4. Spontaneous Generation Refuted Broth in flask is boiled to kill preexisting microogranisms As broth cools, condensing water collects, sealing the mouth of the flask If neck is later broken off, outside air can carry microorganisms into broth
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10. The Experiment of Miller & Urey Electric spark simulates lightning storm Organic molecules appear after only a few days Condenser Cool water flow Electric spark chamber CH 4 NH 3 H 2 Boiling chamber Gases of primeval atmosphere Purified water H 2 O H 2 O
22. Earth's History Projected on a 24-hour Day Formation of Earth First Earth rocks 12 1 2 3 4 5 8 9 10 11 12 a.m. 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 MIDNIGHT NOON 6 p.m. First prokaryotes First atmospheric oxygen First eukaryotes First multicellular organisms First flowers First humans (11:59:40) First humans (11:59:40) Billions of years ago 4 3 2 1
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27. Probable Origin of Mitochondria & Chloroplasts Anaerobic, predatory prokaryotic cell engulfs an aerobic bacterium Aerobic bacterium Descendents of engulfed bacterium evolve into mitochondria Photosynthetic bacterium Mitochondria-containing cell engulfs photosynthetic bacteria Descendents of photosynthetic bacteria evolve into chloroplasts
42. Diversity over Time 200 0 400 600 800 Millions of Years Ago Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary Number of Families Mass Extinctions 500 400 300 200 100 0 600
47. Possible Human Line of Descent Millions of Years Ago Ardipithecus ramidus A. boisei A. africanus Australopithecus afarensis A. robustus Homo habilis H. erectus H. heidel- bergensis H. neander- thalensis Homo ergaster H. sapiens 5 4 3 2 1 0
48. The “Out of Africa” Theory H. erectus spread began ~1.8 mya H. sapiens spread began ~100 kya
49. The “Multiregional” Hypothesis Regional pops of H. erectus may have evolved into H. sapiens while intermingling.
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