Pakistan initially pursued a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War, receiving invitations from both the US and USSR. However, Pakistan ultimately joined the US bloc due to its need for military and economic assistance, ideological alignment with Western democracy, and the US's willingness to help resolve the Kashmir dispute versus the USSR's neutral stance. While US aid provided benefits, it also damaged relations with other Muslim states and led the USSR to increase support for India. In later decades Pakistan sought to diversify its alliances, improving ties with both the USSR and China while reducing dependence on the US.

1. Pakistan-USA relations

2. Cold war between Eastern and
Western bloc

3. • Map of the Warsaw Pact countries
Eastern Bloc or Communist Bloc
• The Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship,
Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance (1955–1991),
Member states of the Warsaw Pact:
• Bulgaria
• Czechoslovakia
• East Germany
• Hungary
• Poland
• Romania
• Soviet Union
• Albania

4. Western Bloc
• The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc during the
Cold War refers to the countries allied with the
United States and NATO against the Soviet Union
and its Allies (WARSA pact)
• The Western Alliance: NATO
1. The United Kingdom and its Commonwealth of
Nations, including Australia, India and Canada.
The United States, France, Denmark, Portugal,
Norway, Belgium, Iceland, Luxembourg, Italy, and
the Netherlands in 1949 to form the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the United
States' first "entangling" European alliance in 170
years. West Germany, Spain, Greece, and Turkey
would later join this alliance.

6. Relations with U.S.A.
• in first phase Pakistan’s foreign policy was
labelled as the non-aligned. Pakistan was
essentially trying to maintain neutrality in the on
going cold war era. Both USA and USSR were
inviting Pakistan for supporting in the cold war
alignment.
• At that time Pakistan was confronted with all sort
of political, economical, religious problems, so it
was in position to play important role in the
international arena.

7. • Pakistan received invitation from both
superpowers.
• In June 1949, when the Soviet Union invited
Pakistan's first Prime Minister, Liaquat Ali Khan,
for an official visit. The invitation was accepted
but the visit did not materialise.
• Instead, Liaquat Ali Khan visited the United States
in May 1950, and his speeches and statements
during this visit manifested a strong pro-West
disposition of the Pakistan government.
• The Soviet leadership was unhappy over Liaquat
Ali Khan's decision not to visit the Soviet Union.

8. Why Pakistan joined USA block?
• At the beginning Pakistan was in desperate need of military and economic
aid at the time of its inception.
• Pakistan received invitation from both USSR and USA which could ultimately
shaped Pakistan foreign policy in 1950s
• United States and Soviet Union were the dominant powers of the planet.
• Regarding the issue of Kashmir, the Soviet’s attitude was neutral while the
Western powers of UN Security Council tried to resolve the Kashmir
dispute. Status quo on the issues was acceptable to India but not at all to
Pakistan and USSR’s attitude was too leaning towards India.
• Pakistan also made it implicit that it would accept financial assistances from
any source, but the Soviets did not respond to it. Moreover, ideologically
and politically Soviets socialist system was unattractive for the western
minded Pakistani leadership who were committed to Western type of
democracy.
• why Soviets Union invited Premier Liaqat Ali Khan to visit Moscow?
• Ans:- First was India’s decision to remain the member of Common Wealth
even after it became a republic. Meanwhile India’s policies were too pro-
Western. Second was US president invitation to Nehru to visit the United
States on May 7, 1949.

9. • The Soviets invitation was accepted but not materialized due to the
conspired circumstances created for him and Liaqat Ali Khan went to
United States instead of USSR. No explanation at official level was given
for this decision.
• . In fact, the key reason of Pakistan preference of USA on USSR was due to
Pakistan’s anti-communist rhetoric and discouragements of contacts on
official level with Soviet Russia.
• In tense situation Pakistan approach United States because USA was the
only promising source of financial and military assistance. Besides,
ideologically and politically US system was more eye-catching and near to
Pakistan
• The Soviets invitation was accepted but not materialized due to the
conspired circumstances created for him and Liaqat Ali Khan went to
United States instead of USSR. No explanation at official level was given
for this decision.
• . In fact, the key reason of Pakistan preference of USA on USSR was due to
Pakistan’s anti-communist rhetoric and discouragements of contacts on
official level with Soviet Russia.
• In tense situation Pakistan approach United States because USA was the
only promising source of financial and military assistance. Besides,
ideologically and politically US system was more eye-catching and near to
Pakistan.

