1. Topic: History of Philosophy
Presented to: Mr. Riaz Khan Dasti
Presented by: Malik Muhammad Ali
Roll No. : BSENL-17-25
Course: Philosophy (Phil 201)
Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan – Bahadur Sub Campus Layyah

2. History of Philosophy:
Philosophy is basically derived from two words “Philo” and “Sophy”. “Philo” means “to love” and
“Sophy” means “wisdom or knowledge”. In history of philosophy we will basically derive the terms in
chronological order.
The history of philosophy is basically started from Greek mythology and it flourishes and moves from one
step to another.
Important
Contributors
Works Contributions
I- Greek Philosophers
(600-500 BC.)
Thales (624-546 BC.) Thalestheorem.
Sevensage of Greece
He proposedthatall thingsare made
up of water.Source of all thingsis
water.
Anaximander(611-547
BC.)
OnNature
AnaximanderandOrigin
of GreekCosmology
Apeiron an
Anaximander:astudyin
the originand Functionof
Metaphysical Ideas.
Original source of all thingsisa
boundless intermediate element. He
proposedthatuniverse originatesin
separationof opposite matterand
dyingthingsare returningtothe
boundlesselementsfromwhichthey
came.He saw universe asakindof
organism, supportedby“pneuma”
(CosmicBreath).
Anaximenes(599-524
BC.)
Philipicca
Airisthe Arche
All livingthingsare made upof vapor.
Source of all livingthingsmustbe air
or vapor. He proposedthateverything
isair and source of all thingsin
universe isair.He wasthe firstto
distinguishbetweenstarandplanets.
Pythagoras (580-500 BC.) Harmonyof Spheres
Pythagorastheorem
The Orderand Doctrine
The Secrethistory of
Pythagoras
He believedthatall thingsare
numbers.The worldcan be
understoodthroughmathematics.
Innumerabilityconstitutesthe true
nature of things.He believedt5hat
soul residesinbrainandisimmortal
and itgoesintotransmigrationfrom
one beingtoanothersometimesfrom
humanto animal andthenit becomes
pure.He alsobelievedthatworld
dependsoninteractionof opposite
betweenmalesandfemale,lightand
darkness.
Xenophanesof Colophon
(570-480 BC.)
Xenophanes of
Colophon
Fragments
Buried his own son
He stressed unity rather than diversity
and viewed the separate existence of
material things as apparentrather than
real.
Heraclitus ofEphesus OnPolitics “Everythingflows”.He proposedthat

3. (540-460 BC.) OnUniverse nature is in continuousflux.Lifeislike
a river. The peaksand troughsare all
the part of ride.
Epicharmus of Kos (530-
450 BC.)
52 comedies that are
now lost and in fragments.
AgrostinosGa Kai
Thalassa (Earth and Sea)
Elpis (Hope) & Ploutos
(Wealth)
He wasof the view thatthe
contionousexercise of virtue could
overcome heredity,sothatanyone
had potential tobe a goodperson
regardlessof birth.
500-400 BC.
ParmenidesofElea (540-
? BC.)
The way of truth
Proem
Parmenides of Elia :
Fragments : A Text and
translation with Introduction.
“Nothingcan come from nothing”.He
assertedthatchange is impossible,
and that comingintoexistence or
ceasingto existare likewise
impossible,sothateverythingis
permanent, ingenerated,indestructible
and unchanging.
Anaxagoras (500-428
B.C.)
Cosmologytheory
Simpliciusof Cilicus
“Somethingofeverythingin
everything” orthe universe was a
mixture of al,itsingredients,although
the mixture istrulyuniformandthese
ingredientsvariesfromtime totime
and place to place.Andthisisa
natural processwithoutthe helpof
any god.
Zenoof Elea (490-430
BC.)
Reductio ad
absurdum
The Paradoxes
Fatherof stoicism. He devisedseveral
paradoxesseemingtoshow that
motionisimpossible. He proposed that
motionisnothingjustan illusion.
Empedocles(490-430
B.C.)
StrasbourgPapyrus
Theoriesof Causation
Worldis consistof more than one
single substance.(earth,air,fire and
water)
Gorgias(483-374 BC.) Ecomiumof Helen
Defense of Palamades
Technai
He believedthatthere wasno
absolute formof virtue butthat if was
relative toeachsituation.He believed
that rhetoricwaskingof all other
sciencesbecause itwascapable of
persuadinganycourse of action.
Protagoras of Abdera
(481-420 BC.)
Alethia
Paretheon
Onthe Gods
He believedinanobjectivestandard
of truthwhicheveryone needsto
apprehendandacknowledgeinorder
to live afull life.
Sophist Onthe Non-Existent (Protagoras,Antiphon,Herodes
Atticus,Gorgias,SextusEmpiricus,
Dissoi Logoi) were professional
teachersof Greece. Theyattackedon
traditional moral valuesmarksthe
beginningof ethical philosophy.

4. Socrates (470-399 B.C.) Socraticmethod
The gadflyof Athens
Trial andExecution
The onlythingI know is thatI know
nothing.He elaboratedthe question
answeringmethod.
Leucippus(5th
Century
BC.)
AtomistDoctrine
Greatworldsystem
All thingsare composedof indivisible
external particles.
Epicurus (448-370 B.C.) Calistolos
Antidorus
Timocrates
Hgisianax
Onthe Criterion
Epicureanschool of thought. He held
the notion that highestobjective isto
leada pleasantlife throughmoderate
living.
400-300 BC.
Antisthenes(444-365
BC.)
DialogicaVaria
Tragica& Homerica
Theoryof Ethics.
Theoryof Logic
True happinessis notfoundin
external advantages.Itisin
everyone’sreach. He isthe founderof
Cynicism.
Aristippus(440-366 BC.) Phaedo(bookonsoul)
Cleombrotus
The highest aimof lifeis to gain possible
sensory enjoyment.
Hippocrates (430-377
B.C.)
HippocratesOath
Vismedicatrix nature
HippocraticCorpus
He wasthe firstmedical practitioner.
He foundedthe CoanSchool of
Medicine.He removedthe stance of
disease aspunishment
Aesara of Luciana
(around 350 B.C.)
Archytasof Tarentum
Morality& Natural laws
Greekphilosopher.She introspecting
aboutthe nature of nature and
structure of humansoul we can
identifyastandardof personal and
publicmorality.
Plato (428-347 B.C.) Apology
Theoryof forms
HapicusMajor
Lawsof nature
He wasconcernedwiththe relation
between “whatisimmutable” and
“what flows”.He proposed“theoryof
ideas. Bestwayof state isclass
structuredaristocracyruledby
philosopher-kings. The formof Good
the ultimate source of realityand
value
Xenophon(427-355 BC.) Anabasis
Memorobilia
Hiero
Oeconomicus
He wasa political philosopherandhe
proposedaview thata man should
live alife ina state not accordingto
state will butaccordingto hisownwill
Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Lyceum
The unmovedmover
200 dialogueswere
writtenbyhim
He stressedthathighestdegreeof
realityisthathow we perceive things.
The distinguishedbetweenformand
substance.Andthese are the facts

