1. Govt. Engineering College, Bikaner
Submitted to:-
Mrs. Anita Chandel
Assistant professor
Dept. of Information
Technology
Submitted by:-
Mohit Kumar Sharma
Information Technology
13EEBIT031
8th Sem, 4th Year
Information Technology Department
5. What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to another
on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on
the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely
identifies it from all other computers on the Internet.
6. The current version of the Internet Protocol IPv4 was first
developed in the 1970s, and the main protocol standard RFC
791 that governs IPv4 functionality was published in 1981.
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) initiated as early as in
1994, the design and development of a suite of protocols and
standards now known as Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6).
IPv6 was first formally described in Internet standard
document published in December 1998.
History
7. Connectionless Protocol
Best effort delivery
Used on packet-switched network
Addressing
IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses which limits the address space to
4294967296 (232) addresses.
IPv4 reserves special address blocks for private networks(~18
million addresses) and multicast addresses (~270 million
addresses).
IPv4
11. Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet, and host.
The extended-network-prefix is composed of the
classful network-prefix and the subnet-number
The extended-network-prefix has traditionally
been identified by the subnet mask
Subnetting
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
12. Subnetting Example
Internet
G
H1 H2
H3 H4
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.1.1 128.10.1.2
128.10.2.1 128.10.2.2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
Net mask 255.255.0.0
13. Network Address Translation
Each organization- single
IP address
Within organization –
each host with IP unique
to the orgn., from
reserved set of IP
addresses
15. Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.
Supports the deployment of arbitrarily sized
networks
Routing information is advertised with a bit
mask/prefix length specifies the number of leftmost
contiguous bits in the network portion of each routing table entry
Example: 192.168.0.0/30
Classless Inter-Domain Routing
16. 1. Internet Users or PC
~530 million users in 2002, ~945 million by 2004
(Source: Computer Industry Almanac)
Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space
2. PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,…
~20 million in 2004
3. Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
4. Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
Internet access in Planes
5. Consumer devices
Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances
Do We Really Need a Larger Address
Space?
19. Network layer protocol for packet switched internet
works.
Conservative extension of IPv4.
Virtually unlimited IP address possible. (Major advantage over
IPv4)
IPv6 has a larger 128-bit address space, providing for
340 undecillion addresses. (That is the number 340, followed
by 36 zeroes.)
Originally called as IP Next Generation (IPng).
IPv6
21. Larger address space
Stateless auto configuration of host.
Multicast
Network Layer Security. (encryption and authentication, is an integral part
of base protocol)
Mobility
Supports quality of service (QoS) parameters for
realtime audio and video.
Features of IPv6
23. Two main parts: Header and Payload
Header is in first 40Bytes
The payload can be up to 64KB in size in standard
mode, or larger with a "jumbo payload" option.
IPv6 Packet
26. IPv4 & IPv6 Header Comparison
Version IHL Type of Service
Total
Identification Flags
Fragment
Offset
Time to Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source Address
Destination Address
Options Padding
Version Traffic Class Flow Label
Payload Length
Next
Header
Hop Limit
Source Address
Destination Address
IPv4 Header IPv6 Header
- field’s name kept from IPv4 to IPv6
- fields not kept in IPv6
- Name & position changed in IPv6
- New field in IPv6
27. Difference
IPv4 IPv6
Source and destination addresses are 32 bits (4
bytes) in length.
Source and destination addresses are 128 bits (16
bytes) in length.
IPsec support is optional. IPsec support is required.
No identification of packet flow for QoS handling by
routers is present within the IPv4 header.
Packet flow identification for QoS handling by
routers is included in the IPv6 header using the
Flow Label field
Fragmentation is done by both routers and the
sending host.
Fragmentation is not done by routers, only by the
sending host.
Header includes a checksum. Header does not include a checksum.
Header includes options. All optional data is moved to IPv6 extension
headers.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) uses broadcast
ARP Request frames to resolve an IPv4 address to
a link layer address.
ARP Request frames are replaced with multicast
Neighbor Solicitation messages.
29. Addresses are 128 bit long versus 32 bit in IPv4
Able to support 2128 (about 3.4×1038) addresses, for each
of the roughly 6.5 billion people alive today.
In most of the cases NAT (Network address translation)
is not required.
Makes large networks simpler, by avoiding the need for
complex sub netting schemes
Whats New?
30. 128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
t hexadecimal numbersseparatedby “:”
Leading zeros can be removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
31. Address Allocation
2001 0410
ISP prefix
Site prefix
Subnet prefix
/32 /48 /64
Registry
/23
Interface ID
The allocation process was recently updated by the registries:
IANA allocates from 2001::/16 to regional registries
Each regional registry allocation is a ::/23
ISP allocations from the regional registry is a ::/36 (immediate
allocation) or ::/32 (initial allocation) or shorter with justification
Policy expectation that an ISP allocates a ::/48 prefix to each
customer
32. Addresses have scope
Link Local
Site Local
Global
Addresses have lifetime
Valid and Preferred lifetime
IPv6 - Addressing Model
Link-LocalSite-LocalGlobal
33. Unicast
One address on a single interface
Delivery to single interface
Multicast
Address of a set of interfaces
Delivery to all interfaces in the set
Anycast
Address of a set of interfaces
Delivery to a single interface in the set
No broadcast addresses
Types of IPv6 Addresses
35. All implementations required to support authentication and
encryption headers (“IPsec”)
Authentication separate from encryption for use
in situations where encryption is prohibited or prohibitively
expensive
Authentication header
Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data
Encryption header
Ensures confidentiality and privacy
Encryption modes:
Transport mode
Tunnel mode
IPv6 Security
36. Authentication
Data Integrity
Anti-Reply
It doesn’t provide any data confidentiality(Encryption).
Authentication Header
37. All functions of AH(Authentication, Data integrity, Anti-reply)
Also support data confidentiality(Encryption)
The benifits of using Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) are
listed below.
• Confidentiality of Datagrams through encryption.
• Traffic flow confidentiality using security gateways.
• Authentication of data origin using digital certificates.
• Anti-replay services using sequence number mechanism.
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)
39. Encryption Mode- Transport mode
End-to-end data
transmission security using
Transport Mode
IPsec Transport mode
protects upper-layer
protocols (Ex: TCP or UDP)
and Transport mode is used
to secure end-to-end (device
to device) communications.
40. Encryption Mode- Tunnel mode
IPSec tunnel mode is used to secure gateway-to-gateway
traffic.
IPSec tunnel mode is used to secure network layer packet also.
41. Transport vs Tunnel Mode
Transport mode is a
good option
securing host-to-
host communication
and Tunnel mode is
the option for
Virtual Private
Network (VPN).
43. Provides more address space ( which is being needed in larger
buisness)
More powerful internet (128bit versus IPv4's current 32 bit)
Offers and overall larger scale internet-which again will be
needed in the future
Address allocation is done by the device itself
Support for security using (IPsec) Internet Protocol Security
Pros
44. It will be much harder to remember IP addresses (compared to
the addresses now)
Creating a smooth transition from IPv4 to IPv6
IPv6 is not available to machines that run IPv4
Any consumer costs in having to replace an IPv4 machine
Time to convert over to IPv6
Cons
45. Department of Telecommunications, of Government of India has
run workshops on IPv6 on 13 February 2015 at Silvassa & on 11
February 2015, at DoT headquarters,New Delhi.They have also
released roadmaps on IPv6 deployment.
ERNET - The Indian Education and Research Network,
Department of Electronics & IT.
Reliance JIO has deployed and is offering IPv6 services in India.
Current User of IPv6 in India