10. Disadvantages of joining USA.
• However the costs of the alliances were more serious than its
benefits. India and USSR came closer to each other against Pakistan
as the Soviet interpreted the military pacts as US cold war strategy
for the Soviet containment. With that, USSR increased its backing to
India against Pakistan and the Indo-Russian links strengthen
manifolds. Russia started openly supporting Indian cause on the
issue of Kashmir and even acknowledged it a state of India. They
supported India politically, economically, military and technically
and even established a connection of brotherhood with
India. Besides, Soviet Union also extended its support towards
Afghanistan on Pakhtoonistan issue.
• More adverse impact was that, USSR abused its veto power by
preventing every resolution on Kashmir in the Security Council. So
the costs of opting for USA bloc instead USSR were more than its
benefits. Even at the time of wars-1965, 1971, Pakistan did not
accept any assistance under the military pacts.

11. 2nd phase
1953-62: Alignment with the West
• The second phase of Pakistan's foreign policy was characterized by a
transition from an independent foreign policy to a multifaceted
alignment with the West.
 Causes of pro-West Alliances
• The deepening economic crisis in the early 1950s also contributed to
this decision.
• In early 1952, the prices of jute and cotton began to drop in the
International market which adversely affected Pakistan's foreign
trade.
• Pakistan was also faced with a serious shortage of wheat in 1952-53.
The United States came for Pakistan's rescue by offering a gift of
wheat in 1953 which helped to overcome food shortages and built a
lot of goodwill in Pakistan for the donor.

12. • Several other factors push Pakistan towards
Alignment with USA.
1. Suffered sense of isolation in the world.
2. Muslim Unity were not headway.
3. Its became clear international organizations
UNO and Commonwealth would not solve the
Pak-indo conflicts.
4. USA was willing to assist those state who
were agree on the strategy of “Containment of
Communism”.

13. 1953-62: Alignment with the West
• 1- Alignment with the West
• 2- Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement
• - SEATO
• 3- The Baghdad Pact / CENTO
• 4- Defence and Economic Assistance from the
U.S.
• 5- Cost of Alignment with the West
• 6- Relations with China

14. 1- Alignment with the West
1st pact Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement
• In February 1954, Pakistan agreed on the U.S.
initiative to develop close cooperation with
Turkey in the political, economic and cultural
spheres. A formal Turkey-Pakistan Agreement
was signed in April 1954, followed by a
Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement
between the United States and Pakistan in
May.
• Condition of USA : “Pakistan was obliged not
use this assistance for aggression against any
Nation or state.”

15. 2nd pact
South East Asia Treaty Organisation
(SEATO)
• In September 1954, Pakistan joined (SEATO)
or the Manila Pact. Its members (Australia,
France, Great Britain, News Zealand,
Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and the U.S.)
undertook to develop capacity “to resist
attack and counter subversive communist
aggression” and promote cooperation for
“economic progress and social well being.”

16. • Pakistan's alignment with the United States
yielded several advantages. American economic
assistance grants, loans, goods and services gave
a boost to Pakistan's faltering economy.
 Pakistan received grant assistance valued at US
$ 650 million, and credit facilities worth US $ 55
The U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group
(USMAAG) was set up in Pakistan to advise
and guide the modernisation of the armed forces
and the security arrangements.
• The military assistance included arms and
ammunition, artillery pieces, APCs, and transport
for the Army; aircraft F-104, B-57, F-86, and C-
130 for the Air Force; naval defence equipment,
and communication equipment.

17. 3rd pact
The Baghdad Pact/CENTO
• One year later (September 1955) Pakistan joined the
Baghdad Pact (renamed CENTO in 1959 after Iraq's
withdrawal).
• Pakistan attached greater importance to this pact
because it involved three Muslim states, i.e. Iraq (up to
1959), Turkey and Iran.
• Great Britain was also its member; the United States
maintained close links with it and participated in its
military committee.
• The members of the Baghdad Pact agreed to
cooperate with each other in the field of defence and
security.

18. efence and Economic Assistance from the U.
Pak-USA bilateral agreements
• A Bilateral Agreement of Cooperation was signed
between Pakistan and the United States in March
1959’
• Article 2 of the Agreement provided that the
United States would supply military and
economic assistance to Pakistan as may be
mutually agreed upon.
• Pakistan reciprocated by providing a
communication/air base to the United States at
Badaber, near Peshawar, for ten years: 1959-69.

