This presentation will help you to understand heart related diseases and its risk factors.

2. COMMON CARDIOVASCULAR
PATHOLOGIES
By Doctor Muntaha Virk

3. Common pathologies
 Heart Disease
 Hypertension
 Hyperlipidemia
 Arteriosclerosis
 Peripheral
Vascular
Disease

4. • Heart disease includes a wide variety of
cardiac and vascular conditions effecting
the entire body.
• Congenital heart disease caused by
abnormal heart development before birth
and is responsible for more deaths in the
first year of life.

5. COMMON HEART DISEASE OF
ADULTHOOD INCLUDES
 Coronary artery
disease
 Congestive heart
disease
 Ischemic heart
disease
 Rheumatic heart
disease
 Myocardial infarction

6. • In 2000 in United states approximately 22
million adults or 1 in 12 people had heart
disease.
• American Heart Association …the prevalence
of heart disease in United states may double by
2050.
• Heart disease is one of the primary preventable
cause of death.

7. INDICATIONS:
 Chest pain near the heart before, during or
after exercise warrants special attention.
 Pleurisy (inflamed membranes around the
lungs.
 Indigestion (causing heart burn ).
 Dizziness ,when standing up due to
inadequate venous return to heart.
 Orthostatic hypotension (condition associated
with dizziness when changing position from
lying to upright.
 caused by low B.P.

8. • According to study at McMaster university with
over 29,000 participants from 52 countries.
• Two most imp. Risk factor for myocardial infraction
 Cigarette smoking
 Abnormal blood lipid profile
Risk factors:-
o High blood pressure
o Diabetes
o Abdominal obesity
o Stress
o Less consumption of fruit & vegetables

9. Secondary prevention intervention
include the following:
 Controlling weight
 Eating healthy, low saturated fat diet
 Quitting smoking
 Controlling diabetes & BP
 Controlling cholesterol & homeocyte
 Taking antioxidants
 Considering the benefits & risks of hormone
replacement therapy (HRT)
 Taking low dose aspirin
 Reducing hostility and engage in physical activity
 Using healthy interventions to manage stress

10. HYPERTENSION
 A mean systolic blood pressure of
140mmHg and a mean diastolic
blood pressure of 90mmHg or taking
hypertensive medication is prevalent
in 50 million American.
 Factors:
o Compounding factors of obesity
o Metabolic disorders
• Such as
• Coronary artery disease
• Enlargement of the heart ‘s left ventricle

11. • According to American Heart Association
“Physical inactivity” is major risk factor for
developing coronary artery disease and it increase the
risk factor for stroke.
• Other factors
o Obesity
o High BP
o Low HDL
o Cholesterol
o Diabetes
o American Heart Association Recommends:
Daily combination of moderate and vigorous physical
activity for both Children & adults

12.  According to AHA Special recommendation:
• Total 30 min of moderate intensity activities on most
days of the week.
• Minimum of 30 min of vigorous physical activity at
least 3 to 4 days each week to achieve cardiovascular
fitness.
 Preventive measures:
• Reduce cigarette smoking.
• Reduce coffee consumption to a maximum of two
cups per day .
• Increase intake of potassium. calcium & magnesium.
• Increase intake of polyunsaturated fat.
• Reduce saturated fat intake

13. • Recommendations :-
• A diet that is low sodium
• Low calories
• High fiber

14. HYPERLIPIDEMIA
 Increase in blood levels of
triglycerides & cholesterol
that can lead to
cardiovascular disease &
other chronic pathologies.
 101 million Americans have
cholesterol greater to or equal
to 200mg/dL e.g.: 1 in 3
Americans have HL
 It has been shown that
patients aged 65 to 75 yr can
benefit from intervention at
least as much as younger pt.

15. • Guidelines by American
Heart Association:
• Intense lifestyle interventions
are more effective for
improving not only blood lipids
but also other risk factors &
individual quality of life.
• Other study …more intense
supervised aerobic exercise
as opposed to un supervised
exercise increased the
participants exercise capacity
(1.6 to 1.9 METS) reduce
body weight by 10% &
reduced LDL by 7-6 %

16. ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
 It is used to describe several
diseases characterized by loss
of elasticity and thickening of
the arterial wall.
 Damage of arterial endothelium
is initiated by risk factors like
dyslipidemia,hypertension,diab
etes mellitus & smoking .
 Coronary artery disease is an
example of pathology resulting
from arteriosclerotic processes
affecting the myocardium.

17.  Atherosclerosis a form of
arteriosclerosis is the
most common vascular
disease.
 Characterized by
deposition of plaques
containing cholesterol &
lipid in innermost layers
of walls of large &
medium sized arteries.

18. PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE
Peripheral arterial disease (P.A.D.) is a disease in
which plaque (plak) builds up in the arteries that carry
blood to your head, organs, and limbs. Plaque is
made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, fibrous tissue,
and other substances in the blood.
 People aged 50 or older who have diabetes ,smoke
,have high BP, high cholesterol levels are at risk of
PVD.
o Highly treatable disease in its early stage.
o Often be detected by the appearance of extremities.
o Bruises & other skin discoloration may also attributed
to PVD.

19. • PVD warning signs:-
o heart attack (supply of
blood to the heart muscle
is severely reduced or
stopped)
o Stroke( supply of blood
to the brain is severely
reduced or stopped)
o Aneurysm( localized
dilatation of the wall of an
artery, a vein, or the
heart)

20. PVD can be treated with:-
 Lifestyle changes
 Medication
 Both
To improve
 Vascular flow
 Anticipated drugs to slow
blood clotting
 Cholesterol lowering agents
(statins)