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SOCIAL MEDICINE
LESSON PLAN
1.OBJECT, SUBJECT AND TASK OF SOCIAL
MEDICINE.
2. INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH.
HEALTH LEVELS.
3.PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESSES AND
ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR
shape
Social
environment
for a person
culture, state,
TV, social
networks,
advertising
social circle: family,
friend, neighbors
educational
environment: school,
university
human needs
or
dissatisfaction
the picture of
the human
world
comprises
Social environment is as important as the physical and biological environment
in relation to health and disease. The effect of social environment on health is
clearly reflected in the differences in the health of the populations between
and within countries.
This environment is unique to man and includes cultural values, customs,
habits, beliefs, attitudes, morals, religion, education, income, occupation,
standard of living, community life and the social and political
organizations.
Сonclusions “What is Social environment?”
About “Social medicine” is based on three fundamental questions:
1. What is the health of the population?
2. Why is it so?
3. How to improve health?
Social medicine is a scientific, interdisciplinary branch of medicine that studies the health of the
population and the system of health care in broader social context . Social medicine contributes to
understanding the determinants of health and how best to apply that knowledge to improve the
health of the population.
The scientific and methodological base of social medicine is primarily epidemiology together with
biostatistics as well as social psychology, sociology, law, economy,managerial sciences, philosophy
and history.
The aim of social medicine is to improve the health of the population
by understanding and influencing the determinants of health. To
meet this goal, it is important not only to identify determinants of
health, but also to analyze their effectiveness and to know the
relation between them and the way they are influencing the health.
*from lat. determinans - defining
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being
and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
When we think about health, we tend to think about it in purely
physical or biological terms. However, health is also a major social
issue due to the fact that many of the causes of illness are directly
affected by social factors. The social aspect of health is also
a part of the World Health Organization (WHO 1948) definition of
health.
The ongoing processes of health
development can be observed, analysed and intentionally influenced from at least two
different but complementary perspectives:
1. Pathogenesis analyses how risk factors of individuals and their environment
lead to ill health (illness, disease, disability).
2. Salutogenesis examines how resources in human life support development
towards positive health (objective fitness, subjective well-being, optimal functioning,
meaningful life and positive quality of life).
In real life, salutogenesis and pathogenesis are simultaneous, complementary and
interacting real life processes. Human beings have to (re)produce their health
continuously in time, making use of resources to maintain their identity against risk
factors.
Health is also the output of actual living and input into future living, so current health
status determines future health.
HEALTH LEVELS
Individual health public health
is the health of the
population, society as a
whole.
Individual health and public health are inseparable. In
order to promote individual health, physicians must also
promote public health by thinking globally and
functioning as medical sociologists, who value human
rights, quality of life, social justice, international
relations, and world peace
How is individual health related to public health?
Society and any social group is more than the sum of its parts. By being a part of
a nation, a social group, or a crowd, something new and different arises that
transcends the characteristics of the individual. Rules and expectations evolve
from the interaction of individuals. Studies documented that individuals as part
of a group (e.g. peer teenage group) behave differently and do things that would
never have been even occured to them as individuals. Would any reasonable
person embark on a potentially dangerous crash diet, or piercing, if it were not for
the influence of the social group?
Individual society members have a limited ability to influence the nature of
society. As R. K. Thomas pointed out, people are born into a game that is already
underway and have limited influence over the rules, however, there can occur an
occasional revolutionary who makes a major impact on society, e.g. Martin Luther,
Martin Luther King, K. Marx.
Risk factors or risk conditions. These cause health problems and diseases that
are potentially preventable. These risk factors or risk conditions can be social or
economic or can be associated with specific environmental or lifestyle-related health
hazards, such as polluted air and smoking.
In practice, making the distinction between these categories of determinants may
be difficult at times. As the focus is typically on risk factors, it is useful to try to
identify
positive and protective factors.
