MODERN SLAUGHTER HOSUE

MODERN SLAUGHTER HOUSE
1
Department of Civil Engineering, SIST
1. INTRODUCTION
A slaughterhouse is an industrial facility where animals are processed for
consumption as food products. Slaughterhouses act as the starting point of the meat
industry, where stock come from farms/market to enter the food chain. They have
existed as long as there have been settlements too large for individuals to rear their own
stock for personal consumption. In United States, around 10 billion animals are
slaughtered every year in 5,700 slaughterhouses and processing plants employing
527,000 workers. In 2007, 28.1 billion pounds of beef were consumed in the U.S. alone.
In Canada, 650 million are killed annually. In the European Union, the annual figure is
300 million cattle, sheep, and pigs, and four billion chickens. There are countries where
horses and camels also are commercially slaughtered for human consumption.
India is endowed with the largest resource of livestock population in the world,
with 204.5 million cattle, 84.2 million Buffaloes, 50.8 million Sheep, 115.3 million
Goats, 12.8 million Pigs and 307.1 million poultry (Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of
India). Livestock available for slaughtering comprises of animals namely, buffaloes,
cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and poultry. In the year 1992-93, meat production was 1.5
million tonnes which increased to 2 million tonnes in 1997-98. The Indian Meat
Industry is currently on the track of a remarkable leap forward. The global demand for
Indian meat and meat products is increasing considerably during the past few years. We
also have one of the largest domestic markets for our meat and meat products. The
reported per capita availability of meat in India is about 1.4 kg per annum, which is
rather low compared to 60-90 kg in European countries.
As reported by the Ministry of Food Processing, as of 1989, a total of 3616
recognized slaughter houses slaughter over 2 million cattle and buffaloes, 50 million
sheep and goat, 1.5 million pigs and 150 million poultry annually, for domestic
consumption as well as for export purposes. Of these, a large number of the slaughter
houses are very old and lack in basic amenities such as lairage, waste disposing
systems, proper flooring and water supply. These slaughterhouses in India are mostly
service oriented performing only slaughtering and dressing. Slaughter houses, besides

2
catering to the needs of consumers, serve as source of raw materials for a wide range of
industries such as tanneries, bone meals, gelatine, glues, livestock/ animal feed
processing units and pharmaceuticals.
1.1 CURRENT STATUS OF SLAUGHTER HOUSES IN INDIA
In India, the slaughter houses come under the purview of the Animal Husbandry
Division of Ministry of Agriculture, for the purpose of funding towards expansion and
modernization activities, the respective local bodies are responsible for day-to-day
operation/maintenance. Most of the slaughter houses in the country are service-oriented
and, as such, perform only the killing and dressing of animals without an onsite
rendering operations. Most of the slaughter houses are more than 50 years old without
adequate basic amenities viz. proper flooring, ventilation, water supply, lairage, waste
disposing facilities, transport etc. In addition to these deficiencies, slaughter houses
suffer from very low hygiene standard posing a major public health and environmental
hazards due to discrete disposal of waste and highly polluted effluent discharge.
Unauthorized and illicit slaughtering has also increased manifold and thus the related
problems.
1.2 PROBLEMS DUE TO CURRENT SLAUGHTERING PROCESS
In India mostly slaughtering of animals is done either by way of halal or jhatka
method. Halal is the method preferred by Muslims and jhatka by the
Hindus/Christians/Sikhs, etc. To slaughter the animals in a humane way stunning of the
animals is prescribed, but in most of the cases stunning before slaughtering has yet not
been adopted due to certain religious feelings. In both methods of slaughtering, blood
collection is not done immediately on slaughtering and most of the blood goes down
into municipal drains causing pollution. Due to lack of means and tools, dehiding of the
carcasses is done on the floor itself, which causes contamination of the meat. The hides
and skins are spread on the floor of the slaughtering area. Similarly legs, bones, hooves
etc. are not removed immediately from the slaughtering area. Evisceration process
during slaughtering generates maximum amount of waste. The butchers who carry out
illegal slaughtering of animals generally throw visceral material at the community bins
and wash the small intestines at their shops itself and thus create pollution problem. The
wastes from slaughter houses and packaging houses are almost wholly organic, having

3
dissolved and suspended material. The principal deleterious effect of these wastes on
streams and water courses is their de oxygenation.
1.3 INITIATIVES TO IMPROVE SLAUGHTER HOUSE MANAGEMENT
The Supreme Court of India, High Courts in States and Lower Courts have taken
serious view on environmental pollution and have in several cases ordered closing down
of existing slaughter houses and flaying units and other such highly polluting industries.
The slaughter houses are normally controlled by local bodies, which should follow the
standards prescribed, but due to non-existence of modernized slaughter houses,
environmental pollution arising out of the slaughtering activities cannot be controlled.
Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India is
providing substantial financial assistance for setting up of modern slaughter houses and
carcass utilization centres. Many State Governments and Urban Local Bodies initiated
plans for modernization of slaughter houses.
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India has brought out “Draft
Guidelines for Sanitation in Slaughter Houses” during August, 1998. The guidelines
contained in the Manual on Sewerage & Sewage Treatment (Ministry of Urban
Development, 1993) should be followed for the treatment of liquid waste/ effluent from
slaughter houses. The standards prescribed in the Environment Protection Act, 1986,
must be adhered by each slaughter house. The mandatory legal acts/rules need to be
followed by each slaughter house includes Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution )
Act, 1974; Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981; Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986; Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,
2000; Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Slaughter House) Rules, 2001 and the
respective Municipal Bylaws. The Bureau of Indian Standards has also brought out the
Indian Standard, IS: 4393- 1979, as basic requirement for Abattoir and IS: 8895- 1978
guidelines for Handling, Storage and Transportation of Slaughter House By- products.
1.4 CURRENT STATUS OF SLAUGHTER HOUSE IN TRIVANDRUM
The only legal slaughter house in Trivandrum Corporation is at located at
Kunnukuzhi, implemented in 1992. Both small animal and big animal has been
slaughtered here. Another legal institution known as KEPCO is situated at Pettah where
only small animals are slaughtered legally. Only 20% of the total meat consumption

4
was processed at Kunnukuzhi when it was working on its full swing. It has been
reduced to 5-8 % from the last few years. Solid waste produced in both the places was
moved into Vilapilshala waste treatment plant, and liquid waste produced was sent in to
ETP unit which is within the respective compounds. But as now Vilapilshala waste
treatment plant has been closed for last two years, solid waste produced in slaughter
houses is been simply dumped in to pits creating public disturbances such as health
problems, contaminating nearby wells, creating foul smell etc. Function of ETP units
has also been very pathetic. Due to public protest slaughter house in Kunnukuzhi was
forced to shut down.
1.5 APPROACH TO THE PROJECT
Apart from the construction techniques, one of the most important areas of civil
engineering is the field of waste management. Also in the present society we are facing
a lot of problems due to improper waste management. So we thought of reducing the
waste management problems in our corporation through our project. On October 22nd
we noticed an article on Malayala Manorama newspaper (figure 1.1) that the
government was forced to close the slaughter house in Trivandrum city due to defective
waste management system, so we thought of introducing modern techniques in
managing the waste from slaughter houses.
Figure 1.1 Newspaper cutting from Malayala Manorama on October 22nd
2012

5
1.6 PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Main objectives of the project are:
1.6.1 Development of slaughter houses
The traditional method of slaughtering has been followed by the local butchers
which affects the environment and quality of meat. This project aims to develop a
modern slaughter house with best quality of meat and protection of environment with
use of advance machinery and techniques.
1.6.2 Zero waste concept
The wastes produced in most of the slaughter house are dumped in pits and
thrown in water bodies. Due to this pollution is a major effect of present slaughter
houses. This project aims in recycling the complete waste produced into useful by-
products.