5. aboutnatural world. Happinessisour
highestgood. State providesagood
life toitscitizens onthe basisof
circumstances.
II- Hellenistic andChrist Era
300-200 BC.
Theophrastus (371-287
BC.)
Peri PhytonHistoria
Physikondoxai
He basicallystrengthen the beliefsof
people onthe systematicunity andto
reduce the transcendental elements
Pyrrho (360-270 BC.) Stoics& Skeptics
Pyrrho,His
Antecedents,andHis
Legacy
Everytheorycan be opposedbyan
equal validcontradictorytheory;we
mustsuspend judgmentonall issues.
Epicurus (341-270 BC.) Calistolos
Antidorus
Timocrates
Hgisianax
Onthe Criterion
Epicureanschool of thought. He held
the notion that highestobjective isto
leada pleasantlife throughmoderate
living.
Strato of Lampsacus
(340-268 BC.)
Of kingship
Of justice
Of Goods
Of gods
Onthe Void
OnHappiness
He wasof the materialisticbelieved
that everythinginuniverseismade
composedof matterand energy.He
formulatesasecularview inwhich
God ismerelythe unconscious force
of nature.
Timon (320-230 BC.) The Silloi
Indalmoi
He wasthe kingof the state andhe
embarkeduponthe sarcastic
approach towardsthe dogmaticviews
of philosophers.
200-100 BC.
Carnaeades(214-129 BC.) Cleitomachus
To Pithanon
He workedonhumanfreedom,
determinismandtruthvalues.He
gave the bivalence principle that(only
statementP,eitherPistrue or false)
III- Roman Era Philosopher
100 BC-01 AD
Lucretius (99-55 BC.) De rarum natura He proposed a view that death is nothing
to us.it means that when we became
dead our bodies remain dead but our soul
are always alive,they are immortal
01 – 100 AD
Cicero(106-43 B.C.) Adatticum
De Orate
He formedthe conceptof
“humanism”.
Philo(20 BC – 40 AD) EveryGoodMan isFree
Onthe Eternity
Onthe Providence
He synthesizesthe revealedfaithand
philosophical reason.He occupiesa
unique positioninthe historyof
philosophy.He isalsoregardedby

6. fore-runnerof Christiantheology.
Senecathe younger(4 BC
– 65 AD)
Adluccilium
Naturalesquaestiones
Proposedasloganfor humanism
school of thought “to mankind,
mankind is holy”
100-200 AD
Epictetus(55-133 AD.) The Discourses
Enchiridion
He proposedaview thatnature of
thingsalwaysbasedontwothings
(Inclusive(health,wealth,fame) and
Exclusive (judgment,impulse) power).
To become successful inlifewe must
control overexternal things.Sothatis
improvesthe innerjudgmentand
innercalmness.
Marcus Aurelius(121-180
AD.)
Meditations
The Essential
He wasthe emperor.He hasno faith
on afterlifeandhismotivesabout
desire are verycorrupt.He
encouragedGreekculture inRome.
200-400 AD
SextusEmpiricus (3rd
century)
Outline of Pyrrhonism
Againstthe
Mathematicians
He wasfamousskeptic. He argued
that we shouldsuspendjudgment
aboutvirtuallyall beliefs.Thatis,we
shouldneitheraffirmanybelief as
true nor denyany beliefasfalse.
Plotinus(205-270 AD.) Enneads
Six booksof nine
treatises
Timaeus
All thatexistisGod. Soul isilluminated
by the lightfromthe God, while
matteris the darknessthathas no real
existence.
Hypatia (350-415 AD.) Almagest
Plotemaicmodel
Proposedthe importance of
mathematicsin life.She wasthe most
prominentladywhoworkedin
mathematics,whoencouragedthe
conceptof circle,triangle and
hyperbola.
Augustine of Hippo(354-
430 AD.)
Confesssions
De Civitate Dei
De Trinitate
He arguedthat skepticshave nobasis
for claimingtoknow thatthere is no
knowledge,andhe believedthat
genuine humanknowledge canbe
establishedwithcertainty.He
believedreasontobe a uniquely
humancognitive capacity that
comprehends deductive truthandlogic.
IV- Medieval Philosophers
500—800 AD
Boethius(480-524 AD.) Consolationof
Philosophy
He arguedaboutacceptance of
hardshipina spiritof philosophical

7. The Metresof Boethius detachmentfrommisfortune.He
arguedthat fortune all happens with
the will of god.
John Philoponus(490-
570 AD.)
Onthe Eternityof
Worlds
Theoryof Impetus
He arguedthat motionisintrinsic
propertyof the movingobjectitself.
John of Dasmascus (680-
750 AD.)
Isogogue
Panarion
Pege gnoseos
Philosophyisthe knowledge of things
(divine andhumanthings) whichare
inso far as theyare, thatis,
knowledge of the nature of things
whichhave beingboth. (Visibleand
Invisible).
800-900 AD
Al-Kundi (801-873 AD.) Al-Falsafahal-ulafima
dunal-tabi’yatwaal-
tawhid
He laidthe foundationforexplaining
the problemof free will ina
philosophical way.Real actionsare
not the resultof intentionorwill and
that the will of manis a psychological
powermovedbythoughts.Defined
God as an absolute andtranscendent
being.
John the Scot (815-877
AD.)
De Predestinations
De divisione
He arguedthat God isthe beginning
and endof all beingsandthe dual
mode of existence of thingsare
intelligibleandsensible nature.
900-100 AD
Al-Razi (865-925 AD.) Alchemy
Kitabal-hawi
He developedthe theoryof five
eternals,accordingtowghichworldis
producedoutof an interaction
betweenGodandfourothereternal
principles(soul,matter,timeand
place).
Al-Farabi (870-950 AD.) al-ijtima’al-fadil
al-madinaal-fadila
He acclaimedGodto be Absolute
beingasthe firstcause.He regarded
the ideal state governedbyImam.The
virtuoussocietywhere people
cooperate togain happiness.Society
isdividedintowicked,ignorantand
errant people.
1000-1100 AD
Ibn-Sina(980-1037
AD.)
Maqalafi’l-nafs
The bookof Healing
al-Hikmaal’Arudiya
That there isa parallelismbetween
philosophyandtheology.