It is generally accepted that the determinants of health include
• the physical environment—natural and built;
• the social environment;
• individual behaviour;
• human biology;
• health system.
We can define disease as an objective, ascertainable set of symptoms
creating a settled clinical entity – diagnosis, classified according to
international standard diagnostic
classification (ICD) presented at the end of this chapter.
In the context of negative health we use also term disability – the umbrella
term for
impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions.
International classification of functioning and disability (ICF) classifies
functioning and disability associated
with health conditions.
The criteria for disease are:
• Manifestation: symptomatology
• Type: organic, functional, psycho-social
• Dynamism: acute, chronic
• Development: latent – asymptomatic, unapparent, subclinical; manifest
– apparent
• Prognosis: good (favourable), unchangeable, unfavourable (bad)
PSYCHOSOMATIC
disorder is a psychological condition involving the occurrence of
physical symptoms, usually lacking a medical explanation.
People with this condition may have excessive thoughts,
feelings or concerns about the symptoms — which affects their
ability to function well.
Psychosomatic illnesses can be classified in three general forms.
The first form includes those who experience both a mental illness and a
medical one; these illnesses complicate the symptoms and management of
each other.
The second form includes those who experience a psychiatric issue that is a
direct result of a medical illness or its treatment; having depression due to
cancer and its treatment for example.
The third form of psychosomatic illness is, 'somatoform,' disorders.
Somatoform disorders are psychiatric ones that are displayed through
physical issues. What this means is the physical symptoms people
experience are related to psychological factors instead of a medical cause.
Somatoform disorders may include the following:
Somatization Disorder: A disorder in which a person experiences physical
complaints such as diarrhea, headaches, premature ejaculation, or ones that
do not have a physical cause.
Conversion Disorder: A disorder in which a person experiences neurological
symptoms affecting their movement and senses which do not seem to have a
physical cause. Symptoms may include blindness, seizures, or paralysis.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An obsession or preoccupation with an imaginary
or minor flaw such as wrinkles, small breasts, or the size or shape of another
part of the person's body. Body dysmorphic disorder causes severe anxiety and
might impact a person's ability to function as usual in their daily life.
Hypochondriasis: A fixation or obsession with the fear of having a serious form
of disease. People with hypochondriasis misconstrue usual body functions or
minor symptoms as being serious or even life-threatening. A person; for
example, with hypochondriasis might become convinced that they have colon
cancer when experiencing temporary flatulence after consuming cabbage.
There is a mental aspect to every physical disease.
The term,
'psychosomatic
disorder;' however, is
mainly used to mean
a physical disease
that is believed to be
caused, or worsened,
by mental factors.
When a person is anxious or afraid; for example, they might develop:
Tremor
Nausea
Sweating
Dry mouth
Headaches
Chest pains
Palpitations
Increased heart rate
A, 'knot,' in the stomach
Increased breathing rate
Causes
The exact way a person's mind may cause certain additional symptoms remains
unclear. How a person's mind can affect actual physical diseases is not known with
certainty. It might have something to do with nervous impulses going to the
person's body, which is not fully understood. There is some evidence the brain
might have the ability to affect certain cells of the immune system, something
involved in various physical diseases.
Symptoms
Somatoform disorders are the major forms of psychosomatic
illness. The physical symptoms of somatoform disorders are all too
real, they have psychological roots instead of physical causes.
Somatoform disorders include:
Hypochondriasis
Conversion disorder
Somatization disorder
Body dysmorphic disorder
Hypochondriasis is the condition of thinking that usual body functions or minor
symptoms represent a serious medical condition. A person with hypochondriasis
may interpret a headache as a brain tumor, or muscle soreness as a sign of
impending paralysis. Common symptoms of hypochondriasis can include:
Anxiety
Depression
Repeated visits to a doctor until a diagnosis is made
Feeling that a doctor has made a mistake by not diagnosing the cause of the
symptoms
Seeking constant reassurance from family members and friends about the
symptoms they experience
F45.2
Conversion Disorder Symptoms
The symptoms of conversion disorder usually look like neurological
issues and can include double vision or blindness, loss of sensation,
difficulties with swallowing, and impaired coordination or balance.