19. • Soviet Union criticized the Pakistan Alignment with west and
threat Pakistan’s boundary would not be used against USSR.
• USSR supported Kashmir issue with India and support to
Afghanistan against Pakistan. In 1961, the Soviets Union suffered
heavily. The Soviet leaders applied two pronged strategy against
Pakistan.
• First, the Soviet leaders made a blistering criticism of Pakistan's
alignment with the U.S. and threatened Pakistan with dire
consequences if Pakistan allowed its territory to be used against the
Soviet Union.
• Second, they extended support to India on the Kashmir question,
describing it an integral part of India.
• They also supported Afghanistan's irredentist claims on Pakistani
territory.
• Relations with China
• China avoided an open condemnation of Pakistan's participation in
these pacts and showed a remarkable understanding of the factors
that led Pakistan to join the Western camp.

20. Cost of Alignment with the West
• The alignment with the West was not cost-free.
ctricism on Pakistan foreign Policy.
• Muslims states also were not in favor of PAK-US
pacts. Pakistan's participation in defence pacts
came in conflict with its desire to cultivate close
and cordial relations with the Muslim states. With
the exception of Iran and Turkey which shared
the defence arrangements, the Middle
• Eastern states responded negatively to Pakistan's
security ties with the West.

21. 3rd phase 1962-71: Transition
• 1- Rethinking about the Alignment Policy
• 2- Improving Relations with the Soviet Union
• 3- Improving Relations with China
• 4- Diminishing Ties with the U.S.
• 6- Relations with India
• 7- Crisis in East Pakistan and International
Response

22. 1- Rethinking about the Alignment
Policy
• Pakistan's policy-makers began a review of their alignment
with the U.S. in the early 60s due to their strains Relations
with other states.
• Two major developments contributed to this.
• First, Pakistan was agitated by the Soviet Union, when it
downed an American spy plane, U-2, which had taken off
from Badaber.
• Second, the importance of land bases declined because the
United States developed ICBM and nuclear submarines
fitted with missiles. Furthermore, the Kennedy
administration, installed in January 1961,cultivated India
and projected it as a counterweight to China.

23. • In 1961 Ayub Khan visited USA despite Ayub
Khan's pleadings, the U.S. continued with its
policy of cultivating India in total disregard to
Pakistan's concerns. The U.S. and a number of
other Western states rushed weapons and
military equipment to India after the
• Sino-Indian border war in October 1962. They
also conducted joint military exercises with
India and offered a nuclear umbrella to India.

24. 2- Improving Relations with the
Soviet Union
• Disappointed by the change in the U.S. policy, the
Pakistani leaders decided improving ties with the
socialist/communist countries.
• Pakistan took a number of steps to improve its
relations with the Soviet Union and China during
1961-63. Pakistan and the Soviet Union entered into
a number of agreements for economic and
technical cooperation.

25. • In 1961 USSR offer oil exploration for Pakistan.
• Z.A Bhuttoo and Ayub Khan visited Moscow in Jan
and April 1965. Ayub Khan was first head of state
who visit the Soviet Union.
• He signed many culture exchange agreement with
USSR. The Soviet Union consented to assist Pakistan
in implementing 30 development projects during
the Third Five Year Plan (1965-70).
• By mid-1960s the Soviet Union adopted a balanced
approach towards Pakistan-India disputes, including
the Kashmir problem,

26. USSR remained neutral in 1965 Pak-Indo war.
• President Ayub Khan and Prime Minister Lal
Bahadur Shastri met in Tashkent in January
1966 on the invitation of the Soviet Prime
Minister and signed a peace agreement,
commonly known as the Tashkent Declaration
of January 1966 for normalisation of their
bilateral relations in the aftermath of the 1965
war.

27. 3.Improving Relations with China
• Pakistan's relations with China improved more
rapidly.
• They signed several agreements in 1963 to
expand their bilateral relations. These included
an agreement on trade, commerce and shipping
• in January 1963, a border agreement for
demarcation of Pakistan-China boundary in
March 1963, an air services agreement in August,
and a barter trade agreement in September.
• Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) resumed its
regular air service to china on April 29, 1964.

28. • Zhou Enlai declared Chinese support to the
right of self determination for the people of
Kashmir during his visit to Pakistan in
February 1964.
• 4. Diminishing Ties with the U.S.
• USA unhappy over Pakistan's efforts to
improve its relations with China and Soviet
Unions.
• President Nixon provided some arms and
equipment during 1970-71 to Pakistan.
• Pakistan played role in Sino-American
relations in July 1971 Nixon visited Beijing

29. Relations with India
• The Kashmir problem was the major stumbling
block in the normalisation of their relations.
Six rounds of talks were held between the
Foreign Ministers of India and Pakistan on
Kashmir during December 1962 and May
1963 on the initiate of the UK and the U.S.
These talks proved inconclusive because the
two sides refused to show any flexibility in
their positions on Kashmir.

