and does not record sub gingival area) Gingival index: Assess and record gingival condition 0: healthy 1: mild inflammation, slight change in color. 2: moderate inflammation: redness, bleeding by pressure, moderate glazing. 3: severe inflammation: redness, hyperplasia, tendency for spontaneous bleeding. Recommended for 6 teeth;upper right 2, 6 left 4 and lower right 4, left 2, 6 4 values / tooth recorded: buccal, lingual, mesial, distal. Basic periodontal examination: Aniamo et al 1982 = Developed from the community of periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) = all teeth are examined = must contain two functioning teeth. 0: no pockets over 3mm No calculus—overhangs No bleeding on gentle probing 1: no pockets over 3mm No calculus – overhangs Bleeding on gentle probing 2: no pocket over 3mm There is a calculus or other retentive plaque factors. 3: deepest pocket from 3.5----5mm Total attachments loss at any site. Occlusal index: by Summers 1966 = it is a valid tool for measuring the occlusion and malocclusion in each stage of development; deciduous, mixed, permanent dentition. = the following criteria are included; 1- Dental age 2- Molar relationship 3- Over bite 4- Over jet 5- Posterior cross bite 6- Posterior open bite 7- Tooth displacement 8- Midline relation 9- Missing permanent maxillary incisors. = it defines two divisions and seven malocclusion syndromes, division I normal, division II distal molar relation 1- Syndrome A: over jet and anterior open bite 2- Syndrome B: distal molar relationship, over jet, posterior cross bite, midline diastema, midline deviation.

1. 1
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Indices
Prepared by:
Dr. Mohammed Alruby

2. 2
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
Indices
Requirements of index: by world health organization 1977
1- Reliable
2- Valid
3- Acceptable to profession and public
4- Require minimal judgement
5- Administrively simple
6- Cheap
Types of indices:
1- Occlusal classification: Angel ------- 1899
Incisors; Ballarad and Wayman 1964, Houston et al 1993
2- Skeletal classification
3- Malocclusion:
= Occlusal index:------------------------- Summers 1971
= Handcapping malocclusion assessment record -------- Solzman 1988
= index of treatment needed IOTN ------------- Brook and shaw 1989
= index of treatment complexity outcome and need ICON-----------Richmond 2000.
4- Treatment assessment:
Little irregularity index --------Little 1975
Peer assessment rating ---------Richmound et al 1992
5- Cleft outcomes:
Golson yardistick ----------------Mars et al 1987
5 years old index ---------------- Atack et al 1997a,b
6- Periodontal:
Gingival index; ------------------ Stilness and Loe 1964
Plaque index ---------------------- Loe and Stilness 1963
Plaque index: Stilness and Loe 1964
Record levels of supra-gingival plaque presents:
0: no plaque at gingival margin
1: initial deposit of plaque at gingival margin (not visible by eye)
2: plaque at gingival margin (visible by eye)
3: heavy accumulation of plaque in tooth.
(does not indicate plaque control and does not record sub gingival area)
Gingival index:
Assess and record gingival condition
0: healthy
1: mild inflammation, slight change in color.
2: moderate inflammation: redness, bleeding by pressure, moderate glazing.
3: severe inflammation: redness, hyperplasia, tendency for spontaneous bleeding.
Recommended for 6 teeth;upper right 2, 6 left 4 and lower right 4, left 2, 6
4 values / tooth recorded: buccal, lingual, mesial, distal.
Basic periodontal examination: Aniamo et al 1982
= Developed from the community of periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN)

3. 3
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
= all teeth are examined
= must contain two functioning teeth.
0: no pockets over 3mm
No calculus—overhangs
No bleeding on gentle probing
1: no pockets over 3mm
No calculus – overhangs
Bleeding on gentle probing
2: no pocket over 3mm
There is a calculus or other retentive plaque factors.
3: deepest pocket from 3.5----5mm
Total attachments loss at any site.
Occlusal index: by Summers 1966
= it is a valid tool for measuring the occlusion and malocclusion in each stage of development;
deciduous, mixed, permanent dentition.
= the following criteria are included;
1- Dental age
2- Molar relationship
3- Over bite
4- Over jet
5- Posterior cross bite
6- Posterior open bite
7- Tooth displacement
8- Midline relation
9- Missing permanent maxillary incisors.
= it defines two divisions and seven malocclusion syndromes, division I normal, division II distal
molar relation
1- Syndrome A: over jet and anterior open bite
2- Syndrome B: distal molar relationship, over jet, posterior cross bite, midline diastema,
midline deviation.
3- Syndrome C: congenital missing incisors.
4- Syndrome D: potential tooth displacement and tooth displacement.
5- Syndrome E; posterior open bite.
Division III mesial molar relation
6- Syndrome F: mesial molar relation, negative over jet, over bite, posterior cross bite, midline
diastema, midline deviation.
7- Syndrome G: mixed dentition analysis, and tooth displacement.
Treatment priority index by Grianger 1967
Weighted and defined measurement
1- Upper anterior segment over jet
2- Lower anterior segment over jet
3- Over bite of upper anterior over lower anterior
4- Anterior open bite
5- Congenital absence of incisors
6- Distal molars relationship

4. 4
Dr. Mohammed Alruby
7- Mesial molar relation
8- Posterior cross bite; maxillary teeth buccal to normal
9- Posterior cross bite: maxillary teeth lingual to normal
10-Tooth displacement
11-Gross anomalies