The symptoms a person with conversion disorder may experience also
include seizures, issues with urinary retention, an inability to speak,
paralysis or weakness.
The disorders may cause difficulties in a person's everyday life to include academic, social and
occupational issues. People who experience body dysmorphic disorder can become obsessed
with what are actually minor flaws in their physical appearance, or might perceive flaws
where none actually exist. Common concerns include the loss of hair, the shape and size of
bodily features such as nose, breast, or eye appearance, as well as wrinkles and weight gain.
Symptoms and associated behaviors of body dysmorphic disorder can include the following:
• Avoiding mirrors
• Depression and anxiety
• Avoiding being seen in public
• Withdrawal from social situations
• Constant checking of appearance in a mirror
• Desiring reassurance from others about the person's appearance
Body dysmorphic disorder
Somatization disorder is characterized by physical symptoms without a physical cause.
Somatization disorder may have some different symptoms. These symptoms can include the
following:
Pain
Fatigue
Nausea
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Headache
Constipation
Abdominal pain
Painful intercourse
Painful menstruation
How is psychosomatic disorder diagnosed?
A healthcare provider can begin to diagnose
psychosomatic disorder based on:
History of visits to healthcare providers.
Physical exam.
Series of negative results on tests.
To be diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder, a person must
have:
One or more symptoms that are distressing or disruptive to
daily life.
A history of those symptoms for at least six months.
Persistent thoughts, worries or anxiety about the symptoms.
How are psychosomatic pain and other somatic symptoms treated?
Several treatments can help people with somatic pain symptoms, including:
• Cognitive behavioral therapy.
• Medications, such as antidepressants.
• Mindfulness-based therapy.
• Referral to a specialist in mental health (for example, a psychiatrist or
psychologist).
• Regular contact with your primary care provider.

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1 topic social med.pptx

  • 2. LESSON PLAN 1.OBJECT, SUBJECT AND TASK OF SOCIAL MEDICINE. 2. INDIVIDUAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH. HEALTH LEVELS. 3.PSYCHOSOMATIC ILLNESSES AND ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR
  • 3. shape Social environment for a person culture, state, TV, social networks, advertising social circle: family, friend, neighbors educational environment: school, university human needs or dissatisfaction the picture of the human world comprises
  • 4. Social environment is as important as the physical and biological environment in relation to health and disease. The effect of social environment on health is clearly reflected in the differences in the health of the populations between and within countries. This environment is unique to man and includes cultural values, customs, habits, beliefs, attitudes, morals, religion, education, income, occupation, standard of living, community life and the social and political organizations. Сonclusions “What is Social environment?”
  • 5. About “Social medicine” is based on three fundamental questions: 1. What is the health of the population? 2. Why is it so? 3. How to improve health? Social medicine is a scientific, interdisciplinary branch of medicine that studies the health of the population and the system of health care in broader social context . Social medicine contributes to understanding the determinants of health and how best to apply that knowledge to improve the health of the population. The scientific and methodological base of social medicine is primarily epidemiology together with biostatistics as well as social psychology, sociology, law, economy,managerial sciences, philosophy and history.
  • 6. The aim of social medicine is to improve the health of the population by understanding and influencing the determinants of health. To meet this goal, it is important not only to identify determinants of health, but also to analyze their effectiveness and to know the relation between them and the way they are influencing the health. *from lat. determinans - defining
  • 7. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. When we think about health, we tend to think about it in purely physical or biological terms. However, health is also a major social issue due to the fact that many of the causes of illness are directly affected by social factors. The social aspect of health is also a part of the World Health Organization (WHO 1948) definition of health.
