Acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) continues to be associated with high mortality and morbidity, despite advances in antimicrobial therapy. Over the past several decades, the incidence of bacterial meningitis in children has decreased but there remains a significant burden of disease in adults, with a mortality of up to 30%. Although the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis is not completely understood, knowledge of bacterial invasion and entry into the CNS is improving. Clinical features alone cannot determine whether meningitis is present and analysis of cerebrospinal fluid is essential for diagnosis. Newer technologies, such as multiplex PCR, and novel diagnostic platforms that incorporate proteomics and genetic sequencing, might help provide a quicker and more accurate diagnosis. Even with appropriate antimicrobial therapy, mortality is high and so attention has focused on adjunctive therapies; adjunctive corticosteroids are beneficial in certain circumstances. Any further improvements in outcome are likely to come from either modulation of the host response or novel approaches to therapy, rather than new antibiotics. Ultimately, the best hope to reduce the disease burden is with broadly protective vaccines.
23. .c
Latex agglutination (LA) test
:
(LA) test
دریافت جهت
انتیجن
میګیرد صورت ذیل های بکتری
.
.1
pneumoniae
S.
.2
N. Meningitidis
.3
H. influenzae type b
.4
Streptococcus group B
.5
E. coli K1
میباشد موثر
.
23
24. (LA) test
دارای
95 - 100 %
برای بودن وصفی
S. pneumoniae
و
H. influenzae type b
دارای و
70 - 100%
حساسیت
برای
S.
pneumonia
و
33-100%
برای حساسیت
H. influenzae type b
منفی و میباشد
بودن
را تشخیص تست
نمیتواند کرده رد
.
تست موجودیت نسبت فعال
PCR
قابل کمتر
استفاده
صرف و بوده
دریاف برای
ت
Cryptococcus
میگردد استفاده اند شده تداوی قسمی که مریضان و
.
24
28. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Abnormalities in Bacterial Meningitis
Opening pressure >180 mmH2O
White blood cells 10/µL to 10,000/µL; neutrophils predominate
Red blood cells Absent in nontraumatic tap
Glucose <2.2 mmol/L (<40 mg/dL)
CSF/serum glucose <0.4
Protein >0.45 g/L (>45 mg/dL)
Gram's stain Positive in >60%
Culture Positive in >80%
Latex agglutination May be positive in patients with meningitis due to S.
pneumoniae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae type b, E. coli,
group B streptococci
Limulus lysate Positive in cases of gram-negative meningitis
PCR Detects bacterial DNA
28
29. Typical cerebrospinal fluid findings in various central nervous system diseases.
Diagnosis Cells/mcL Glucose (mg/dL) Protein (mg/dL) Opening Pressure
Normal 0–5 lymphocytes 45–85 15–45 70–180 mm H2O
Purulent meningitis (bacterial)
community-acquired
200–20,000
polymorphonuclear
neutrophils
Low (< 45) High (> 50) Markedly elevated
Granulomatous meningitis
(mycobacterial, fungal)
100–1000, mostly
lymphocytes
Low (< 45) High (> 50) Moderately elevated
Spirochetal meningitis 100–1000, mostly
lymphocytes
Normal Moderately high (> 50) Normal to slightly elevated
Aseptic meningitis, viral or
meningoencephalitis
25–2000, mostly
lymphocytes
Normal or low High (> 50) Slightly elevated
"Neighborhood reaction" Variably increased Normal Normal or high Variable
29
34. .A
Empirical Antimicrobial Therapy
:
.1
Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime
:
ذیل انتانات تداوی جهت
ګردد توصیه
.
.a
pneumoniae
S.
.b
N. meningitidis
.c
Group B Streptococci
.d
H. influenzae
a. Ceftriaxone 2 g IV every 12 hours.
b. Cefotaxime is 2 g IV every 6 hours.
34
38. .5
Vancomycin
:
جهت
تداوی
Hospital-acquired
meningitis
خصوصا
از بعد
آن اسباب که عصب جراحی عملیات
را
معموال
staphylococci
و
gram-
negative organisms
شمول به
P
. aeruginosa
میدهد تشکیل
یکجا
با
ceftazidime, cefepime
یا و
meropenem
توصیه
ګردد
.
a. Vancomycin, 1 g IV every 8-12h.
b. Ceftazidime or cefepime, 2 g IV every 8h.
.6
Meropenem
:
جهت
تداوی
L. monocytogenes
و
P
.
aeruginosa
نهایت
میباشد موثر زیاد
.
Meropenem 1 g IV every 8h.
38
39. Initial antimicrobial therapy for purulent meningitis of unknown cause.
Population Common Microorganisms Standard Therapy
18–50 years 1. Streptococcus pneumonia
2. Neisseria meningitidis
Vancomycin + cefotaxime or
ceftriaxone
Over 50 years 1. S pneumoniae
2. N meningitidis
3. Listeria monocytogenes
4. gram-negative bacilli
Vancomycin + ampicillin +
cefotaxime or ceftriaxone
Impaired cellular
immunity
1. L . monocytogenes
2. gram-negative bacilli
3. S pneumoniae
Vancomycin + ampicillin +
cefepime
Postsurgical or
posttraumatic
1. Staphylococcus aureus
2. S pneumoniae
3. gram-negative bacilli
Vancomycin + cefepime
39
40. Antibiotics Used in Empirical Therapy of Bacterial Meningitis and Focal CNS Infections
Indication Antibiotic
Preterm infants to infants <1 month Ampicillin + cefotaxime
Infants 1–3 month Ampicillin + )cefotaxime or ceftriaxone(
Immunocompetent children >3 month and adults
<55
)Cefotaxime, ceftriaxone or cefepime ( +
vancomycin
Adults >55 and adults of any age with alcoholism
or other debilitating illnesses
Ampicillin + ) cefotaxime, ceftriaxone or cefepime
(+ vancomycin
Hospital-acquired meningitis, posttraumatic or
postneurosurgery meningitis, neutropenic patients,
or patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity
Ampicillin + ) ceftazidime or meropenem ( +
vancomycin
40
48.
Dexamethasone
که مریضان نزد نباید
Gram's stain
و
culture
مایع
CSF
گردد توصیه اند منفی شان
.
Dexamethasone 10mg first then 4mg every 6 hours for
4days .
48
49. .2
Increased Intracranial Pressure
:
اهتمامات قحف بلند فشار تداوی جهت
گیرد صورت ذیل
.
a. Elevation of the patient's head to 30–45°.
b. Intubation and hyperventilation (Paco2 25–30 mm Hg).
c. Mannitol (25–50 g as a bolus intravenous infusion).
d. Drainage of cerebrospinal fluid by repeated lumbar
punctures.
e. Placement of ventricular catheters.
49
76. REFERENCES :
• HARRISON’S PRINCIPLE OF INTERNAL MEDICINE 18TH EDITION.
• CURRENT MEDICAL TREATMENT & DIAGNOSTIC 2013 EDITION.
• WASHINGTON MANUAL OF MEDICAL THERAPEUTIC 33RD EDITION.
76