8. Anselm(1034-1109 AD.) De grammatico
The De Veritate
The Monologion
He arguedthat withoutthe absolute
truth (God),andwithoutthisabsolute
truth or belief ourbasicfaithisin
trouble.He use the priori to
understandthe basicconceptsof
absolute truth.
Al-Ghazali (1058-1111
AD.)
Tuhafatul al-Falsifah
Ihyaal-‘Uiumal-Islamia
He arguedthat philosophyis
incomplete withoutreligion.He
furtherarguedthat God knowsby
essence notbyknowledge.Ethicsis
aroundthe control of soul and body
and rewardsare spiritual notbodily.
1100-1200 AD
PeterAbelard (1079-1160
AD.)
Sicet Non(Yesor No)
The philosophyof Peter
Albelard
Medieval philosopher.
Carefullyanalyzesthe moralityof
intent. Moral goodnessliesin
intendingtoshow love of Godand
neighborandbeingcorrectinthat
intension.
Averroes(1126-1198
AD.)
TAHFUL AL-TAHAFAT
Kitabal-Falsafa
He saidmaterialismandintellectis
same for whole mankind.He accepted
Aristotle viewthatmanisa social
animal andhe can’tlive ina solitary
life. He believedintwo separate
truths,that of religionandthatof
philosophy.
Maimonides(1135-1204
AD.)
Guide forPerpexed
Mishnah
It isimpossiblefortrutharrivedat by
humanintellecttocontradictthose
revealedbyGod.He alsoproves
Aristotle viewthatGodcare is always
providenttohumanitynotindividual.
St. Francis of Assisi
(1182-1226 AD.)
CantciumFratrisSolis
RgullaBullata
Admonites
Influencedbymystical tendenciesin
Neo-Platonism, soughtareturnto the
firstprinciple of being.
1200-1300 AD
Albertthe great (1193-
1280 AD.)
SummaTheologiae
OnCleavingtoGod
OnUnionwithGod
He wasneo-platonism.He basically
arguedon the doctrine of church and
discussedabout the matter of music
as it effectsonsoul.
Thomas Aquinas (1214-
1274 AD.)
SummaContraGentiles
Onthe Truth of Catholic
Faith
SummaTheologica
Quinquae viae
He proposedthe ideathat God is
alwaysverifiedthroughreasonand
rational explanation.Reconciled
Aristotelianethical naturalismwith
Christianity.Proposedfourkindsof
lawsfor state to relate betweenstate
and church.

9. Roger Bacon (1214-1294
AD.)
OpusMajus
OpusMinus
OpusTertium
SpeculumAlchemiae
The mirrorof Alchemy
He wasa medievalEnglish
philosopherandFranciscanfriarwho
placedemphasisonthe studyof
nature throughempiricism.
Siger(1240-1280 AD.) De unitate intellectus Hebembarkeduponthe church of
that time andtalkedforthe well being
of the people.He criticallyevaluate
the philosophyof ThomasAquinas
1300-1400 AD
Marsiliusof Padua (1270-
1342 AD.)
The Defenderof Pence
DefensorPacis
He basicallycriticizespope andgave
the three foldview of state,firstis
Aristotle wayof state,secondone is
church and thirdone isthe wayof
people forminggovernment.
WilliamofOckham
(1288-1348 AD.)
OckhamRazor
Entianonsunt
multiplicandaor
necessitate
He devisedthe viewsof divine
omnipotence,grace andjustification
as well asethics
Jean Buridan (1300-1358
AD.)
OnHeavens
ParvaNaturalia
He workedbasicallyonmathematics
and natural philosophy.He arguedon
theoryof motionthat onlyaninternal
motive force,transmittedfromthe
moverto the projectile,couldexplain
itsmotion.
John Wycliffe (1320-1384
AD.)
De eucharistia
De apostasia
ContinuatioLogicae
Thingsare placedinextra-ordinary
worldand we basicallyperceive the
thingsonthe basisof perceptionand
theirphysical appearancesandwe
perceive themonthe basisof two
genre substancesandqualities.
Nicole Oresme (1320-
1382 AD.)
Condiciotheoryof
accidents
De origine,natura,jure
et mutationibus
momentarum
He workedupontheoryof motion.He
proposedthatmotionisa fluxus,a
successive entityof itsownthatexists
inaddition tothe mobile andthe
thingsthat are acquiredduring
motion. This isa clear departure from
nominalisticposition.
1400-1500 AD
Nicholasof Cusa (1401-
1464 AD.)
ImagoDei
SolaScriptura
He basicallygave the political theory
throughwhicha state can be run. He
arguedboththe church andthe state
shouldworktogetherina wayfor the
basicwell-beingof people.
Lorenzo Valla(1407-1457
AD.)
De voluptate
De Professione
religiosorum
He isbestknownforhis textual
analysisthatprovedthe donationof
Constantine wasaforgery.

10. Pico dellaMirandola
(1463-1494 AD.)
Dignityof Man
De ente etuno
He talkedaboutthe dignityof man
that how man differfromother
creaturesas man isa creationwith
unique andimportanttrait,free will.
V- Early ModernPhilosophers
1500-1550 AD
DesideriusErasmus
(1466-1536 AD.)
QurelaPacis
Copia,Eramus
He wasthe memberof churchand he
devisedthe doctrine of free will of
CatholicChurch.
NicholoMachiavelli
(1469-1527 AD.)
The Prince
Discorsi sopralaprima
deca di TitoLivio
He devisedthe relationshipbetween
ethicsandpowerina society.His
famousquotationis“endjustifiesthe
mean”.If bloodsheddingforathe
sake of societyisnota bad thing.
Martin Luthur (1483-
1546 AD.)
The Law and the Gospel
Theologyof the Cross
He believed,rather,thatphilosophy
and reasonhadimportantrolesto
playinour livesandinthe livesof
community.
1550-1600 AD
John Calvin(1509-1564
AD.)
Michael Servetus
ReformsinGeneva
He helpedpopularizethe beliefinthe
sovereigntyof Godinall areasof life,
as well asthe doctrine of
predestination.
Francisco Suarez (1548-
1617 AD.)
De Incarnatione
De sacramentis
De religione
De operasex dierum
He isthe eminentrepresentative of
Scholasticism.;he adheredtoa
moderate formof Thomismand
developedmetaphysicsasa
systematicenquiry.
GiordanoBruno (1548-
1600 AD.)
Operalatine Conscripta
Operamagiche
Bruno burnedatthe stake fora
stubbornadherence tohisthen
unorthodox beliefs –includingthe
ideasthatthe universe isinfinite and
that othersolarsystemexist
1600-1650 AD
Francis Bacon (1561-1626
AD.)
NovumOrganum
Advancementof
Learning
He proposedthatthe defectsof all
previoussystemsof beliefsabout
nature,he argued,layin the
inadequate treatmentof the general
propositionsfromwhichthe
deductionwere made.
GalileoGalilei (1564-1642
AD.)
Dialoguesconvcerning
twoworldsystem
He proposed fundamental conceptsin
kinematics,dynamicsandballistics.He
gave the “Law ofInertia”.
Hugo Grotius(1583-1645
AD.)
De IndisandMare
Liberum
De Jure Belli acPacis
He proposedthe basicpolitical
thoughtsandmoral theoriesof
enlightenment