30. 4TH Phase
1972-79: Bilateralism and Nonalignment
1. 1972-79: Bilateralism and Nonalignment
2- Pak-India Relations: towards improvement
3- Strengthening of Ties with Major Powers
4- Nuclear Technology and Relations with the
U.S.
5- Pakistan and the Muslim World

31. 1. 1972-79: Bilateralism and Nonalignment
• Pakistan withdraw from SEATO in 1972 that
joined in Sep. 1954. Pakistan also with draw
from Commonwealth in 1972 that joined in
1947.
• Pakistan returned to the Commonwealth in
September 1989.
• March 1979 Pakistan withdraw from CENTO.
• In Sep 1979 Pakistan became the member of
non-aligned Summit.

33. Pak-India Relations: towards improvement
• 1971 Indo-Pakistan war, resulting in the break
up of East Pakistan and its establishment as an
independent state.
• India and Pakistan signed a peace agreement
at Simla on July 2, 1972 for dealing with the
1971 war.
• Pakistan recognised Bangladesh in February
1974 on the eve of the 2nd Islamic Summit
Conference held at Lahore.

34. 3.Strengthening of Ties with Major Powers
• Pakistan succeeded in defusing antagonism that
marked its relations with the Soviet Union
against the backdrop of the Bangladesh crisis.
The visits of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto to Moscow in
1972 and 1974 helped the two sides to
established bilateral trade and economic
cooperation expanded during these years.
• Pakistan's relations with China expanded rapidly.

35. 5. Pakistan and the Muslim World
• Pakistan's relations with the Muslim states,
particularly the states of the Middle East,
touched new heights of cordiality and trust.

36. 4.Nuclear Technology and Relations
with the U.S.
• IN 1976 Pakistan joined agreement with France
to acquire Nuclear reprocessing Plant.
• When the U.S. discovered that Pakistan was
secretly working on setting up uranium
enrichment facility at Kahuta, it suspended all
economic assistance.
• The U.S. took several steps blocking the deal Pak-
France deal on Nuclear processing Plant.
• In 1978, the U.S. succeeded in convincing France
to withdraw from the agreement for supplying a
nuclear reprocessing plant to Pakistan.

37. 5th Phase
1980-90: Afghanistan and Partnership
with the United States
• 1- Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
• 2- Revival of Pakistan-U.S.
Relations
• 3- Pakistan-China Relations
• 4- Pakistan and the OIC

38. 1 - Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan
• The Soviet military intervention in Afghanistan on
December 27, 1979.
• Pak-USSR relations was strained, because it was threat
to Pakistan. Pakistan demanded withdraw of USSR’s
troops.3 million Afghanis poured into Pakistan.
• 2- Revival of Pakistan-U.S. Relations.
• Pakistan offered of assistance by USA.
• Six year package of USA to Pakistan(1981-87) $3.2
billion.
• 1987-93 $4.2 billion.

39. Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan
 The Afghan war lasted for ten years.
 It started from December 27th, 1979,
and ended on February 15th, 1989
 The war was between Soviet supported
Afghan communist government, and
the anti-communist guerilla fighters
called Mujahedeen.
Background:
 The communist side: The soviet union, and the Afghan government.
 The anti communist side: The mujahedeen which were supported by several anti
communists countries, such as US, UK, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia. US provided
700 million dollars to equip and support the Mujahedeen against USSR .
Who was involved?

40. What Happened?
 1979 The Soviet controlled cities, large
towns.
 1980-1981 The Mujahedeen spread out
freely throughout the countryside. The
Soviet troops tried to crush the them by
many tactics, but the guerrilla fighters
escaped their attacks.
 1982 The war quickly settled down into a
stalemate
 1982 – 1983 The Soviets then attempted to
eliminate the Mujahedeen's by bombing
the rural areas. By 1982 some 2.8 million
Afghans had immigrated a to Pakistan, and
another 1.5 million had immigrated to Iran.
 1984 – 1988 The Mujahedeen had the
upper hand by using shipments of weapons
from the US through Pakistan, such as
shoulder-fired antiaircraft missiles.
 In early 1989 the United States, Pakistan,
Afghanistan, and the Soviet Union signed
an agreement called as Geneva agreement
to withdraw Soviet troops and return
Afghanistan to a status of peace.
How did it end/Soviet’s withdrawal
 After 10 years of fighting where
not really much was accomplished,
the Soviets withdraw in 1989.
 During the last part of the war,
Soviet prepared to withdraw
focusing on only defending against
the Mujahedeen.
 Almost 15000 Soviets soldiers had
died in the War.
 About one million Afghans had
been perished .
 The Soviet war in Afghanistan was
one of the events that led to the end
of the USSR.