6
2. CASE STUDY
(Visit to Meat Products of India, Koothattukulam)
Figure 2.1 Meat product of India, Koothattukulam
2.1 WHAT IS MPI?
Meat Products of India Ltd (MPI) is a Public Sector undertaking of Government
of Kerala. Established in the year 1973, the company holds a category license from the
Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Government of India for the manufacture and
marketing of meat and meat products. The products of MPI are derived from young and
healthy livestock and are processed by the help of sophisticated technology to ensure
high standards of hygiene, longer storage time and more nutritive value.
Products of MPI range from beef, buffalo, pork, mutton, rabbit and poultry. The
processed and semi-cooked products include corn beef, meat loaf, sausages, curries,
bacon, ham, cutlet-mix, chicken-n-ham and salami. Sausages, one of the most popular
of the MPI products range come in varieties such as cocktail sausage, pork sausage,
chicken pepperoni sausage and masala sausage. In tune with the varied demands of the

7
market, the above ranges of products are available in different weights and quantity in
polypackings and cans.
Meat Products of India Ltd. is a Kerala Government owned company engaged in
production and marketing of various meat and meat products derived from pork, beef,
chicken, mutton, rabbit and quails. It is holding MFPO Licence No.1 under A. The
products are manufactured under strict Veterinary Supervision from selected animals
free from zoonotic disease. MPI products are available with all leading supermarkets
and cold storages throughout Kerala and other states.
2.2 FACILITIES IN MPI
1. Electric stunning unit
2. Effluent Treatment Plant Unit
3. Biogas Plant
4. Waste utilization around 70 percentage
2.3 DEFECTS FOUND OUT IN MPI
1. Feather, simply dumped into pits
2. Burning of waste, creating public issues
3. Processed water is not at all utilized
4. No byproducts from fats

8
3. LOCATION OF SITE
3.1 SUITABLE LOCATION FOR A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
A minimum site area of 8000 square meters will be required to accommodate all
modules. In order to minimize the cost, rectangular shape and level grounds are
preferred. The site should be free draining and not subject to water logging or flooding
to avoid costly foundation such as pile or well foundation. Points to consider in
selecting suitable sites are listed below:
a. Distance from Urban Development:- It should not be located close to dwellings,
educational institutions, worshipful places and other public or commercial buildings due
to possible nuisance from noise, smell, congestion etc. Likely future commercial and
residential developments should also be taken into account.
b. Accessibility:- The site should be accessible from a permanent road to allow ready
transport of both livestock and meat.
c. Water Supply:- An adequate water supply is essential. Quantity of 100 litres/small is
desirable. In some areas it may be necessary to rely on rainwater collected from the
roofs. (Under these circumstances water usage will need to be much lower than given
above and ‘dry’ slaughter systems should be adopted.)
d. Electricity:- Connection to a public electricity supply is desirable especially if
chilling of carcasses is being considered or on site water pumping is required.
e. Effluent disposal:- Should have open ground with sufficient number of trees and
vegetation mainly for irrigation purpose
f. Solid waste disposal:- The site should have enough space for burial and biogas plant.
g. Parking Area:- Adequate parking area is required.
3.2 SITE LOCATION
GIS (geographic information system) technology is used for finding suitable
location.

9
3.2.1 What is GIS?
A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data
for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically
referenced information. Geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to
capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial
information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with
geographic information systems. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging
of cartography, statistical analysis, and database technology.
A GIS can be thought of as a system which digitally creates and "manipulates"
spatial areas that may be jurisdictional, purpose, or application-oriented. Generally, a
GIS is custom-designed for an organization. Hence, a GIS developed for an application,
jurisdiction, enterprise, or purpose may not be necessarily interoperable or compatible
with a GIS that has been developed for some other application, jurisdiction, enterprise,
or purpose. What goes beyond a GIS is a spatial data infrastructure, a concept that has
no such restrictive boundaries.
In a general sense, the term describes any information system that integrates,
stores, edits, analyzes, shares, and displays geographic information for
informing decision making. GIS applications are tools that allow users to create
interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial information, edit data in
maps, and present the results of all these operations. Geographic information science is
the science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems.

10
3.3 LOCATION DETAILS
Location: Trivandrum Corporation
Figure 3.1 Trivandrum Corporation ward map

11
3.4 STEPS TO BE FOLLOWED FOR SUITABLE SITE LOCATION
CRITERIA 1:
The location of slaughter house should be within 0.1 km from roads. Figure: 3.2
show location of roads and in Figure: 3.3 the position of the areas within 0.1 km from
roads are shown below.
Procedure:
 Buffer the roads for a distance of 0.1km using buffer tool.
 Clip those buffered areas using clip tool.
Figure: 3.2 Location of roads of Figure: 3.3 Position of areas
Trivandrum corporation within 0.1 km from roads

12
CRITERIA 2:
The slaughter house should be 0.5km away from water bodies. Figure: 3.4
shows the position of water bodies and 2nd
Figure: 3.5 shows areas suitable for the
location.
Procedure:
 Buffer the water bodies for a distance of 0.5km using buffer tool.
 Erase those areas using erase tool.
Figure: 3.4 Areas after buffering the water bodies Figure 3.5 Position of water bodies

13
CRITERIA 3:
It should be 0.5km away from tourist spots &worship places. Figure.3.6 shows
the major tourist spots and worship places and Figure.3.7 shows the buffered area.
Procedure:
 Buffer the important spots for a distance of 0.5km using buffer tool.
 Erase those areas using erase tool.
Figure: 3.6 7Position of important spots Figure 3. Required site after
spots important spots

14
CRITERIA 4:
It should be 1km away from railway stations.Figure.3.8 shows the important
railway stations and Figure.3.9 shows the required site.
Procedure:
Buffer the important railway stations for a distance of 1km using buffer tool.
Erase those areas using erase tool.
Figure: 3.8 Position of important railway Figure 3.9 Required site after buffering
stations railway stations

15
CRITERIA 5:
The slaughter house must be 5km away from airport.Figure.3.10 shows the
airport and Figure.3.11 shows the required area.
Procedure:
 Buffer the airport area for a distance of 5km using buffer tool.
Figure: 3.10 Position of Trivandrum airport Figure 3.11 Required site after
buffering airport area

16
CRITERIA 6:
Its location must be 0.5km away from hospitals & schools .Figure.3.12 shows
the site for schools and hospitals while Figure.3.13 shows the suitable location.
Procedure:
 Buffer the hospitals and schools at a distance of 0.5km using buffer tool.
Figure: 3.12 Position of schools and Figure 3.13 Suitable location after buffering
hospitals

17
CRITERIA 7:
The suitable soil type is sandy and gravelly clay.Figure.3.14 shows the areas of
corresponding soil type and Figure.3.15 shows buffered map.
Procedure:
 Select the sandy and gravelly clay soil using select option.
 Clip those areas using clip tool.
Figure: 3.14 Areas of corresponding soil type Figure 3.15 Areas with suitable soil type

18
PROPOSED SUITABLE AREA MAP
CRITERIA 8:
The required area should be of low slope.Figure.3.16 shows the areas and their
corresponding slopes.Figure.3.17 shows the low slopping areas.
Procedure:
 Select tool is used to find the low slope areas.
 Those areas are clipped using clip tool.
Figure: 3.16 Areas and their corresponding slope Figure 3.17 Suitable low slopping areas

19
Figure.3.18 Suitable site map

20
3.5 LAND AVAILABILITY FOR PROPOSED PROJECT
Using GIS technology Sreekaryam, Chempazhanthi and Chellamangalam wards
were found as the appropriate places for slaughter house. In order to find the extend of
area data from Sreekaryam and Uliyazhathara village offices were collected. From the
information obtained, found out that there is no free land under government sector but
there is land which can be acquired from the private by ‘land acquisition’ method.
Land Acquisition in India refers to the process of land acquisition by the central
or state government of India for various infrastructure and economic growth initiatives.
Several controversies have arisen with claims that land owners have not been
adequately compensated.
Land acquisition in India is currently practiced under the Land Acquisition Act,
1894. Since 2011, the country has proposed and its parliament has been considering a
new law, named Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill.
If land cannot be acquired, as a final remedy the project can replant in existing
slaughter house at Kunnukuzhi.

21
4. CAPACITY OF THE SLAUGHTER HOUSE
First survey was done within our friends, family and neighbours. From that we
tried to find out the total meat consumption of the Trivandrum Corporation. But it was
not finding satisfactory. So we went to the present slaughter house in Trivandrum city
and consulted the doctor. He told us that in 2011 when the slaughter house was working
in full swing, they were able to slaughter 20% of the total meat consumption. That is
about 600 chicken and 100 goats per day. Due to lack of maintaence and improper
waste management, they were not able to produce this much meat nowadays
So we thought of doubling the capacity of present slaughter house. That is 40%
production of meat. For that we will be designing a slaughter house which has a
capacity of slaughtering 1500 chickens and 300 goats.
4.1 CALCULATION OF MEAT PRODUCTION
As people in Trivandrum city consume more chicken than any other type
animal, we fix the capacity of slaughter house as 1500 birds and 300 goat.
i. 1500 Chicken @ 1.75kg/bird = 1500 x 1.75
= 2625 kg
ii. 300 Mutton @ 15 kg/goat = 300 x 15
= 4500 kg
Total meat produced daily = 2625 + 4500
= 7125 kg