11. Rene Descartes (1596-
1650 AD.)
Discourse onmethod
--.MeditationsonFirst
Philosophy
Philosophyshouldgofromsimple to
the complex toconstructa new
insight.Proposedthe conceptof
dualism, andsaid “Ithink therefore I
am”.
1650-1700 AD
Thomas Hobbeps (1588-
1679 AD.)
Levianthan
Elementsof Law
He isthe firstgreat modern
materialist.He heldthatall thatexists
isbodiesinmotion.“Good”and “evil”
denote whata person“desires”or
“hate”.A sense of transferof power
shouldbe inpeople tolive honorable
&peaceful life.
Jacques Rohault (1617-
1672 AD.)
Traite de physique
Cartesianmodel
He gave the qualifiedsupporttoits
corpuscular oratomicformof
explanation,assumingthat“small
figuredbodies”were the underlying
physical reality.
GeraudCordemoy(1626-
1684 AD.)
Discourse de l’action
descorps
Discourse psychiae de la
parole
He basicallyworkedontheoriesof
language.He proposedthe notion
that the mainconcern of the beingis
liesinlanguage anditremain
Cartesianwiththoughts.
Richard Cumberland
(1631-1718 AD.)
De legibusnaturae He proposedthe view thatself-
advantage isnot the chief concernof
thingsbutthe advantageof whole
societyisthe mainconcernof the
state
John Locke (1632-1704
AD.)
AnEssay concerning
humaneducation
Anessay concerning
toleration
We perceive objectsindirectlyby
meansof perceptionof them.
God gave natural rightsand state is
createdfor the protectionof that
rights
Baruch Spinoza(1632-
1677 AD.)
Improvementto
understanding:Ethicsand
Correspondence of
Benedictde Spinoza
Tratadopolitico
Spinozainterpretedthisasmeaning
bothlove of God and love of
humanity.Everythinginthe material
worldhappensthroughnecessity.
Issac Newton(1643-1727
AD.)
PhilosphiaePrincipia
Mathematica
He proposed “Lawof Gravitation”.He
arguedthat by law of gravitation
thingsfall ongroundand things
movesonground.
1700-1750 AD
GottfriedLeibniz(1646-
1716 AD.)
Discouse on
Metaphysics
The CalsulusWar
The ultimate realityof thingsisnon
material,invisible unitsof force.

12. John Norris (1657-1711
AD.)
A collectionof
Miscellanies
The root of liberty
He believedthatgodtruthand love is
ineveryaspectof life,andthat the
purpose of educationandknowledge
be onlyto betterunderstandgodand
religion(Christianity)
ChristianWolff(1679-
1754 AD.)
Dissertatioalgebracia
de alogrithmo
infinitesimali differentiali
Psychologiaempirica
He proposesthatthe purpose of
knowledge shouldnotbe rootedin
whathe calls“the puristof the
knowledge of truth”butalsoinits
utilityandpractical valuesithasfor
humanin everydaylife.He workedon
logic.
George Berkeley(1685-
1753 AD.)
A Treatise Concerning
the purpose of human
knowledge
AnEssay towardneew
theoryof vision.
Material realitydoesn’texist.We
perceive onlyideas. Everythingwe see
and feel is‘aneffectof God’spower.
David Hartley (1705-1757
AD.)
ObservationonMan
HisFrame
HisDuty andHis
Expectations
He soughtto explainnotonly the
phenomenaof memory,whichother
had similarlyexplainedbefore him,
but alsothe phenomenaof reasoning,
and of voluntaryandinvoluntary
action.
1750-1800 AD
Thomas Reid (1710-1796
AD.)
Essayon the intellectual
powerof man
Essayon the active
powerof Human Mind
He believedthatcommonsense
shouldbe or at leastisthe foundation
of all philosophical inquiry.The
foundationinoursensesshowsthat
we are inthisworld.
David Hume (1711-1776
AD.)
A Treatise toHuman
Nature
AnEnquiryconcerning
humanunderstanding
Dialoguesconcerning
Natural Religion
Each elementwasonce sensed,and
enteredthe theatre of the mindinthe
formof a real ‘impression’.The act
that pleasesourmoral sensibility is
one that reflectsthe agent’s
benevolentcharacter.
Jean-JacquesRousseau
(1712-1778 AD.)
The Social Contract
Discourse of Inequality
Emile oron education
He believedthatpeople neithergive
up theirrightsto the state nor entrust
them.People shouldunite instate for
creatingsocial impact.
Adam Smith (1723-1790
AD.)
Wealthof Nation
The Theory76 of Moral
Sentiments
Lectureson
Jurisprudence
He talkedaboutCapitalism. He talked
aboutfree marketeconomyanda
laissez-faireeconomy.
Immanuel Kant (1724-
1804 AD.)
Critique of Pure Reason
Critique of Practical
Reason
All ourknowledge of the worldcomes
fromour sensationandinsensation
by experience.Butinour reasonthere

13. Critique of Judgment are decisive factorsthatdetermine
how we perceive the worldaroundus.
A part of happinessmustbe measured
interm of qualityandquantity.
Edmund Burke (1729-
1797 AD.)
ReflectionsonFrench
Revolution
A philosophical enquiry
A vindicationof Natural
Theory
His political principleswererootedin
moral and natural lawsand western
traditions.He believedinprescriptive
rightsand that those rightswere God-
given.
Thomas Jefferson(1743-
1824 AD.)
Note4sonthe state of
Virginia
A Manual of Parliament
The Portable
He outlinednew political principles
that launchedanew nation.Asa
framerof the VirginiaStatue of
ReligiousLiberty,he spearheaded
earlyeffortstoseparate churchand
state.
JeremyBentham (1748-
1832 AD.)
El Panoptico
A fragmenton
government
The bookof fallacies
A utilitarian.Pleasure canbe
evaluatedquantatively.Dismissedtalk
aboutnatural rightsas meaningless.
G. W.F. Hegel (1770-
1831 AD.)
The Phenomenologyof
mind
Science of Logic
Philosophyof Rights
Realityisthe expressionof thought
and reason.There are three stagesof
knowledge (thesis,antithesisand
synthesis).
VI- Modernphilosophers
1800-1850 AD
F. W. J. von Schelling
(1775-1854 AD.)
Onthe essence of
hiumanfreedom
the Abyssof Freedom
The Indivisible
Remainder
All of nature – boththe human soul
and physical reality –isthe expression
of one Absolute,orworldspirit,he
believed.He wantedtounite mind
and matter.
Ralph WaldoEmerson
(1803-1832)
Self Reliance
Nature
The essaysof Ralph
Waldo
He believedinremainingthe divineas
somethinglarge andvisible,whichhe
referredtoas nature:such an ideais
knownas transdentalism, inwhich
one perceivesanew Godand their
body,and becomesone with their
surroundings
Alexisde Tocquevillie
(1805-1859)
DemocracyinAmerica
the OldRegime and
Resolution
Tocqueville inAmerica
He believe thatAmericanjurysystem
was particularlyimportantin
educatingcitizeninself-government and
rule of law.He oftenexpressedthat
how the civil jurysystemwasone of
the most effective showcaseof
democracybecause itconnected
citizenswiththe true spiritof the
justice system