  • 8. The ongoing processes of health development can be observed, analysed and intentionally influenced from at least two different but complementary perspectives: 1. Pathogenesis analyses how risk factors of individuals and their environment lead to ill health (illness, disease, disability). 2. Salutogenesis examines how resources in human life support development towards positive health (objective fitness, subjective well-being, optimal functioning, meaningful life and positive quality of life). In real life, salutogenesis and pathogenesis are simultaneous, complementary and interacting real life processes. Human beings have to (re)produce their health continuously in time, making use of resources to maintain their identity against risk factors. Health is also the output of actual living and input into future living, so current health status determines future health.
  • 9. HEALTH LEVELS Individual health public health is the health of the population, society as a whole.
  • 10. Individual health and public health are inseparable. In order to promote individual health, physicians must also promote public health by thinking globally and functioning as medical sociologists, who value human rights, quality of life, social justice, international relations, and world peace How is individual health related to public health?
  • 11. Society and any social group is more than the sum of its parts. By being a part of a nation, a social group, or a crowd, something new and different arises that transcends the characteristics of the individual. Rules and expectations evolve from the interaction of individuals. Studies documented that individuals as part of a group (e.g. peer teenage group) behave differently and do things that would never have been even occured to them as individuals. Would any reasonable person embark on a potentially dangerous crash diet, or piercing, if it were not for the influence of the social group? Individual society members have a limited ability to influence the nature of society. As R. K. Thomas pointed out, people are born into a game that is already underway and have limited influence over the rules, however, there can occur an occasional revolutionary who makes a major impact on society, e.g. Martin Luther, Martin Luther King, K. Marx.
  • 12. Risk factors or risk conditions. These cause health problems and diseases that are potentially preventable. These risk factors or risk conditions can be social or economic or can be associated with specific environmental or lifestyle-related health hazards, such as polluted air and smoking. In practice, making the distinction between these categories of determinants may be difficult at times. As the focus is typically on risk factors, it is useful to try to identify positive and protective factors. It is generally accepted that the determinants of health include • the physical environment—natural and built; • the social environment; • individual behaviour; • human biology; • health system.
  • 13. We can define disease as an objective, ascertainable set of symptoms creating a settled clinical entity – diagnosis, classified according to international standard diagnostic classification (ICD) presented at the end of this chapter. In the context of negative health we use also term disability – the umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restrictions. International classification of functioning and disability (ICF) classifies functioning and disability associated with health conditions. The criteria for disease are: • Manifestation: symptomatology • Type: organic, functional, psycho-social • Dynamism: acute, chronic • Development: latent – asymptomatic, unapparent, subclinical; manifest – apparent • Prognosis: good (favourable), unchangeable, unfavourable (bad)
  • 14. PSYCHOSOMATIC disorder is a psychological condition involving the occurrence of physical symptoms, usually lacking a medical explanation. People with this condition may have excessive thoughts, feelings or concerns about the symptoms — which affects their ability to function well.
  • 15. Psychosomatic illnesses can be classified in three general forms. The first form includes those who experience both a mental illness and a medical one; these illnesses complicate the symptoms and management of each other. The second form includes those who experience a psychiatric issue that is a direct result of a medical illness or its treatment; having depression due to cancer and its treatment for example. The third form of psychosomatic illness is, 'somatoform,' disorders. Somatoform disorders are psychiatric ones that are displayed through physical issues. What this means is the physical symptoms people experience are related to psychological factors instead of a medical cause.
  • 16. Somatoform disorders may include the following: Somatization Disorder: A disorder in which a person experiences physical complaints such as diarrhea, headaches, premature ejaculation, or ones that do not have a physical cause. Conversion Disorder: A disorder in which a person experiences neurological symptoms affecting their movement and senses which do not seem to have a physical cause. Symptoms may include blindness, seizures, or paralysis.