22
5. STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS AND BASIC FACILITIES FOR
A MODERN SLAUGHTER HOUSE
While considering the basic facilities of a slaughter house, both the facilities to
be provided as part of animal rights and those for hygienic and scientific slaughtering
are to be taken care of. In the Indian context, the present situation is deplorable in both
these areas. Quality and hygiene levels in the meat production are low in our country
due to primitive and crude slaughtering, imperfect bleeding, improper de-feathering
techniques, lack of water supply, absence of power supply, facilities for flaying and
hanging carcass and improper handling during transportation of carcass. The hygiene
level of the slaughterhouse workers also is poor. Establishment of modern
slaughterhouses will largely improve the situation.
5.1 BASIC FACILITIES FOR A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
The basic facilities for a slaughter house having a capacity more than 20 big
animals or 40 small animals are given below:
1. Reception area for animals
2. Lairage (Resting place for animals)
3. Room for Veterinary Doctor for performing anti-mortem and post-mortem
examination.
4. Place for isolated resting place for diseased animals.
5. Stunning place / Halal slaughtering place
6. Bleeding place (for removal of blood)
7. Removal of skin and washing place
8. Evisceration place (removal of contents from stomach)
9. Meat removal and examination place.
10. Storage facilities for skin, bones, blood, fat etc.
11. Administrative building
12. Waste disposal facilities
13. Refrigeration room
14. Laboratory

23
5.2 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A MODERN SLAUGHTER HOUSE
5.2.1 Land
a. A minimum of 0.5 acre of land will be required for a slaughterhouse.
b. The land should be level ground, dry and rectangular or square in shape.
c. The location should be outside or on the periphery of a city or town (but not too
far away from the city) and shall be away from an Airport (IS 4393-1979).
d. It will be ideal if the there is more land area available, which could be used for
buffer zone and green belt.
5.2.2 Road
a. All-weather road connectivity should be provided to the site.
b. It should satisfy the road standards.
5.2.3 Water
a. Water (pipe water, surface water or ground water) should be sufficiently
available to meet the requirements.
b. The water should be safe and potable.
c. There should be adequate pressure for floor washing (with water jet of 200 to
330 kPa pressure) and carcass washing (1000 to 1700 kPa pressure).
d. Supply of clean hot water should be available in the slaughter hall and work
rooms during the working hours.
e. Availability of hot water not less than 820
C for sterilizing equipments and
secondary floor washing.
f. Suitable facilities for washing of hands (including adequate supplies of hot and
cold running water, nail brushes, soap or other detergents).
g. Non-potable water for fire fighting purpose.
The slaughter house requires sufficient good quality water round the year. This
is for consumption of animals, washing animals before slaughtering, washing the meat,
human consumption, washing the floor and other areas etc. If water from a water supply
authority is available, connection can be obtained from them and stored in overhead
tanks. Otherwise water could be pumped and stored from a bore well or open well
constructed for the purpose. Sufficient number of leg operated water taps are also to be

24
provided. A solar water heater shall be installed for the purpose of hot water. Hot water
shall be used for washing slaughter hall and for sterilising tools.
5.2.4 Power Requirement
a. It is estimated that 15kW connected load power is required in the slaughter
house. A three phase power supply is essential for the purpose.
b. Apart from electric connection, a standby generator set for continuous supply of
electricity to the slaughter house is essential for the proper functioning of
equipments and lighting.
5.2.5 Waste disposal facilities
a. Proper sewage disposal facilities should be made available.
b. Facilities to avoid foul smell should be avoided
5.2.6 Lairage
a. Lairage is for keeping the animals indented for slaughter.
b. There will be facilities in the lairage for providing feed and water to the animals.
c. The lairage should have antimortem facility to check each animal for physical
disease or pregnancy.
5.2.7 Slaughter hall
a. There will be separate provision for slaughtering different types of animals.
b. Separate space shall be provided for stunning, bleeding and dressing of carcass.
Animals shall not be slaughtered in sight of other animals.
c. Pedal operated water taps and wash basin shall be provided in the slaughter hall.
d. At the bleeding area, the blood is to be collected in stainless steel basin for
further processing/ disposal. The collected blood is to be stored in tank for
heating and drying.
e. Stainless steel wheel barrow is to be provided in the slaughter hall to collect and
remove waste items like large bones, tail, intestine etc into the stripery outside
and dispose the same on completing the slaughter of the day.

25
5.2.8 Screens and insect control
a. All windows, doorways and other openings that may admit flies should be
equipped with effective insect and rodent screens.
b. ‘Fly chaser’ fans and ducts or air curtains shall be provided over doorways in
outside wall of meat handling areas that are used for despatch or receiving.
5.3 EQUIPMENTS USED IN A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
5.3.1 Stunning box
Figure 5.1 Stunning box
a. Stunning place should be separated with a cross wall
b. An animal shall not be slaughtered in sight of other animals
c. Stunning box manually operated for large animals (statutory requirement)
d. Electric stunning box for small animals (statutory requirement)
As per PCA Rules a stunning box is to be provided for large animals. Floor level
of stunning box need be in an elevated plane than that of the bleeding area. One side of
the stunning box shall be with hinged plate. Immediately after stunning, the animal falls
on the side wall of the stunning box, and the hinged plate will open and the animal slips

26
on to the bleeding area. The bleeding area need be positioned in such a way that, an
animal in the stunning box will not see the bleeding animal.
In the case of halal slaughtering, separate cubicles made up of RCC wall and
with ceramic tile in walls shall be utilised. Sufficient drains and floor slope shall be
provided for easy drainage of blood from the cubicles. Bleeding is done by hoisting the
animal to a height of 5 m rail system and blood collection vessel with funnel shall be
used for collection of blood. Blood collected shall be dewatered by heating in a vessel
using stove of LPG and methane from biogas plant. Dried blood with rice bran can be
sold as fish feed / cattle feed or as manure.
5.3.2 Continuous rail arrangement in the slaughter hall
A continuous rail arrangement should be provided on the top of the animal
slaughter hall and is fixed on to the roof slab with supporting structures. The rail
arrangement covers the bleeding area and hanging area for the smooth and convenient
movement of the carcass for processing.
5.3.3 Electric hoist
There should be an electric hoist on each rail for lifting animals. Primary
objective of electric hoist is to bring the animal to a height of 5 m for bleeding purpose.
Each is having capacity of one ton. In addition to electric hoist there should be at least
one unit of manually operated moving hoist. The hoist can operate with the pendant
switch hanging by the side. A ladder arrangement should be there to access to the hoist
and rail for maintenance. The electric hoist is running on three phase power supply. The
carcass can be lifted conveniently with the hoist for processing at different stages. After
hoisting, carcass can be moved manually. The throat is cut and the blood is collected in
stainless steel trough.
5.3.4 Dressing
Dressing is carried out in rails fitted at a height of 3 m. Transferring of animal
from 5 m bleeding rails to 3 m dressing rail is done using the electric hoist. Adequate
means and tools for dehiding of the animals should be provided. Hides or skins should
be transported either in a closed wheel barrow or by a chute provided with a self-closing
door. Means for immediate disposal of legs, horns, hooves etc should be provided

27
through spring load floor chutes or side wall doors or closed wheel barrows. In case
wheel barrows or trucks are used, care should be taken that at no point wheel barrow or
truck has to ply under the dressing rails and a clear passage is provided for movement of
the trucks.
5.3.5 Evisceration
Adequate space and suitable and properly located facilities shall be provided for
inspection of the viscera of the various types of animals slaughtered. There should be
adequate facilities for hand washing, tool sterilization and floor washing and
contrivances for immediate separation and disposal of condemned material. Adequate
arrangements may be made for identification, inspection and correlation of carcass,
viscera and head.
5.3.6 Captive bolt pistol
As per PCA rules, a captive bolt pistol should be provided for stunning the
animal inside the box. The pistol should be specially made for stunning animals. It is a
trouble free pistol and is in use in slaughter houses in India and abroad. As it is a
statutory requirement it is to be procured even though most of the slaughter houses in
Kerala practises halal type of slaughtering.
5.3.7 Stainless steel chute
Stainless steel chute are to be provided on the side wall of the slaughter hall.
Through this chute waste can be deposited to the stripery outside. When the slaughter of
the day is over, the waste can be collected from the stripery. Since the chute is made of
stainless steel, it will last long and it will be easy to keep it clean.

28
Figure 5.2 Various equipments used in modern slaughter house
5.3.8 Hanging of goat
At small-animal slaughter hall, stainless steel pipe shall be fixed at convenient
height having length from one end to the other end of the hall for hanging and
processing the small animals. Chain with hook is provided on the pipe for hanging the
carcass. The size of the stainless steel pipe is 3”. The slaughtered animal is hanged on
the pipe with chain and hook. After removing the skin, intestine etc it is put on trolley
having stainless steel top and moved to the despatch area.