14. John Stuart Mill (1806-
1873)
OnLiberty
The Subjectionon
Women
Principlesof Political
Economy
A utilitarian.Pleasure –a part of
happiness –mustbe measuredin
termof qualityandquantity.The
functionof state isto promote
general happiness.
Augustus De Morgan
(1806-1871)
A budgetof Paradoxes
Memiorof AugustusDe
Morgan
His majorcontributionare in
mathematicswhere he induced
Morgan lawsand workleadingtothe
developmentof the theoryof
relationsandthe rise of modern
symbolicorlogic.
CharlesDarwin (1809-
1882)
Origionof Species
The Voyage of the
Beogle
“Theoryof evolution”. He made a
“bridge” betweentworealmsof
thoughts.
Soren Kierkegaard(1813-
1855)
Either/Or
Fearand Trembling
He proposedthree stagesof life
(aestheticstage,ethical stage,
religiousstage).
Max Stirner (1816-1856) The egoand itsown
Stirner’scritics
All thingsare nothingto
me
He claimsthatphilosophydoesn’t
botheritself withwithobjects
(Religion),nordoesit“make anobject
(Art).Itis basicallyadifferential
betweenartandreligion.
Henry David Thoreau
(1817-1862 AD.)
Walden
Walking
A weekonthe Concord
He gave the view inhisessayto civil
disobedience,whichshowsthatwe
shouldbe disobedienttowardthe
unjuststate
1850-1900 CE
Karl Marx (1818-1883) Capital
The Communist
The Germanideology
He gave the view of capitalismandhe
alsoprovidedthe view of labortheory
of value includingthe capital profit
and surplusvalue.Hismajor
contributionsare ineconomicsand
politics.
Herbert Spencer(1820-
1903)
The Godwulf manuscript
Godsave the Child
He heldthe notionthatthe life of
humanin a societywasa struggle for
existence ruledbysurvival of the
fittest.Heblateracceptedthe theory
that natural lawswere one of the
causesof biological evolution.
CharlesSanders Peirce
(1839-1914)
The essential Pierce
Collectedpapersof
Pierce
The Fixationof Belief
The sum of consequenceswill
constitute the entire meaningof the
conception
WilliamJames(1842-
1910)
The Principlesof
Philosophy
The varitiesof Religious
Experience
What differentiatebetweenyouand
me and presentedworld-formulabe
true one.

15. FriedrichNietzsche
(1844-1900)
BeyondGoodandevil
ThusSpoke Zaratushtra
He anticipatedimportantthemesof
existentialism.Distinguishbetween
slave moralityandmastermorality.
Ferdinandde Saussure
(1857-1913)
Course inGeneral
Linguistics
Melangesde Linguistics
He isconsideredasfatherof
linguistics.He wasthe firstwho
emphasisonthe studyof language for
use of language ina properway.
Edmund HusserI (1859-
1938)
Logical Investigation
The crisisof European
sciences
Firstgreat phenomenologist. He gave
the procedure bywhichthe realityof
objectsandeventsare perceivedin
humanconsciousness.
John Dewey(1859-1952) Democracyand
Education
How we think
Experience and
Education
Think isnot a search fortruth but is
aimedat solvingpractical problems.
Rabindranath Tagore
(1861-
Gitanjli
Kubiwala
Gora
UnitedIndiatradition thathow Indian
culture isacquiringconditionsof
modernworld.
Max Weber(1864-1920) The Protestant
PoliticsasaVocation
Science asa Vocation
He gave rationalizationtheorywhich
referstothe processbywhichmodern
societyhasincreasinglybecome
concernedwithEfficiency:achieving
the maximumresultswithaminimum
amountof effort
G. E. Moore (1873-1958) PrincipiaEthica
The Nature of Judgment
Some judgmentsof
Perceptions
A deference of Common
Sense
He assertedthatphilosophical
argumentscan sufferfromconfusion
betweenthe use of aterm ina
particularargumentandthe definition
of thatterm.He namedthisconfusion
naturalisticfallacy.One saygoodand
othersay beautiful thanitmeansboth
are true because the value of
goodnesscanneverbe judged.
1900-1950 AD
George Santayana (1863-
1952)
The Sense of Beauty
The Life of Reason
The Last Purtin
He basicallycontributedinphilosophy
interm of beautyand the beautyin
sense of aesthetics.He moveda
notionthat“those whocannot
rememberthe pastare condemnedto
repeatit”
H. A. Prichard (1871-
1947)
Moral Obligations
Kanttheoryof
Knowledge
Moral Writings
He wasfamousethical intuitionism.
He arguedthat moral obligations
cannot be reducedtoanythingelse,
but isperceivedbydirectintuition.
Bertrand Russell (1872-
1970)
Historyof Western
Philosophy
Philosophyisthe wayof thinking
aboutthe world,universe,and

16. The Problemsof
Philosophy
society.Itworksby askingverybasic
questionsaboutthe nature of human
thoughts,the nature of universe and
the connectionbetweenthem.Butit
doesnotmean thatphilosophyisnot
aboutthe real world
Max Scheler(1874-1928
AD.)
The HumanPlace in the
Cosmos
Onthe Eternal in Man
He studiedthe structure of mental
experiencestoencompassit
judgmentswithvalues,moralityand
concepts.he movedthe notionthat
everyconsciousexperience Irelated
to man
Ernst Cassirer(1874-1945
AD.)
The Philosophyof
SymbolicForms
AnEssay onMan
The mythsof the State
He arguedthat man issymbolic
animal,whereasanimalsperceive the
worldbyinstinctanddirect
experience andsensoryperceptions,
humancreatesthe universe of
symbolicmeaning.
Pierre Theilhardde
Chardin (1881-1955 AD.)
The Phenomenonof
Man
The Future of Man
Christianityand
Evolution
He gave the theorythat if the world
evolutionisconvergentandChristis
the center,thencosmogenesis
becomesaChristogenesis“meaninga
processthat formsthe Total Christ.
Jacques Maritain (1882-
1973 AD.)
The Degree of
Knowledge
Man and State
AnIntroductionto
Philosophy
He proposedthe notionthat“Lacked
knowledge of humanity’sultimate
end”
Ludwig Wittgenstein
(1889-1951 AD.)
OnCertainty
TractatusLogico-
Philosophicus
He saidthat ethicsisthe code of life
by whichwe live inthisworld.
Gabriel Marcel (1889-
1973 AD.)
The Mysteryof Being
BeingandHaving
He wasexistentialismanditsviewfor
life’sexperiencesandinteractionsre
meaningless
Martin Heidegger(1889-
1976 AD.)
Beingandtime
Whatis calledthinking
He showsthathuman realityisoften
lostininauthenticandeverydaylife.
But humanbeingcan alsofindhis
authenticityandopenthe mysteryof
the Being,source of all things
WalterBenjamin(1892-
1940 AD.)
ArcadesProject
Illuminations
He wasof the view thatphilosopher
and critical theoristcanbe gaugedby
the diversityof hisintellectual
influenceandthe continuing
productivityof histhoughts.
Karl Popper (1902-1994
AD.)
The OpenSocietyand
itsEnemies
Objectiveknowledge
He arguedthat scientifictheoriesare
distinguishedfromnon-scientific
theoriesandpseudo-science bybeing