  • 17. Body Dysmorphic Disorder: An obsession or preoccupation with an imaginary or minor flaw such as wrinkles, small breasts, or the size or shape of another part of the person's body. Body dysmorphic disorder causes severe anxiety and might impact a person's ability to function as usual in their daily life. Hypochondriasis: A fixation or obsession with the fear of having a serious form of disease. People with hypochondriasis misconstrue usual body functions or minor symptoms as being serious or even life-threatening. A person; for example, with hypochondriasis might become convinced that they have colon cancer when experiencing temporary flatulence after consuming cabbage.
  • 18. There is a mental aspect to every physical disease. The term, 'psychosomatic disorder;' however, is mainly used to mean a physical disease that is believed to be caused, or worsened, by mental factors.
  • 19. When a person is anxious or afraid; for example, they might develop: Tremor Nausea Sweating Dry mouth Headaches Chest pains Palpitations Increased heart rate A, 'knot,' in the stomach Increased breathing rate Causes The exact way a person's mind may cause certain additional symptoms remains unclear. How a person's mind can affect actual physical diseases is not known with certainty. It might have something to do with nervous impulses going to the person's body, which is not fully understood. There is some evidence the brain might have the ability to affect certain cells of the immune system, something involved in various physical diseases.
  • 20. Symptoms Somatoform disorders are the major forms of psychosomatic illness. The physical symptoms of somatoform disorders are all too real, they have psychological roots instead of physical causes. Somatoform disorders include: Hypochondriasis Conversion disorder Somatization disorder Body dysmorphic disorder
  • 21. Hypochondriasis is the condition of thinking that usual body functions or minor symptoms represent a serious medical condition. A person with hypochondriasis may interpret a headache as a brain tumor, or muscle soreness as a sign of impending paralysis. Common symptoms of hypochondriasis can include: Anxiety Depression Repeated visits to a doctor until a diagnosis is made Feeling that a doctor has made a mistake by not diagnosing the cause of the symptoms Seeking constant reassurance from family members and friends about the symptoms they experience F45.2
  • 22. Conversion Disorder Symptoms The symptoms of conversion disorder usually look like neurological issues and can include double vision or blindness, loss of sensation, difficulties with swallowing, and impaired coordination or balance. The symptoms a person with conversion disorder may experience also include seizures, issues with urinary retention, an inability to speak, paralysis or weakness.
  • 23. The disorders may cause difficulties in a person's everyday life to include academic, social and occupational issues. People who experience body dysmorphic disorder can become obsessed with what are actually minor flaws in their physical appearance, or might perceive flaws where none actually exist. Common concerns include the loss of hair, the shape and size of bodily features such as nose, breast, or eye appearance, as well as wrinkles and weight gain. Symptoms and associated behaviors of body dysmorphic disorder can include the following: • Avoiding mirrors • Depression and anxiety • Avoiding being seen in public • Withdrawal from social situations • Constant checking of appearance in a mirror • Desiring reassurance from others about the person's appearance Body dysmorphic disorder
  • 24. Somatization disorder is characterized by physical symptoms without a physical cause. Somatization disorder may have some different symptoms. These symptoms can include the following: Pain Fatigue Nausea Diarrhea Vomiting Headache Constipation Abdominal pain Painful intercourse Painful menstruation
  • 25. How is psychosomatic disorder diagnosed? A healthcare provider can begin to diagnose psychosomatic disorder based on: History of visits to healthcare providers. Physical exam. Series of negative results on tests.
  • 26. To be diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder, a person must have: One or more symptoms that are distressing or disruptive to daily life. A history of those symptoms for at least six months. Persistent thoughts, worries or anxiety about the symptoms.
  • 27. How are psychosomatic pain and other somatic symptoms treated? Several treatments can help people with somatic pain symptoms, including: • Cognitive behavioral therapy. • Medications, such as antidepressants. • Mindfulness-based therapy. • Referral to a specialist in mental health (for example, a psychiatrist or psychologist). • Regular contact with your primary care provider.