29
5.3.9 Wheel barrows
Wheel barrow shall be made available in the animal slaughter hall for movement of
waste and materials. It can be used for leading the dung, waste etc to the pit / biogas
plant.
5.3.10 Diesel generator set
A diesel generator set to supply power for the electric hoists, lighting purpose
etc shall be installed. Since slaughtering of animals commence in the early morning,
electric power is needed for lighting. For operation of the hoists / crane power is
needed. Therefore it is necessary to install a DG Set in the slaughter house.
5.3.11 Meat cutter
There could be a motorized meat cutter for cutting the carcass of large animals
into pieces of convenient size before dispatch. This will ease the work of butchers in
slaughter house.
5.4 BASIC ACCESSORIES NEEDED IN A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
5.4.1 Compound wall
There should be a compound wall constructed in such a way that the slaughter
house and its surrounding are not visible to the public easily. The compound wall also
helps to keep away the stray dogs. It can be constructed with rubble basement and
hollow bricks super structure.
5.4.2 Gate
A steel fabricated gate having sufficient width for the passage of vehicles is
necessary. Entry of stray dogs through the closed gate should not be possible.
5.4.3 Green belt
A green belt of sufficient width with suitable species of trees shall be developed
around the compound.

30
5.4.4 Office & rest room
An office for the veterinary doctor and health inspector and rest room for the
workers are to be included with sufficient space.
5.4.5 Toilet
Toilets for the staff and the visitors are to be provided. It will have flush, wash
basin, floor with tiles, light fittings etc.
5.4.6 Plumbing work
The slaughter house is to be provided with sufficient number of water taps, wash
basin, pedal operated water taps etc. Flexible hose can be used for easy cleaning of the
slaughter hall.
5.4.7 Unloading platform with ramp
An unloading platform with ramp suitable for easy unloading of animals from
truck may be provided.

31
6. SLAUGHTER HOUSE FACILITIES
6.1 CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
A minimum site area of 2000 square meters will be required to accommodate all
components. In order to minimize the cost, it will be ideal if the site selected is level
ground and rectangular in shape. The site should be free draining and not subject to
water logging or flooding to avoid costly foundation such as pile or well foundation.
Based on scale of operation, slaughter house have been classified into three categories
namely, large, medium and small.
6.2 BASIC AMENITIES FOR A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
The slaughter house shall have the following essential facilities:
6.2.1 Production modules
Includes reception area or resting ground, lairages, and slaughter building. The
Slaughter building should have an Inspection area, Processing area, Slaughter floor,
dressing area, Fresh blood processing, Drying yard, Storage facilities, and Refrigerated
room.
6.2.2 Reception area
It is at this place, animals or birds are received at the slaughterhouse. A green
ambience with trees and vegetation should be provided. Number and type of animal/bird
received should be entered in the prescribed register. It is essential that crates and
vehicles used to transport birds/livestock are thoroughly cleaned between collections, to
reduce the spread of any infection which may be present. Facility for proper unloading
should be provided.
6.2.3 Lairage
Generally the lairage should be sized to hold the expected daily kill. This will
allow stock to be held overnight before slaughter. In some special cases a greater
capacity may be required although the holding of stock at the slaughter house for an
extended period before slaughter should not be permitted. The size of lairage, thus, will
depend on the size of the daily kill and the duration of keeping the animals in the

32
lairage. If the practice is keeping the animals brought from the farm in the
slaughterhouse lairage, the size of the lairage should be proportionately large. Lairage
areas for each specific slaughterhouse should therefore be assessed relative to expected
throughput.
6.2.4 Slaughter building
Slaughter building consists of preparation room, slaughter floor, fresh blood
collecting facilities, dressing area, hide and skin removing place, waste disposing area,
skin storage room, meat delivery place, refrigerating room and staff room. There should
be sufficient height for holding hooks & pulley block for free movement of the
slaughtered animal for dressing. Slaughter floor is constructed with non-slippery white
granite or marble slab with sufficient gradient for collecting fresh blood in one point.
6.2.5 Dressing area
It must be impervious, of good quality marble slab, ceramic tiles or granite.
Walls up to 2.0 to 2.5m from floor should be surfaced with approved quality white
glazed tiles or equivalent material. Sufficient ventilation and lighting system should be
provided. It should have adequate drainage system for draining out effluent & cleaning
purpose. There should be rails with hooks & pulley block with suitable rust proof metal
for bleeding, dressing & hanging of carcasses in slaughter house.
6.2.6 Waste disposal area
Waste disposal area should be near to the dressing area. The floor should be
surfaced with approved quality white glazed tiles or other equivalent material.
Sufficient ventilation system should be provided. It should have adequate drainage
system for draining out effluent and cleaning purpose.
6.2.7 Skin storage room
It should be near to the dressing area. The floor should be surfaced with
approved quality white glazed tiles or other equivalent material.

33
6.2.8Mmeat delivery area
This is the last point of the dressing room. It should have easy access to public
and vehicles.
6.2.9 Service modules
Includes Administrative building with Doctor’s room and Laboratory (optional),
Solid waste disposal, Effluent disposal, Watchman shed, Toilet facilities, Internal roads,
Storm water drainage, Water supply & electricity, Compound wall and gate, Rainwater
harvesting, Parking ground, and Site work and vegetation.
6.2.10 Administrative building
The administrative building mainly consists of office, doctor’s room and toilet.
The minimum area will be at least 30 m2
.

34
7. SHEEP SLAUGHTER HOUSE
7.1 WORKING GRID AT SLAUGHTER AREA
For Halal method killing a working grid for butcher to stand and handling the
killed animal for elevating.
7.2 ELEVATOR FOR LIFTING THE CARCASS ON THE RAIL
Elevator which elevates a carcass, suspended from bleeding chain, upto the
bleeding buffer rail.
Technical description: Elevator with single hinged, galvanized chain fitted with push
fingers.
The chain runs on nylon rollers through a hot dipped galvanized guide and support
frame made from double UNP sections. A 2” tube rail is fitted under the frame. The
sprocket wheels are galvanized and fitted with shafts and bearings. The elevator
comprises: drive unit; tensioning station with spindle tensioners required conveyor chain;
required hot dipped galvanized hanger supports to the beams up to 500mm above the
elevator; required fastening material rail for transport of carcasses along de-bleeding
station to the transfer area.
7.3 BLEEDING RAIL
Galvanized rail track with track beam for de-bleeding of the carcasses
7.4 BLEEDING SHACKLES RETURN
Gravity hot dipped galvanized rail for return of bleeding shackles to the
shackling position
7.5 DRESSING CONVEYOR
Conveyor to transport the carcasses along the working stations towards the
inspection area. For the pre-dehiding of lower parts and final dehiding the conveyor
elevates and lower the carcasses.

35
The conveyor comprises:
a. 1 drive station with frequency variable drive
b. 11 tensioning station
c. 50 carrier hooks for goats carcasses
d. 50 hooks for red organs
7.6 SHEEP DEHIDER
For the mechanized pulling of sheep/goats skins. The legs, flanks and back of
the carcass are pre skinned till a free hanging flap hangs underneath the nose. The free
skin flap will be manual attached to the drum of the dehider, the rotation is activated
and the skin is pulled from carcass. For the release of the skin the reverse rotation is
activated and the skin will be removed.
The dehider comprises a, two floor mounted columns with height adjustable
frame with skin drum, drive and foot switch to activate the rotation of the drum. Drive
painted. Pneumatic components in standard finish.
7.7 RAIL TO COOLING AREA
Rail for transport of carcasses from dressing area to the Chillers/cooling area .

36
MEAT
RECOVERY
CHILLING OF CARCASSES
WEIGHING/QUALITY
GRADING SHEEP
SUPPLY
ANTE MORTEM
Blood, skin
& heads
STUNNING/BLEEDING
LEG HANGING
LEG PREPARATION
DE-HIDING
Intestines
EVISCERATION
POST MORTEM
COLLECTION & Bones
WASHING
TRANSPORT OF CARCASSES
PROCESSING
OF BY-
PRODUCTS
CHILLING
Meat PORTIONING
DEBONING
FURTHER PROSESSING
PACKAGING & LABELLING
INTERNAL LOGISTICS /
CHILLING STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
Flowchart no:7.1 Various stages of sheep slaughter house

37
8. POULTRY SLAUGHTER HOUSE
8.1 ELECTRIC STUNNER
a. Fibre Glass water bath with electric stunning
b. Complete with adjustable stainless steel framework to suit various sizes
of birds
c. Totally enclosed in control panel box
8.2 KILLING & BLEEDING TROUGH
a. Suitable for 2 minutes bleeding
b. Made up of stainless steel constructed to collect blood hygienically
during slitting.
8.3 SCALDING TANK WITH AIR AGITATION
a. Scalder for 1.5 m scalding, including heavy gauge stainless steel with
temperature digital display.
b. Air agitation system must be installed.
c. Heating by direct steam injection automatically.
d. Stainless steel bird guide baffles.
e. Over flow for controlling water level.
f. Water drain on one side with stainless steel ball valve.
8.4 16 DISC PLUCKER
a. 16 Quick release discs, with 9 fingers on each disc.
b. Heavy gauge stainless steel construction.
c. Double side high efficiency, belt driven, shackles guiding and water
pipe with stainless steel ball valve.
d. Height and distance adjustments should be available

38
8.5 ELECTRICALS AND PANEL BOARD
a. stainless steel constructed 1.2 thick sheets.
b. Easy openable door, Separate contractor and overload relay for each
equipment.
c. Earth leakage circuit breaker.
d. Switch fuse unit for operate panel.