17. falsifiable claimsaboutthe world.
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-
1980 AD.)
Nausea
BeingandNothingness
The Wall
Emphasizedthe significance of
abandonmentanditsimplications.
Karl Jaspers (1905-1982
AD.)
Wayto Wiosdom
The question of
GermanGuilt
“Individual freedompermeateshis
work”
VII- Post Colonial Thoughts
LeopoldSedar Senghor
(1906 - )
The CollectedPoetry
Ethiopiques
Formulatedthe conceptof negritude,
whichassertsan essential uniqueness
inAfricanculture.
Hannah Arendt(1906-
1975 AD.)
The HumanCondition
The Originof
Totalitarianism
She talkedaboutfreedomof will,
freedomof choice anddecides
betweentwothingsthe goodandthe
evil andwhose choice ispre-
determinedbymotive whichhasonly
to be arguedto start its opration.
Simon de Beauvoir
(1908-1986)
The SecondSex
The Maridians
Extendedthe discussionof feminism
intoall areas of intellectual endeavor.
Claude Levi-Strauss(1908
- )
The Savage mind
The elementaryKinship
AdaptedandappliedSaussure’s
structuralismapproachto
ethnographicresearch.
AlbertCamus (1913-
1960)
The Stranger
The Plague
He emphasizedonthe absurdityof
worldand the inabilityof the
individualtomeetgenuinehuman
needswithinit
Francisco Miro
Quesada (1918 - )
LecionesCoraje
LessoninCourage
Notedforhiswork intheoryof
knowledge andpolitical theory,which
avoidsmetaphysical solutionsto
problems.
Chaikh Anta Diop (1923-
1986)
The AfricianOriginof
Civilization
The Cultural Unityof
Black Africa
ArguedblackAfricawasthe originof
EgyptianCivilization.
Zygmunt Bauman (1925-
2017)
LiquidModernity
LiquidLove
He talkedonmodernitythatitcontrol
overour nature,hierarchical
bureaucracy,rulesandregulations –
all of whichattemptedtoremove
graduallypersonal insecurities,
makingchaoticconceptof humanlife
ina well order.
Michel Foulcast(1926-
1984)
Discipline andPunish
The Orderof Things
Providedacritique of conventional
social madnessandsexuality.

18. Noam Chomsky (born
1928)
SyntatcticStructures
Hegemonyof Survival
He isthe linguist,whogenerative
conceptof transformational
generative grammarwhichisfounded
on mentalistphilosophy.
Jaakko Hintikka (1929-
2015)
The Principlesof
Mathematics
Language,Truthand
Logic
He isone of the modern philosopher
whoemphasisonthe value of truth
and logicandby logicw basically
determinesthe things
Martin Luthur Jr.(1929-
1968)
IHave a Dream
Where DoWe Go From
Here
Ledthe AfricanAmericansdrive for
equal civil rights.
Jacques Derrida (1930-
2004)
Of grammatology
Spectersof Marx
Influential Frenchdeconstructionalist.
Desmond Tutu (1931 - ) The Bookof forgiving
NoFuture Without
Forgiveness
Providedsignificantspiritualand
moral leadershipinthe successful
struggle againstapartheid.
Richard Rorty (1931-
2007)
Philosophyandthe
Mirror of True
Achievingourcountry
Interpretedcontinentalphilosophy
througha pragmatic perspective.
Val Plumwood(1939-
2080)
Environmental Culture
The Eye of Crocodile
Findsthe inferiorizationof women
and nature to be linkedandgrounded
inthe rationalistconceptionof human
nature and the liberal conceptsof the
individual.
Carol Gilligan(1936- ) Ina different
The birthof Pleasure
Arguesthatmen andwomenhave
characteristicallydifferent waysof
reasoningaboutmoral issues.
Cornel West(1953 - ) Race Matters
Democracymatters
Bestknownfor hisanalysisof depth
dimensionsof racial issues
VIII- Feminist philosophers
1950-2000 CE
Bell Hooks (1955 - ) All aboutLbove
Ain’tIa women
Her critical analysisof typesof
feminismthatfail todojustice tothe
needsof minoritywomen.
GloriaSteinem(1934 - ) My Life onthe Road
revolutionfromWithin
She broughtfeministissuestothe
public’sattention.
Kate Millett(1934-1947) Sexual politics
Flying
Arguesthatpatriarchy extendstoall
areas of life.
Sara Ruddick (1935-2011) Maternal thinking Experience of beingamotheris
influencesone’s moral perceptions.
Ann Ferguson (1938- ) Sexual Democracy
Bloodatthe Root
We shouldpursue amono-
androgynoussocietytoensure that
we are all fullyhuman.
Joyce Trebilcot Dyke Ideas The androgynoussocietyshould
include asmanyoptionsas possible,

19. includingtraditionallymale typesand
traditional female types.
Marilyn Frye (1941- ) The Politicsof Reality
WillfulVirgin
Of masculine andfeminine are shaped
by ideasof dominance and
subordination.
Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak (born 1942)
InotherWorld
Outside the teaching
Machine
She basicallyembarkedonthe rights
of womeninsucha way that they
shouldbe place at equal status
accordingto men
Nancy Chordorow (1944-
)
The Reproduction
Feminismand
Psychology
Difference betweenmenandwomen
can be tracedto the psychodynamics
of the nuclearfamily.
ShulamithFirestone
(1945 - 2012)
The Dialecticof Sex
AirlessSpaces
Arguedthatnew reproductive
technologiescouldfree womenfrom
oppression.
Susan MollerOkin (1946-
2004)
Justice,genderand
Family
WomeninWestern
Philosophy
Criticize the traditionalthemesof
justice.
IX - EasternPhilosophy
Before 256 BC
Guan Zhong (diedin645
BC.)
Guanzi
Romancesof Three
Kingdoms
Economicsdialoguesin
ancientchina
He proposedthe notion “balancing
the lightand the heavy”. He wasthe
chancellorof the state and he
proposedthe social lawsinsucha
waysthat everyone isequal and
everyone shouldgetthingsaccording
to theirnecessities.
Confucius(551-479 BC.) The Bookof document
The Doctrine of the
Mean and the Great
Learning
Empasizedthe perfectibilityof people
as well astheirabilitytoeffectthings
for the better.
Sun Tazu (544-496 BC.) The Art of War He basicallywrote philosophyabout
the militarystrategiesinsuchaway
by militaryrule we canrule the world
ina goodway otherwise itisgoodfor
nothing.
475-221 BC.
Laozi (4th
CenturyBC.) Tao Te ching
Zhuangzi
He isthe basicproponentof Taoism.
In Chinese Taoismisawayof life (the
Chinese word“Dao”or “Tao” means
“way”). Its fundamental meaningis
that simplicityorselflessness,means
leadingalife of spontaneity.
Mencius(372-289 BC.) Confuciusdescribedanethical Heaven
and ethical humanbeingthat