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. культура, государство, телевидение, социальные сети, реклама
  2. Социальная среда так же важна, как физическая и биологическая средав отношении здоровья и болезней. Влияние социальной среды на здоровье четкоотражается в различиях в состоянии здоровья населения между странами и внутри них Эта среда уникальна для человекаи включает в себя культурные ценности, обычаи, привычки, убеждения, отношение, мораль, религию, образование, доход, род занятий, уровень жизни, общественную жизнь и социальные и политическиеорганизации.
  3. Социальная медицина - это научная, междисциплинарная отрасль медицины, которая изучает систему здравоохранения в более широком социальном контексте Социальная медицина способствует пониманию детерминант здоровьяи того, как наилучшим образом применять эти знания для улучшения здоровья населения.Социальная медицина как часть общественного здравоохранения ориентирована на проблемы здоровьягрупп населения, их характеристики и детерминанты, а также на возможность ихконтроль. Научно-методологической базой социальной медицины является прежде всего эпидемиология вместе с биостатистикой, а также социальная психология, социология, юриспруденция, экономика,управленческие науки, философия и история.Социальная медицина основана на трех фундаментальных вопросах:1. Каково состояние здоровья населения?2. доровье населения и Почему это так?3. Как улучшить здоровье?
  4. Целью социальной медицины является улучшение здоровья населения путем понимания детерминант здоровья и оказания на них влияния. Для достижения этой цели важноне только определить детерминанты здоровья, но и проанализировать их эффективность и знать взаимосвязь между ними и то, как они влияют на здоровье. от лат. determinans - определяющий
  5. Когда мы думаем о здоровье, мы склонны думать о нем в чисто физических или биологических терминах. Однако здоровье также является серьезной социальной проблемой из-за того факта, что многиепричины болезней напрямую зависят от социальных факторов. Социальный аспект здоровья такжеявляется частью определения здоровья Всемирной организацией здравоохранения (ВОЗ, 1948 год): здоровье -это состояние полного физического, психического и социального благополучия, а не простоотсутствие болезней или недугов.
  6. Развитие здоровья как неотъемлемая часть человеческой жизни определяетсякак непрерывный процесс (восстановления) здоровья посредством аутопоэтической саморегуляции в данной социально-экологической среде. Текущие процессы развития здравоохраненияможно наблюдать, анализировать и намеренно влиять на них по крайней мере с двухразных, но взаимодополняющих точек зрения:1. Патогенез анализирует, как факторы риска отдельных людей и их окруженияпривести к ухудшению здоровья (болезнь, недуг, инвалидность).2. Салютогенез исследует, как ресурсы в человеческой жизни поддерживают развитиек позитивному здоровью (объективная пригодность, субъективное благополучие, оптимальное функционирование, осмысленная жизнь и позитивное качество жизни).В реальной жизни салютогенез и патогенез являются одновременными, взаимодополняющими ивзаимодействующими процессами реальной жизни. Люди должны (восстанавливать) свое здоровье непрерывно во времени, используя ресурсы для поддержания своей идентичности в отношении факторов риска.Здоровье также является результатом реальной жизни и вкладом в будущую жизнь, поэтому текущеесостояние здоровья определяет будущее здоровье.
  7. Как индивидуальное здоровье связано с общественным здравоохранением? Индивидуальное здоровье и общественное здоровье неразделимы. Чтобы укреплять здоровье отдельных людей, врачи должны также укреплять здоровье общества, мысля глобально и действуя как медицинские социологи, которые ценят права человека, качество жизни, социальную справедливость, международные отношения и мир во всем мире
  8. Общество и любая социальная группа - это нечто большее, чем сумма его частей. Будучи частью нации, социальной группы или толпы, возникает нечто новое и непохожее на другие, выходящее за рамки индивидуальных особенностей. Правила и ожидания развиваются в результате взаимодействия отдельных людей. Исследования задокументировали, что отдельные люди в составе группы (например, подростковой группы сверстников) ведут себя по-разному и совершают поступки, которые никогда бы даже не пришли им в голову как отдельным людям. Стал бы любой разумный человек садиться на потенциально опасную диету или делать пирсинг, если бы не влияние социальной группы?Отдельные члены общества обладают ограниченной способностью влиять на природу общества. Как отметил Р. К. Томас, люди рождаются в игре, которая уже ведется, и имеют ограниченное влияние на правила, однако иногда может появиться революционер, который окажет большое влияние на общество, например, Мартин Лютер, Мартин Лютер Кинг, К. Маркс.