39
EVISCERATION
POST MORTEM
HARVESTING/PROCESSING
GIBLETS AND NECKS
CHILLING OF CARCASSES
WEIGHING/QUALITY
GRADING BIRD
PORTIONING
SUPPLY
INSPECTION OF BIRDS
STUNNING / NECK
CUTTING
SCALDING
PLUCKING
Blood, feather,
head, hock
COLLECTION
&
TRANSPORT
PROCESS OF
BY-PRODUCTS
,RENDERING
UNIT
CHILLING
DEBONING
FURTHER
PROCESSING
PACKAGING AND LABELLING
INTERNAL LOGISTICS /
CHILLING STORAGE
DISTRIBUTION
Flowchart no:8.1 Various stages of poultry slaughter house

40
9. PRELIMINARY SURVEY
In order to find the impact of illegal slaughtering in Trivandrum city a
preliminary survey was conducted.
For that data was collected from nearby hotels and found that there are around
1000 hotels (average calculation considering 10 hotel per ward) in Trivandrum city
includes small, medium and large hotels. In a small hotel less than 75 kg of meat is
consumed in a day. For a medium hotel about 100-150kg of meat is consumed while for
large hotels around 200kg of meat is used. But as per corporation records less than 100
kg of meat is produced in a day legally. So we found that the rest is produced by illegal
slaughtering which creates waste management issues and we aims to reduce this
problem through our project.

41
10. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN A SLAUGHTER HOUSE
Carcass is the product of slaughterhouse. Other items are byproducts. Most of
the byproducts are capable of material recovery. In fact the material recovery
determines the quantity of waste generated in a slaughterhouse. The strategy followed
should be to reduce waste by segregating resources from different types of wastes
generated. Byproducts from slaughter house can be divided into two main groups,
namely edible & inedible. Organs such as brain, liver, heart are the examples of edible
by-products. Hooves, horns, hair, gall bladder, ears, skin, bones etc. are the inedible by-
products. The components left unrecovered form the solid wastes.
The importance of waste management in industries hardly needs any emphasis.
Effective waste management not only reduces environmental problems but also
increases productivity of industrial activity. Slaughter house generates substantial
quantity of solid wastes. Waste management in regard to this category of units has
special significance because their wastes tend to form an ideal breeding ground for
pathogenic micro-organisms. Such wastes attract flies, dogs, birds and other vermin,
thus causing public nuisance and also accompanied by the danger of spreading disease
if disposed of without proper care. Burning or burying of wastes leads to the total loss
of potential by-products. Waste processing and disposal has to be economical and
environmentally acceptable. It needs to be noted that almost all the wastes generated by
a slaughter house can be processed to obtain various products which have commercial
value.
10.1 SOLID WASTE GENERATION
Ruminal, stomach and intestinal contents constitute the solid waste of a
slaughterhouse. Besides this, stomach and large intestine are also disposed of as waste
in most of the slaughter houses. Soft meat pats such as lungs and pancreas are collected
in large slaughter houses for sale to poultry feed processing units, whereas these offals
are disposed as waste in medium and small slaughter houses. Horns and hooves are
generally collected for sale. Average solid waste generation from bovine slaughter
houses is 275 kg/tonne of live weight killed (TLWK) which is equivalent to 27.5 per
cent of the animal weight. In case of goat and sheep slaughter house, average waste
generation amounts to be 170 kg per TLWK which is 17 per cent of animal weight.

42
Solid waste generation from pig slaughtering is 2.3 kg/head equivalent to 4 per cent of
animal weight.
It is observed that there is no organised system for disposal of solid wastes in
most of the slaughter houses. The entire solid waste is collected and disposed of as land
fill. In some slaughterhouses, dung and rumen digesta are collected separately for
composting.
Slaughter house waste contains mostly biodegradable matter. Characteristics of
solid wastes from goat and sheep slaughtering are given below.
10.2 REDUCTION IN POLLUTION LOAD
Reduction in pollution load will reduce the required treatment plant capacity and
the operation costs for on-site treatment. In addition, introduction of measures for the
reduction in pollution load mostly leads to the recovery of valuable by-products
improving the overall profitability of a unit. Technically feasible pollution load
reduction measures are given below:
Table 10.1 Characteristics of slaughter house waste
Parameters Value
Moisture, % 69.45
Total solids, % 30.55
Volatile solids, % 87.95
Fixed solids, % 12.05
Org. carbon, % 23.32
Total nitrogen, % 2.71
Phosphorous, mg/g 4.19
Potassium, mg/g 6.9

43
10.3 COLLECTION AND SEPARATE DISPOSAL OF STOMACH AND
INTESTINE CONTENTS
Discharge stomach and intestinal contents to the wastewater substantially
increase the TSS and BOD & COD load to the wastewater treatment system.
Introduction of dry procedures for the collection of stomach and intestinal contents,
therefore, is strongly recommended. The collected solids can be reused by farmers as
fertilizer or soil conditioner. A 10% reduction in total waste load by dry collection of
stomach content alone is quite possible.
10.4 SEPARATION OF HAIR, FEATHERS AND SOLIDS FROM
EVISCERATING WASTEWATER
Hairs, feathers and other screenable solids should be removed from the
wastewater as close to the place of generation/discharge as possible. Wastewater
streams containing high content of these solids should be segregated and pre-treated by
a self-cleaning screen system prior to combination with the remaining wastewater of the
unit.
10.5 SEGREGATION AND PRE-TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER FROM
VISCERA AND INTESTINE WASHING ACTIVITIES
Minimising water consumption, segregation and effective oil/grease removal
will effectively reduce the pollution load from this activity. Installation of an effective
self-cleaning type screening system at wastewater streams with high-suspended solids
content is strongly recommended for all types of the above industries. This will
substantially reduce the overall BOD and COD load to the wastewater treatment plant
and avoid choking of sewer lines in cases where only pre-treatment is required prior to
sewer discharge.
10.6 BY-PRODUCT RECOVERY
Incorporating one or all of the above-mentioned techniques can substantially
reduce pollution load from slaughterhouse. The separated “wastes” can be converted
into valuable by-products by the following technically feasible methods:
a. Blood is used by pharmaceutical companies for manufacturing haemotonic
preparations. Hence this should be collected. Alternatively blood plasma could be

44
used in sausage preparations. Blood can also be converted into blood meal, which,
after mixing and drying with rumen digesta, can be used as animal feed.
b. Rumen digesta contains 10-20% proteins, vitamins and essential minerals which,
after processing/drying is an ideal animal feed. Alternatively rumen digesta can be
used as manure after composting.
c. Rendering: Fat should be collected separately and rendered into tallow or lard by
using wet or dry rendering processes. Indirect heat is used to melt fat evaporate
moisture from the animal tissue. Tallow and lard is a valuable raw material for
several chemical industries.

45
11. WASTE WATER PROCESSING
The slaughter house in Trivandrum city is service-oriented and, as such,
performs only the killing and dressing of animals without an onsite rendering
operations. Lack of appropriate slaughtering facilities and unsatisfactory slaughtering
techniques have caused unnecessary losses in meat quality. As valuable by-products are
not recovered this has resulted in another heavy loss. Animals are slaughtered in places
which are frequently polluted with blood, intestinal contents and dirty effluents, and
which are not protected against insects, rodents and dogs. Meat produced under such
conditions will quickly deteriorate due to the bacterial load and could cause food
poisoning. In the absence of inspection, meat from sick or parasite infested animals may
well be a vector for spreading diseases affecting human beings as well as animals in the
city. Furthermore, meat quality is adversely affected by careless handling under
unsanitary conditions in the meat market or shops. In addition, by-products are
not properly utilized and, instead of being an asset, are considered as a nuisance. The
respective local bodies are mainly responsible for day-to-day operation/maintenance of
the slaughter houses. The construction of small-scale modern slaughterhouse in
centralized part (combined system of poultry and large animals) of the city which meets
the environmental and legal requirements is an immediate necessity. Slaughterhouses
are a key element in the meat production and distribution chain. It is also essential
to provide adequate treatment system for the solid and liquid waste generated to
improve slaughter hygiene , meat quality, reduce raw material losses, increase
utilization of by-products, and thereby increase profitability and financial returns to
livestock producers.
In a slaughter house the water is used for drinking by animals during lairage,
washing of slaughtering and bleeding areas, washing of dressing halls, cleaning
intestines, cleaning of knife, axis, tables & any other equipment in the slaughter house.
Further a considerable amount of water is also consumed inside the premises of the
factory for the toilets canteen (for employees of the slaughter house complex),
drinking and hand washing of meat dealers, animal traders, butchers, and transporters.
Except for domestic water consumption and drinking water provided for animals for
lairage, the major portion of the water is discharged as waste water.