20. correspondedtoandwas supervised
by Heaven,forMencius,anethical
humanbeingisa moral universe on
hisown.He gave the theorythat
“humannature is good.”
Yang Chu (370-319 BC.) The Gardenof Pleasure He wasthe firsttostudy philosophyof
humantendencies.He gave
philosophyof deaththatdeathis
natural and everyone shouldneither
have the fearnor awe about death.
Xun Zi (310-237 BC.) Discourse onMusic
UndoingFixation
CorrectNaming
He gave the notionthat heartshould
be the lordof the body,andusingthe
heartto directdesiresanddecide on
rightand wrongaccords withthe way.
Zou Yan (305-240 BC.) Bizarre Transformations
Endand Renewal
He isa naturalistphilosopherandhe
gave the view thateverythingin
universe isthe combinationof five
basicelements (Wood,Fire,Earth,
Metal and Water) and all thingsare
the combinationof these things.
GongsunLongzi (300 BC.) GongsunLongzi and
otherNeglectedOnes
The worksof Kung –Sun
Lung-Tzu
He gave the notionthat twothingsare
not alwaysequal inanysense if we
have the conceptof horse and a white
horse thenwe can clearlysaythat a
horse isa basicand general concept
but a white specifyaspecificcolorso
the term horse andwhite horse isnot
same.
221 BC - 220 CE
Huai Nun Tzu (179-122
BC.)
Bookof Han
Recordsof Great
Historian
He wasthe Taoistphilosopherswho
gave the concept of way of life that
one shouldlive alife asitis because
manyincidentshappensinlifebutlife
goeson.
Yang Xiong (53 BC-18 CE.) Tai xuan
Fayan
He saidthat humannature is a
mixture of goodand evil.One
becomesgoodpersonbydeveloping
the good andan evil personby
enhancingthe evil.
Wang Chong(27-97 CE.) Lun-heng
The Philosophical
thoughtsof Wang Chong
There wasa notioninpastthat nature
occurrence isdue to mans actionsbut
He opposedthatview thathuman
actionshave no effectof natural
phenomenaandeverythinghappens
inuniverse naturally.
ChengHsuan (127-200
CE.)
Tao-Te-Ching He wasthe Chinese religious
philosopherwhogave the conceptof

21. goodand evil inthisuniverse and
bothdependsuponitscause.
220 – 907 CE
Wang Pi (226-249 CE.) Daodejing
TangJiyaoLegend
He wasof the view thateverythingis
governedbyitsownprinciple;there is
no ultimate principle thatunderlies
and unitiesall things.
Zhiyi (538-597 CE.) The Essentialistsof
BuddhistMeditations
The Six Dharma Gatesto
the Sublime
He claimthat humannature contains
evil andthat evenBuddhacannotbe
completelyridof hisevil nature
Li Ao (722-841 CE.) Martyrs’Shrine
MountaintopLove
He gave the view thathumannature
iswhat that isbestoweduponhimby
nature and all people share same
nature.The reasonwhyhardly
everyone becomeasage isthat
people ‘emotions’.
907 – 1368 CE
Shao Yang (1011-1077
CE.)
IsangYan
MoviesSlope
He proposedthatthere are two basic
factor that effectsthe happeningof
thingsthat are one negative darkor
feminineandone positivebrightor
masculine,whoinfluence the
destiniesof creaturesandthings
Zhou Dunyi (1017-1073
CE.)
TongShu
Reconstructionthe
ConfuscianDao
In the universe everythingischanging
but the one thingthat isdoinga work
to unite all procedure thatisunityand
stabilitywithinthe vastwhole.
Zhu Xi (1130-1200 CE.) The Reflectionof things
at ZhuXi
Learningtobe a sage
He gave the notionthat human
emotionsandfeelingsplaysandrole
for a man to be a sage otherwise
everypersonissame.
ChengYi (1033-1107 CE.) IChing
The Yi River
He gave the view thathumannature
isgood and everyactionthatisdone
by humannature isdue to the process
of hisgoodwill andpositive thinking.
1368 – 1912 CE
Liu Tsung-Chou(1578-
1645 CE.)
The Reconstructionof
Ming Philosophy
New dimensionsto
Confucianism
He isa Neo-Confucianism.He basically
workedonthe nature of humanbeing
that how he acts ona certain
situationsinaway due to hisintellect.
He gave the theoryof hsin(mind) and
hsing(nature) todeterminethe
humannature.
Huang Zongxi (1610-1695
CE.)
OnLaws
Schools
He basicallygave the political reforms
that the autocratic rule isselfishand

22. SelectingGoodMen he condemneditanddeclaresthat
worldshouldbelongtopeopleand
people have equal righttolive their
lives&theyhave equal rightsin
society.
Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692
CE.)
ChuanshanYishuQuanji
Yijing(Bookof chnges)
He workon ethicsandarguedthat no
valuesinnature;virtuesandvalues
are assignedtoobjectsandactionsby
humanbeings.Inshorthuman being
isnot inherentof evil doingbutitis
natural course and it happensandthe
basicmoral nature of humanbeingsis
groundedbyhisfeelingsforothers.
YenYuan (1635-1804 CE.) The Analetsof
Confucius
Some T’angand Pre
T’ang text
He promotedthe ideathateverything
inthe authenticConfucianwayhad
direct,broad,clear,commonsense
aimat whata personshouldbe and
do.
Sun Yet-Sen(1866-1925
CE.)
The International
Developmentof China
Three Principlesof the
People
He gave three principlesof people
that make Chinaa free,prosperous
and powerful nationandthatare
nationalism, democracyandlivelihood
of people.
Liang Qichao (1873-1929
CE.)
Onthe Young China
Intellectual Trendsin
the Ch’ingPeriod
In hisperiodhe gave the formula of
hundredday’sreformswhere he
steppedintothe stage of
developmentcharacterizedbythe
growthand spreadof the theoryof
evolutionandof humanism.
X - ModernChinese Philosophers
1912 – 1950 CE
Hsiung Shih-li (1885-1963
CE.)
Humanityandself
cultivation
The Sumof Our Follies
He gave ontological theoriesthat
cosmosis one greatwhole.Itsbasic
nature,whichisthat of mind,will,and
consciousness, isconstantand
continuous.Itisdynamica vast ever-
runningcurrentsof changes,ina
processof perceptual transformation,
producingall thingsandtwofactors
are contributinginthiscurrentthatis
closing& opening.
Liang Sou-ming(1893-
1988 CE.)
Xingyiquan
Baguazhang
He gave the conceptof rural
reconstructionandproposedthatthe
basicway of rural reconstructionis
cultivationof groupunity,
developmentof science and
technology,andthe eliminationof