41.  US-Pak relations fluctuate in different eras since the
independence of Pakistan.
We Have:-
1- Diplomatic relations
2- Military relations
3- Economic relations
US provided F-16 aircrafts to Pakistan
Air force in 1982 during
the reign of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.
• During Afghan war, 3million Afghans migrated to Pakistan so US aids Pakistan to
accumulate them.
• Since 1980 to 1993 US aid 7.4 billion dollars of economic aid and military sales.
• During 1980s US has good relations with Pakistan due to its strategic location.

42. • In May 1988 Soviet withdraw from
Afghanistan UN negotiated and settled this
problem.
• April 1988 Geneva agreement signed among
Pakistan, Afghanistan, USA and USSR.
3.Pakistan-China Relations
• China extended full support to Pakistan in its
interaction with India and endorsed Pakistan's
position on the Afghanistan crisis.
4. Pakistan and the OIC
Pakistan discussed Afghanistan issue with OIC
members.

43. 6th Phase
1990-2001: Post Cold War Era and
Pakistan's Dilemmas
• 1- Another Drift in Pak-US
Relations
• 2- Continuation of the
Afghanistan Problem
• 4- Going Nuclear

44. • 1- Another Drift in Pak-US Relations
• Four major issues dominated Pakistan's
foreign Policy in the 1990s.
• 1.Drift pose in Pak-US relations due to nuclear
explosions.
• 2.Afghan problems continued .
• 3.Kashmir insurgency and its impact on Pak-
Indo relations.
• 4.Nuclear explosion.
• U.S. imposed four types sanctions on Pakistan
due to Nuclear Explosions.

46. 2- Continuation of the Afghanistan Problem
• The Afghanistan problem continued to haunt
Pakistan during these years. It had two aspects:
the refugee problem and installation of a
government in Kabul that could ensure peace
and stability.
• 3- Going Nuclear
• May 28 and 30, 1998 Nuclear explosions time.
• Pakistan Nuclear explosion criticized by the world
because, USA advertised to world these
explosion are for terrorist purposes.

47. 7th Phase
2001 Onwards: Counter Terrorism
• - September 11 and Fight Against Terrorism
• - Increased U.S. Support
• - Détente with India
• - Pakistan's Relations with China and Russia
• - Muslim World and Pakistan
• - Transfer of Nuclear Technology

48. U turn in World Politics
• on 11 September 2001 Four series of suicidal attack that
committed on World trade Centre and on Pantagone
military training Centre. The U.S. identified the Al-Qaeda
movement of Osama bin Laden based in Afghanistan
• After 9/11 Security and business are two main US interests
in the region while Pakistan is playing a front line role in the
war against terrorism.
• USA withdraw from three categories of sanctions to
counter the terrorism.
• Russia and China decided to adopted measures to “counter
the terrorism”.
• Pakistan became very important alley for USA, because its
neighboring state accused with terrorist attack.

49. • Pakistan open airspace of Sindh and
Baluchistan for USA for operation in
Afghanistan.
• Rival of Pak-USA bilateral relations.
• Pakistan debt amount to US $12.5 billion for
38 years .

58. ‘Do More’ chorus!
• America demanded Pakistan to fully support them in war of
terrorism.
• Army to be devoted to fighting terrorism.
• Since 2001, 70,000 people have died during terrorism.
• Retaliation for war on terror.
• Recent survey shows that Pakistan has lost 183 billion dollar of
foreign investment.
• Major chunk of our budget is spent on war on terror
• Rah- Rass 2004
• Rah- Haq 2006
• Lal- masjid operation 2007
• Swat- operation 2009
• Zarb-Azb 2014

59. Drone Attacks
Surgical Strikes
Salala incident
Nato routes
Peace process with Pakistan

60. Major turns in Nawaz government!
• Drone Strikes reduced.
• Due to Do more stopped military assistance that
was 450 million dollar.
• General Raheel shareef was awarded legion of
merit.
• Deal of purchasing new F-16 block 2 was
cancelled because US refused to provide
subsidies.
• US Senate referred a bill to declare Pakistan a
terrorist State.

61. USA focused on India!
• Pak-china friendship
• China’s GDP crossed America
• America-china dispute on South China sea
• Sino-Indo war 1962
• India made a defence contract with America to
counter China.
• India to be made permanent member of UNSC
(United nation security council)
• Kashmir Issue
• US favored India for NSG (Nuclear supply group)

62. Donald Trump approaches towards
Pakistan !
• Donald Trump is the 45th elected president of
USA.
• He is pro-Israel and pro-India
• He is anti Pakistan and anti Muslim
• On 11th January 2017 Donald trump will take
oath of presidentship.