46
The wastes from slaughter houses and packaging houses are similar in terms of
chemically to domestic sewage, but are considerably more concentrated. They are
almost wholly organic, chiefly having dissolved and suspended material. The principal
deleterious effect of these wastes on streams and water courses is their deoxygenating
effect. Slaughter house effluents have a characteristic brownish, blood like appearance
and special repugnant odor .The organic compounds occur as suspended matter and
colloids. The effluent of a slaughter house will also contain pathogenic
microorganisms in addition to other pollutants like BOD, COD and TSS.
11.1 WASTEWATER
Wastewater from a slaughterhouse arises from different steps of the
slaughtering process such as washing of animals, bleeding out, skinning, cleaning of
animal bodies, cleaning of rooms, etc. The wastewater contains blood, particles of skin
and meat, excrements and other pollutants.
Process flow chart for a Modern Slaughter House is given below. Main
emphasis is to segregate waste at different stages and to recover resources from it.
Overuse of water should be avoided.

47
FLOWCHART
RECEPTION
Water
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
LAIRAGE
ANTIMORTOM
STUNNING / HALAL
SLAUGHTER
BLEEDING
HORN & HOOVES
REMOVAL
EVISCERATION
HEAD REMOVAL
DEHIDING
CARCASS WASHING
washwater
blood
blood
washwater
washwater
RED OFFAL REMOVAL
CARCASS SPLITTING
CARCASS WASHING washwater
POST MORTEM
DESPATCH/
Flow chart no: 11.1 Stages of segregation of waste water

48
The liquid waste should be washed away by safe potable and constant supply
of fresh water at adequate pressure throughout the premises of slaughtering. The
wastewater from slaughter house lead to heavy pollution and, therefore, it should not
be allowed to mix with the municipal drain system without pre-treatment meeting
sewage standards. Within a series of processes, slaughterhouses produce large
amounts of different wastes and wastewaters. The problems are complex since the
slaughterhouses is located in the cities. Traditional ways of letting the wastes to
drain/sewage / agricultural land are not applicable due to resulting environmental and
ecological problems. Direct disposal of highly polluted wastewater and organic
residues into the sewerage system without prior treatment on the other hand is not
acceptable due to high organic content and solids. Hence, anaerobic processes flowed
by aerobic can contribute in an interesting way to improve the situation.The hard solid
waste has to fed to the rendering plant.
11.1.1 Wastewater quantity
For hygienic reasons, slaughter house use large amounts of water in animal
processing, cleaning, staff usage, thus producing large amounts of wastewater that
have to be treated. Waste water quantity will be always 80% of the total water
consumed per day.
11.1.2 Wastewater characteristics
Knowledge of wastewater characteristics are essential for an effective and
economical waste management programme. It helps in the choice of the treatment
methods, deciding the extent of treatment, assessing the beneficial uses of wastes and
utilizing the waste purification capacity of natural bodies of water in a planned and
controlled manner. The important characteristics are temperature, hydrogen ion
concentration, colour and odour, solids, nitrogen, phosphorous, chlorides, BOD, COD,
toxic metals and compounds The typical wastewater characteristics are given in table
11.1

49
Table 11.1 Typical wastewater characteristics
Parameter Concentration (g/l)
pH 6.8-7.8
COD 5.2-9.4
TSS 0.57-1.69
Phosphorus 0.007-0.0283
Ammoniacal nitrogen 0.019-0.074
Protein 3.25-7.86

50
50Department of Civil Engineering, SIST
12. PROPOSED WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT
The proposed plant is designed based on the following data of wastewater. Water
needed for complete slaughtering process is
i. For chicken : 20 l / bird
ii. For goat : 80 l / animal
Capacity = (1500 x 20) + (300 x 80) x 80
100
Operation hours: 24 hrs
= 43200 l
= 43.2 m3
≈ 45m3
Plant flow rate : 45/24 = 1.88 cum/hr
Design flow rate: 1.88 cum/hr
The plant is designed to attain effluent characteristics as prescribed in the
CPCB standards. The expected outlet Values in relation to the input values are
provided in the Table.12.1, which is the basis of design criteria.
Table 12.1 Design criteria for the proposed plant
Sl.No Description Unit ETP Inlet ETP Outlet Standards
1 PH
- 6.8-7.8 6.5 – 7.5 5.5 – 9.0
2 TSS mg/l 1690 <25 < 100
3 BOD mg/l 6000 < 25 < 30
4 COD mg/l 8000 < 200 < 250
12.1 PROCEDURE FOR BOD TEST
A sample is pipetted into a BOD bottle containing dilution water. The
dissolved oxygen content is determined and recorded and the bottle is incubated in the
dark for 5 days at 20°C. At the end of five days, the final dissolved oxygen content is
determined and the difference between the initial D.O. is calculated and used to
calculate the biochemical oxygen demand of the sample.
a. Take fresh water in BOD bottle

51
b. Add 2ml manganese sulphate and 2ml alkali iodide azide
c. Mix well for at least 15 turns
d. Precipitate formed indicate the presence of dissolved oxygen and allowed to
settle
e. Add 2ml concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) through sides
f. Mix thoroughly and keep for 5 minutes
g. It is then titrated 203ml solution against 0.025 N sodium thiosulphate
h. Note colour change to light yellow
i. Add 1ml starch solution, which turns the solution to blue colour
j. Titrate again till blue colour disappears. Note the reading
12.2 PROCEDURE FOR COD TEST
The Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) test measures the oxygen equivalent
consumed by organic matter in a sample during strong chemical oxidation. The strong
chemical oxidation conditions are provided by the reagents used in the analysis.
Potassium dichromate is used as the oxygen source with concentrated sulphuric acid
added to yield a strong acid medium. Several reagents are added during the set up of
the analysis to drive the oxidation reaction to completion and also to remove any
possible interferences. Specifically, these reagents are potassium di chromate, ferroin
indicator and sulphuric acid. Mercuric sulphate is added to remove complex chloride
ions present in the sample. Without the mercuric sulphate the chloride ions would
form chlorine compounds in the strong acid media used in the procedure. These
chlorine compounds would oxidize the organic matter in the sample, resulting in a
COD value lower than the actual value. Silver sulphate is added as a catalyst for the
oxidation of short, straight chain organics and alcohols. Again, without the silver
sulphate the COD of the sample would be lower than the actual value. Sulfonic acid is
added to remove interferences caused by nitrite ions. Without sulfonic acid the COD
of the sample would measure higher than the actual value.
12.3 PROCEDURE FOR TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)
1. Wash filter paper & dry
2. Cool & weigh filter paper
3. Assemble filtration apparatus

52
4. Wet filter paper with distilled water
5. Stir sample
6. Pipette 50ml into filter while stirring
7. Filter and wash three times
8. Transfer filtrate to evaporating dish & dry
9. Cool & weigh
10. Calculate in mg/l
11. Repeat steps 1 to 10 using 10 ml aliquot
Calculating total suspended solids (TSS) concentration (ml ) of sample
= (A - B) x 1000mg Suspended Solids /l
where:
A = weight of filter + dried residue, mg
B = weight of filter, mgHP
12.4 DESIGN, CODES AND STANDARDS
a. Basic Design:
1. CPHEEO Manual, Wastewater Engineering treatment and reuse - Metcalf & Eddy
2.All design, inspection, and testing of the plant will be done with respect to the
latest Indian Standards.
3. In case of non-availability of standards, good engineering practice will be
adopted.
b. Process description
The influent is screened through the screen unit to remove the floating solids in
the influent and is then led to equalization tank for equalizing the variation in the
inflow and giving consistency in feeding rate. The effluent from the equalization tank
is let to the anaerobic digester. The BOD will be reduced from 6250 mg/l to 1250
mg/l while the COD will be reduced form 8000 mg/l to 1860 mg/l in the anaerobic
digester. The sludge from the anaerobic tank is pumped to the Sludge drying bed
periodically and then disposed as manure. The digested wastewater is then led to the
Activated sludge process tank where the wastewater is aerated for bacterial growth by
diffused aeration system. The suspended growth of the bacteria removes the organic

53
pollutants in the wastewater and then the treated water with suspended solids passes in
to the sedimentation tank for separation of water and sludge. The settled sludge from
Clarifier tank is recirculated to the Aeration tank for maintaining the MLSS
concentration. After secondary treatment the BOD & COD will be reduced from 1250
to 250 mg/l and 1860 to 400 mg/l respectively. The excess sludge will be pumped to
the Sludge tank from where it will be pumped to the sludge drying bed. The clarified
water is then led to Chlorine contact tank where NaOCl dosing is done. The
chlorinated water is pumped to Pressure sand filter & Activated carbon filter unit
using Filter feed pump to remove the suspended solids, colour, odour and organics.
The filtration will again reduce the BOD & COD to < 25 mg/l & < 200 mg/l
respectively.