23. outdatedtraditions.
T’ang Chun-I (1909-1970
CE.)
Poemsof the Late
The Courtof the Lion
He proposedthe notionthatmessage
of Confucianismwasthe affirmation
of humanlife asitexists.He
contractedthat withBuddhism,
Christianity,religionthatpromote
humantranscendence overthe
physical worldorthe acceptance as
the physical worldasa illusion.
XI- Indian Philosophers
Ancient Philosophers
Pre-History
Yajnavalkya (7th
Century
BC.)
Brihadaranyaka
Upanishad
His basicconceptissoul,self andfree.
He proposedthatlove isdrivenbya
person’ssoul
1000 – 600 BC
Parshva (872-772 BC.) ParshvaBhoomi
Parshvanathama
He proposedthata personisfree in
hiswill andthe basicay to leada life is
non-violence principle (ahimsa)
600 – 400 BC
Siddhartha Gautama
(663-483 BC)
Teachingsof the
Buddha
Dhammapada
He isthe foundingfatherof Buddhism
school of thoughtand he has a believe
that he proposedthatway that
humansufferingscanbe cure and that
can be cure in a waywhentheyhave a
spiritual relationshipwithgodand
theywill follow the principle of
ahimsaor patience
Carvaka (around 600 BC.) BarhaspatyaSutras
Carvaka/Lokayata
It’san ancientIndianmaterialism that
holdsdirectperception,empiricism,
and conditional inference asproper
sourcesof knowledge,embraces
philosophical skepticismandrejects
Vedas,Vedicritualismand
Supernaturalism.
321 – 184 BC
Chanakya (350-275 BC.) Arthashastra
SampurnaChanakya
Neeti
He wasa philosopherandapolitical
reformerandhe proposedthe
conceptof internal andexternal
securityof the state and the rightsof
the people inhabitinginthe state.
184 BC – 100 CE
Patanjali (around 2nd
Century)
Hatha Yoga Pradipika
Rigveda
He gave the Yoga philosophyyogais
basicallymeansunion,mergingof soul

24. and mindinthe divine elementwithin
us whichiscalledconcentration.Itisa
wayto gain higherspiritual level
100 – 300 CE
Nagarjuna (150-250 CE.) Parajnaparamita
Mulamadhyamakakarika
He arguedthat ignorance isthe basic
wayof all sufferingof mankind. There
isa midwaybetweenexistence and
annihilation.
300-550 CE
Buddhaghosa (5th
Century)
Mahavashama
Abhidharma
He wasreputedlyresponsible foran
extensive projectof synthesizingand
translatingalarge bodyof Sinhala
commentaries. Inhiscommentaries
he gave the conceptof human
understandingof conceptof yogacare,
the conceptof mindandsoul with
concentration.
Dignaga (480 540 CE.) PramanaSamuccaya
Hetucakra
He holdsa view thatthere are only
twoinstrumentsof knowledge or valid
cognitions;perceptionorsensation
and Inference orreasoning.
Uddyotakara (5th
/ 7th
Century)
Kanada’sdoctrine
The Veshishika
He criticizedthe Dignagatheoryof
perception,the Buddhistdenialof
soul and mindconcentration.
600 – 900 CE
Dharmakirti (7th
Centruy) Foundationof
Dharmakirti
RecognizingReality
He gave the philosophythat
perception,inference andword
reliabilityisthe basicsource of
knowledge.
1100 – 1500 CE
Shri Madhvacharya
(1238-1317 CE.)
SadacharaSrimuti
Uddhavagita
He is the Indian philosopher who gave the
concept that soul and body areseparated
from each other and Vishnu sect is the
highest in this universean accordingto
him. Heb basically advocated realismand
dualism.
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
(1486-1534 CE.)
ChaitanyaCharitamirta
BhagavataPurana
He was the proponent of Vishnu sect andhe
advocatedthe policyVaishnavism that
promoteda notationthat lordVishnuis the
supreme soul
1500 – 1800 CE
Vallabhacharya (1497-1531
CE.)
Adhyaya I
Srimadanubhasyam
He is from the monismschool of thought
accordingto him body and soul is the
singleone. He gave the concept of
Nondualism.
Shah Wali Ullah (1703-1772
CE.)
Hujja-tul Ballagha
The conclusiveargument
from God
He was the philosopher who gave the
concept of economic welfare of the stare
he argued that the economy of the state

25. References:
1- http:/www.scribd.com>doc> The-History-of-Philosophy
(23/3/19)
2- http:/cms.gcg11.ac.in> attachments> articles_on_philosophy(20/3/19)
3- http:/en.m.eikipedia.com>Philosophy>introduction(24/3/19)
4- http:/www.philopedia.com>Historyof Philosophy(4/4/19)
5- Gaarder, J (1996). Sophie’sWorld,The BerkleyPublishingGroup,New York,USA.
6- http:/www.theradicalacademy.com>history_of_philosophy_timeline_view (15/4/19)
7- http:/www.prezi.org>History+of+philosophy(12/4/19)
8- Bruder,K. & Noel,B.(FifthEdition).Philosophythe powerof ideas,CaliforniaState Press,
California
9- http:/www.timelineindex.com(dated25/5/19)
http:/www.philosophybasics.com(dated22/5/19)
is basically thecapital and reso9uces
available.And he said thatshelter, food,
social security and sex arethe basic need
of an individual.
XII- ModernIndian Philosophers
20th
Century
Swami Vivekanand
(1863-1902 CE.)
RajaYoga
KarmaYoga
He gave the view of education that it is
rooted in traditional Indian Philosophy
that nurtures the ideals of harmony,
compassion,tolerance,and peace; and
where man-making and character-
buildingarebasic objectives.
Mahatma Gandhi (1869-
1948 CE.)
HindSawarj
Indiaof myDreams
He gave the theory of non-violence (that
we can take revenge by peace if someone
slaps on your facethen again presenthis
face to him) and he as the one who
provideIndia’s Independence from Great
Britain
Osho (1931-1990 CE.) Book of Secrets
Tarot Zen
He said that(I understand) that we all are
born a pure soul (likemirror) and then we
gather dirt from well-intentioned but
conditioned society,parents, school;and
priests and looseconnection between our
true selves so we must “remove the dirt.
Amartya Sen(1933- CE.) Developmentas
Freedom
The Argumentative
India
He is the economist philosopher and he
gave the theory that Capital ability in
which he gave the notion that all the
things in economy depends on its demand
and supply.