  9. Факторы риска или условия риска. Это вызывает проблемы со здоровьем и болезни, которые потенциально можно предотвратить. Эти факторы риска или условия риска могут быть социальными или экономическими или могут быть связаны с конкретными опасностями для здоровья, связанными с окружающей средой или образом жизни, такими как загрязненный воздух и курение.На практике иногда бывает трудно провести различие между этими категориями детерминант. Поскольку основное внимание обычно уделяется факторам риска, полезно попытаться определитьпозитивные и защитные факторы.Общепризнано, что к детерминантам здоровья относятся• физическая среда — естественная и искусственная;• социальная среда;• индивидуальное поведение;• биология человека; и• система здравоохранения.
  10. Мы можем определить заболевание как объективный, поддающийся установлению набор симптомов, создающий устоявшуюся клиническую сущность – диагноз, классифицированный в соответствии с международной стандартной диагностическойклассификацией (МКБ), представленной в конце этой главы.В контексте негативного состояния здоровья мы используем также термин "инвалидность" – обобщающий термин дляобозначения нарушений, ограничений активности и участия. Международная классификация функционирования и инвалидности (МКФ) классифицирует функционирование и инвалидность, связанныес состоянием здоровья.Критериями заболевания являются:• Проявление: симптоматика• Тип: органический, функциональный, психосоциальный• Динамизм: острый, хронический• Развитие: латентное – бессимптомное, неочевидное, субклиническое; манифестное – очевидное• Прогноз: хороший (благоприятный), неизменяемый, неблагоприятный (плохой)
  11. Психосоматические заболевания можно разделить на три основные формы. К первой форме относятся лица, страдающие как психическим заболеванием, так и медицинским; эти заболевания усложняют симптомы и лечение друг друга. Вторая форма включает тех, кто испытывает психиатрическую проблему, которая является прямым результатом медицинского заболевания или его лечения; например, депрессия из-за рака и его лечения. Третья форма психосоматического заболевания — «соматоформные» расстройства. Соматоформные расстройства — это психические расстройства, которые проявляются через физические проблемы. Это означает, что физические симптомы, которые испытывают люди, связаны с психологическими факторами, а не с медицинскими причинами.
  12. Соматоформные расстройства могут включать следующее: Соматизационное расстройство: Расстройство, при котором человек испытывает физические жалобы, такие как диарея, головные боли, преждевременная эякуляция, или те, которые не имеют физической причины. Конверсионное расстройство: расстройство, при котором человек испытывает неврологические симптомы, влияющие на его движения и чувства, которые, по-видимому, не имеют физической причины. Симптомы могут включать слепоту, судороги или паралич.
  13. Дисморфическое расстройство тела: одержимость или озабоченность воображаемым или незначительным недостатком, таким как морщины, маленькая грудь или размер или форма другой части тела человека. Дисморфическое расстройство тела вызывает сильное беспокойство и может повлиять на способность человека вести обычный образ жизни в повседневной жизни. Ипохондрия: фиксация или одержимость страхом серьезной формы заболевания. Люди с ипохондрией ошибочно принимают обычные функции организма или незначительные симптомы за серьезные или даже опасные для жизни. Персона; например, больные ипохондрией могут прийти к убеждению, что у них рак толстой кишки, при временном метеоризме после употребления капусты.