54
13. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND DESIGN
CALCULATIONS FOR THE EQUIPMENTS
The required plant capacity for the proposed slaughter house is, Q = 45 cum /day.
13.1 BAR SCREEN
Bar screens are typically at entrance of a wastewater treatment plant, bar
screens are used to remove large objects such as offal, hair, rags, plastics bottles, and
solids from the waste stream entering the treatment plant. Bar screens are vital to the
successful operation of a plant, they reduce the damage of valves, pumps, and other
appurtenances. Floatables are also removed at the entrance to a treatment plant, these
are objects that "float" on the surface of the water and if aren't removed end up in the
primaries or aeration tanks.
Figure.13.1 Bar screen

55
Design:
Working hours =7hrs
Q = 45÷(60x60x7)
= 1.78x10-3
cum/s
Velocity range for bar screens= 0.7-0.8m/s
Assuming velocity = 0.7m/s
Net area, A = Q÷V
=1.78x10-3
÷0.7
= 2.55x10-3
m2
= 25.5 cm2
Assuming width =1 cm, clear spacing= 5cm,
Gross area = 25.5 x (5+1)
5
=30.6cm
2
Assume bar 60o
inclined, gross area = 30.6x 2
31/2
= 35.33cm
2
Use bar screen of size 10cm x 10cm at 1cm width and with a clear spacing of 5cm
13.2 SKIMMING TANK
Skimming tank is used to remove the fat and other colloidal material present in
slaughtered waste
Design:
Detention period = 4 minute
Surface Area = 0.0062 x Q/Vr
= 0.0062 x 45/0.25
= 1.1196 m2
Assume Depth = 1m
Length = Velocity x Detention Time
= 0.25 x 4 =1m
Width = Surface area/length
= 1.1196/1 = 1.1196m

56
13.3 EQUALIZATION TANK
Equalization tank is provided for collection of the effluent for dampening the
flow. Flow equalization is method used to overcome the operational problems and
flow rate variations to improve the performance of downstream processes and to
reduce the size & cost of downstream treatment facilities. To prevent flow rate,
temperature, and contaminant concentrations from varying widely, flow equalization
is often used.
Figure 13.2 Equalisation Tank
Design:
Retention time = 10hrs
Flow rate = 45
7
= 6.43m
3
/day
Volume of tank required = flow rate x detention time
= 6.43x10
= 64.43m3
Assume depth = 3m
Area = 21.43m2
Length = 4.62 m
Breadth = 4.62 m
Depth = 3 m
Tank Size = 4.62 x 4.62 x 3 (FB: 0.3m)

57
13.4 ANAEROBIC DIGESTER TANK
The wastewater containing very high COD and BOD can be easily
degraded under anaerobic condition by providing appropriate detention time and
create more surface area for the anaerobic reaction to take place. Since the BOD, COD
ratio is less the anaerobic treatment will have the higher efficiency. Simple end
products which are formed in the anaerobic process will be settled and removed
periodically .The major portion of the organic is removed. Standard retention time 3 -
4 days for anaerobic digester. Hence the designed tank is adequate.
Design:
BOD = 6250 mg/l
Detention Period = 4 days
Volume = 45x4
= 180m3
Assume depth = 4m
Area = 180/4
= 45m3
Length = 10m
Breadth = 4.5m
Tank details = 10m x4.5m x 4m(FB: 0.3m)

58
13.5 AEROBIC TREATMENT TANK
By bubbling compressed air through liquid effluent in a tank, treatment creates
a highly oxygenated (aerobic) environment for bacteria, which uses the organic matter
as an energy source .The aerobic treatment pre-treats wastewater by adding air to
break down organic matter, reduce pathogens, and transform nutrients. Compared to
conventional septic tanks, aerobic treatment break down organic matter more
efficiently, achieve quicker decomposition of organic solids, and reduce the
concentration of pathogens in the wastewater. In another stage bacteria and solids
settle out of the wastewater.
Figure 13.3 Aerobic treatment tank
Design:
MLSS Concentration : 3000 mg/l
F/ M Ratio : 0.3
No. of Aeration Tanks : 1
Average flow to tank = 45m3
Total BOD entering into tank = 1250mg/l
BOD outlet = 250mg/l
BOD removed = 1250-250
= 1000mg/l
Efficiency = 1000 x100 = 80%
1250
F = Q = Y0
M V Xt
0.3 = 45/V x1250/3000
V = 62.5m3
Depth = 3 to 4.5m (standard values)

59
Width = 4 to 6m (standard values)
Depth = 3m
Width = 4m
Length = 5m
Design = 5mx 4m x 3m(FB =1m)
Aerator sizing:
BOD5 applied = 1250mg/l
Average flow = 45m3
BOD to be removed = 45 x 1.25
= 56.25kg/day
= 56/24
= 2.3 kg/hr
O2 requirement = 1.2kg / kg of BOD applied
Peak O2 demand = 125%
O2 transfer capacity of the aerator in standard condition = 1.9 kg/kWh
= 1.41 kg/HPh
O2 transfer capacity of aerator at field conditions = 0.7 x 1.41
= 0.9 kg/HP/hr
O2 to be applied to the tank = 1.2 x2.3 x 1.25
= 3.5 kg/hr
In order to treat BOD 3.5 kg/hr oxygen is needed. So for providing 3.5 kg/hr
oxygen two motor each of 1 HP for alternate use and another 1 HP motor as stand by.

60
13.6 SECONDARY SEDIMENTATION TANK
The secondary sedimentation tanks or settling basins or clarifiers allow the
microorganisms and other solids to settle after secondary or biological treatment. The
part of the sludge is pumped back into the Aerobic treatment for maintaining the
MLSS and the remaining sludge is pumped to sludge drying bed. At this stage the
BOD may be reduced to 75 - 80% of the influent level and suspended solids are
removed.
Figure 13.4 Secondary sedimentation tank

61
Design:
Quantity of water to be treated = 4500 litres
Detention time = 4 hrs
Assuming
Width = 10 > x > 12 m
Horizontal flow velocity = 0.3 m/minute
Treatment during detention time = 45 x 4/24
= 7.5 m3
Assume depth = 1.5 m
Area = Treatment during detention time/depth
= 7.5/1.5
= 5 m2
Provide Breadth = 2 m
Length = area/breadth
= 5/2 = 0.5 m
Design = 2.5 x 2 x 2 (FB =0.5 m)
13.7 SLUDGE DRYING BED
After most of the organic solids have been digested, the sludge is
pumped to drying beds for removing water in the sludge. The dewatered solids are
then disposed off. The resulting solids are in the range of 18-20 percent solids, these
solids can be applied to agricultural land. The solids can also be taken to a landfill.
The sludge drying beds also provide a means of drying the sludge treated by the
anaerobic digesters. As an alternative, the digested sludge may be pumped to the truck
loading station to be hauled to other locations for drying or for use as fertilizer. Sludge
is a good soil conditioner as well as fertilizer.

62
Design:
Figure 13.5 Sludge Drying bed
Sludge Loading Rate : 100 kg/day
Specific gravity : 1.015
Solid content : 1.5%
Volume of sludge : 100/1.5 x 1/(1000 x 1.015 )
= 6.568 m3
/day
Depth of Each Bed : 0.4 m
Area : 16.42 m2
Length of Each Bed : 2m
Width of Each Bed : 2m
No. of Beds required : 4

63
13.8 CHLORINE CONTACT TANK
Chlorination is the most common disinfection method for public and private
water systems. This disinfection process is necessary to kill disease-causing bacteria in
the water. In order to be sure the added chlorine is killing the bacteria, the water is
detained in the tank for at least 6 hours. Chlorine Contact Tanks are designed to the
required residence time of the treatment system. Sizing is based on the site restrictions,
available pumping rate, and a minimum required chlorine contact time.
Figure 13.6 Chlorine Contact tank
Design:
Size : 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5
Length : 1.5 m
Breadth 1.5 m
Depth of liquid :
Volume of effluent :
1.2 m
2.7 m3
Retention time : 12 hrs

64
13.9 SAND FILTER
Sand filters are beds of granular material, or sand, drained from underneath so
that pretreated wastewater can be treated, collected and distributed to the land
application system. They are normally used to polish effluent from treatment processes
before it is distributed on the land.
Specifications:
Figure 13.7 Sand filter
Specific gravity : 2.5-2.7
Uniformity co-efficient : 1.55
Effective size : 0.55mm
Diameter : 500 mm
Height on straight : 1000 mm
Type : Vertical
No. Provided : 1
Operation hours : 20 hrs
13.10 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER (ACF)
It is used to remove the minute suspended particles including particulate BOD,
colour odour from the settling tank.