  14. ермин «психосоматическое расстройство»; однако в основном используется для обозначения физического заболевания, которое, как считается, вызвано или усугублено психическими факторами.
  15. Тремор Тошнота[ˈnɔːzɪə] Потоотделение Сухость во рту Головные боли Боли в груди Сердцебиение Учащение пульса А, «узел» в желудке Увеличение частоты дыхания Точный способ, которым разум человека может вызвать определенные дополнительные симптомы, остается неясным. Точно неизвестно, как разум человека может влиять на реальные физические болезни. Это может быть как-то связано с нервными импульсами, поступающими в тело человека, что до конца не изучено. Есть некоторые свидетельства того, что мозг может иметь способность воздействовать на определенные клетки иммунной системы, связанные с различными физическими заболеваниями.
  16. Соматоформные расстройства являются основными формами психосоматических заболеваний. Физические симптомы соматоформных расстройств слишком реальны, они имеют психологические корни, а не физические причины. ипохондрия Конверсионное расстройство Расстройство соматизации Дисморфическое расстройство тела
  17. Ипохондрия — это состояние, при котором обычные функции организма или незначительные симптомы представляют собой серьезное заболевание. Человек с ипохондрией может интерпретировать головную боль как опухоль головного мозга, а болезненность мышц как признак надвигающегося паралича. Общие симптомы ипохондрии могут включать: Беспокойство Депрессия Повторные визиты к врачу до постановки диагноза Ощущение, что врач совершил ошибку, не диагностировав причину симптомов Постоянный поиск поддержки у членов семьи и друзей в отношении симптомов, которые они испытывают
  18. Симптомы конверсионного расстройства обычно выглядят как неврологические проблемы и могут включать двоение в глазах или слепоту, потерю чувствительности, трудности с глотанием, нарушение координации или равновесия. Симптомы, которые может испытывать человек с конверсионным расстройством, также включают судороги, проблемы с задержкой мочи, неспособность говорить, паралич или слабость.
  19. Расстройства могут вызвать трудности в повседневной жизни человека, включая академические, социальные и профессиональные проблемы. Люди, страдающие телесным дисморфическим расстройством, могут стать одержимы тем, что на самом деле является незначительными недостатками их внешности, или могут видеть недостатки там, где их на самом деле нет. Общие проблемы включают выпадение волос, форму и размер таких черт тела, как нос, грудь или внешний вид глаз, а также морщины и увеличение веса. Симптомы и связанное с ними поведение дисморфофобии могут включать следующее: Избегайте зеркал Депрессия и тревога Избегание появления на публике Отстранение от социальных ситуаций Постоянная проверка внешности в зеркале Желание подтверждения от других относительно внешности человека
  20. Симптомы соматизационного расстройства Соматизационное расстройство характеризуется физическими симптомами без физической причины. Соматизационное расстройство может иметь несколько различных симптомов. Эти симптомы могут включать следующее: Боль Усталость Тошнота Диарея Рвота Головная боль Запор Боль в животе Болезненный половой акт Болезненные менструации
  21. Как диагностируется психосоматическое расстройство? Медицинский работник может начать диагностику психосоматического расстройства на основании: История визитов к поставщикам медицинских услуг. Физический экзамен . Серия отрицательных результатов тестов.
  22. Для постановки диагноза соматического расстройства у человека должны быть: Один или несколько симптомов, которые причиняют беспокойство или мешают повседневной жизни. История этих симптомов в течение по крайней мере шести месяцев. Настойчивые мысли, беспокойство или тревога по поводу симптомов.
  23. Как лечат психосоматические боли и другие соматические симптомы? Некоторые методы лечения могут помочь людям с симптомами соматической боли, в том числе: Когнитивно-поведенческая терапия . Лекарства, такие как антидепрессанты . Терапия, основанная на осознанности. Направление к специалисту в области психического здоровья (например, к психиатру или психологу). Регулярный контакт с вашим лечащим врачом .