65
Specifications :
Figure 13.8 Activate carbon Filter
Specific gravity : 2.5-2.7
Uniformity co-efficient : 1.55
Effective size : 0.55mm
Diameter : 500 mm
Height on straight : 1000 mm
Type : Vertical
No. Provided : 1
Operation hours : 20 hrs
Hence the filtration plant (ACF &Sand filter) is adequate for filtering the
effluent. The backwash water from the filters will be led back to effluent collection
tank. The filters will be backwashed by the using the treated water with the help of
filter feed pumps itself.
13.11 TREATED WATER TANK
Quantity : 1 no:
Capacity : 6 m3
Size : 2.0 m x 2.0 m x 1.5 m

66
Table 13.1 Tank Sizing of the Wastewater treatment system
Sl.
No
Description Quantity MOC Dimension (m)
Length Breadth Depth Free
board
Bar screen 1 RCC 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.2
Equalization tank 1 RCC 4.62 4.62 3.0 0.3
Anaerobic tank 1 RCC 10 4.5 4.0 0.3
Aerobic treatment
Tank
1 RCC 5 4.0 3.0 1.0
Secondary
sedimentation Tank
1 RCC 2.5 2.0 2.0 0.5
Sludge Drying bed 4 BBM 2.0 2.0 0.4 0.3
Chlorine contact
tank
1 RCC 1.0 2.5 1.5 0.3
Pressure sand filter 1 MS-
FRP
0.5 Dia 1.0 height
Activated Carbon
filter
1 MS-
FRP
0.5 Dia 1.0 height
Treated water tank 1 RCC 2 2 1.5 0.3

67
14. RENDERING PLANT
Solid wastes are any discarded (abandoned or considered waste-
like) materials. Solid wastes can be solid, liquid, and semi-solid or containerized
gaseous material. Such materials are to be disposed of appropriately so as to prevent
contamination of the environment by them or constituents thereof from their discharge,
deposition, injection, dumping and spillage.
Rendering is a useful method for the physical separation of fats from solids and
water. All the animal matter such as inedible offal, tissues, meat trimmings, waste and
condemned meat, bones etc. can be processed in a rendering system as the main
constituents of animal matter are fat, water and solids. Rendering is affected by heating
and rupturing connective tissue of individual fat and muscle cells so that raw fat and
other material bound within is freed. In rendering, fat recovered is used for industrial
purposes, such as soap and greases.
Fat recovered from flesh of healthy parts can also be used for edible purposes. Solid
portion, which is known as meat meal or bone meal, is utilized for the manufacture of
stock feed and fertilizers. All the animal matter i.e. type II wastes such as inedible offal,
tissues, meat trimmings, waste and condemned meat, bones etc. can be processed in
rendering system. The main constituents of animal matter are fat, water and solids. The
objective of rendering process is to physically separate the fat, the water and the solids.
This is affected by heating and rupturing connective tissue of individual fat and muscle
cells so that raw fat and other material bound within is freed. In rendering, fat recovered
is used for industrial purposes, such as soap and greases. Fat recovered from flesh of
healthy parts can also be used for edible purposes. Solid portion, which is known as
meat meal or bone meal, is utilsed for the manufacture of stock feed and fertilizers.
Rendering is carried out in dry rendering or wet rendering plants. In both the
processes, large pieces such as heads, bones etc are reduced in size by shredders or
other machinery. Large soft offals are also cut to size before processing. Intestines,
stomach and similar soft materials contain manure and, therefore, they are
opened and cleaned before feeding to rendering plant.

68
14.1 CALCULATION OF SOLID WASTE
Number of goats slaughtered = 300
Number of chickens = 1500
Waste generated from goat = 13 x 300 = 3900 kg
Waste generated from chicken = 0.5 x 1500 = 750 kg
Total waste generated = 4650 kg ~ 5000 kg
14.2 EQUIPMENTS
1. Pre breaker : It is used to thoroughly mix and finely grind the solid waste
2. Double jacket steam cooker: It is used to cook the solid waste at high temperature
3. Fat removing tank : It separates the suspended fat on top of cooker
4. Hammer mill : The rendered waste is finely crushed in Hammer mill
5. Condenser unit : The rendered waste is at high temperature. In order to
cool it a condenser unit is used
6. Boiler : The heat required for working of double jacket steam
cooker is provided by the boiler

69
15. WASTE UTILISATION
15.1 BLOOD
a. 7% of live weight, 50% collected
b. Mixed & cooked with bran as feed
c. Blood meal, pharmaceutical products, leather finishing agent, plywood adhesive,
Fertilizer.
15.2 BONE
a. 20 – 30% of live weight
b. Gelatin: photographic, pharmaceutical, food, explosive,
c. Tallow: soap, cosmetics, food, feed,
d. Bone ash: ceramics
e. Glue: adhesive
15.3 HIDE, INTESTINE
a.
b.
Hide: Leather, Collagen, Glue, Gelatin
Dialysing Intestine: Making sausages
c. Casings: edible, surgical sutures, musical
material – collagen sheets membrane.
strings, sports guts, Prosthetic
Figure 15.1 Making of sausages using intestines

70
15.4 HORN &HOOF, HAIR
a. Horn & Hoof: Horn meal, Neats foot oil, fire extinguisher, protein hydrolysate
in food.
b. Hair & Wool: Carpets, Felt, Upholstery, packing material, amino acids, brushes.
15.5 PHARMACEUTICAL USES
a. Stomach: Rennin used in dairy industry
b. Lungs: Heparin
c. Brain: Cholesterol
d. Fat: fatty acids, cosmetics, greese,lubricants, Tallow
e. Pancreas: Trypsin, Insulin,
f. Liver: Liver extract, Vitamins
g. Adrenaline, Pituitary hormones, Sex hormones , DNA
h. Intestines : making surgical threads
Figure 15.2 Manufacture of surgical threads

71
15.6 TREATED WATER UTILISATION
a. Lairage washing
b. Vehicle washing
c.Gardening
d. Sewage farming
15.7 BY PRODUCT UTILISATION
Economic feasibility assessment of establishing byproducts based industries-
generally requires huge investments .Consider
a. Availability of raw material
b. Facilities to collect by-products
c. Investment required to set up the industry
d. Demand and cost of end product
e. Labour cost and its marketability.

72
16. SCOPE FOR THE FUTURE STUDY
Our project consists of both structural design and waste management. We have
completed the waste management side successfully. To complete the whole project the
structural design also have to be designed. Due to lack of time and the size of project
we have not designed the structure. But we have given a scope of future study by
designing the plan of our slaughter houses and by presenting a model of a slaughter
house.

73
17. CONCLUSION
The slaughter house has been designed with the most modern equipments and
treatment plant. Also we developed a plan for both poultry and sheep slaughtering
house. Both solid and liquid waste are efficiently treated and converted to useful by-
products i.e., zero waste concept. By this we can reduce a portion of illegal slaughtering
in our Trivandrum city.

74
18. REFERENCES
1. CPHEEO Manual
2. Metcalf and Eddy, Waste water management, pg 167, 228-387
3. S.K Garg, Environmental engineering volume 1, pg 326- 512
4. S.K Garg, Environmental engineering volume 1, pg 425- 535
5. Water Supply And Sanitary Engineering – S.C.RANGWALA (pages 548-577)
6. “Solid waste treatment in slaughter house” https://www.cedindia.org/wp-
content/uploads/2011/03/slaughter-house-waste-managment.pdf
7. (accesedon december 2012)
8. The Kerala Municipality Act 1994 – 452,453-arrangement of SHs & licensing
9. The Kerala Panchayat Raj (Slaughter Houses and Meat stalls) Rules, 1996
10. The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals(Slaughter House rules) 2000 under PCA
Act 1960
11. The Municipal Solid wastes (management and handling) Rules, 2000 under
Environment (Protection) Act 1986
12. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act 1974

MODERN SLAUGHTER HOSUE

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

What's hot

What's hot (20)

Viewers also liked

Viewers also liked (19)

Similar to MODERN SLAUGHTER HOSUE

Similar to MODERN SLAUGHTER HOSUE (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

MODERN SLAUGHTER HOSUE