3. Geographical sources-
Major fenugreek producing countries
Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Iran, Nepal, Bangladesh,
Argentina, Egypt, France
In India it is cultivated at Rajasthan, Gujarat, Uttarkhand, Uttar
pradesh etc
Rajasthan accounts for 80% of India’s output
5. Extraction
Seeds or leaves of Fenugreek
Crushed and sieved through 40 mesh size
Coarse powder
100 gm of powdered seeds or leaves were taken
Extracted with ethanol using soxhelt aparataus for 24 hours
Extract is cooled and filtered
The filtrate was evaporated in vaccum
Residue
6. Isolation
HPLC Residues
Mobile phase Refluxed with 80% w/v ethyl acetate
Acetonitrile-water(75:25) Solvent is decanted
Trigonalline, Flavonoids Residue is dissolved in 90% methanol
Filtered
Coloumn choromatography Concentrated and precipitated in acetone
4-hydroxy-isoleucine saponin
7. 4-hydroxy isoleucine
It is a natural nonproteinogenic amino acid present in
T. foenum graecum seeds.
4-OH posses insulinotropic biological
activity(stimulates the production of insulin)
8. Mechanism of action
It increases glucose induced release of insulin by direct
effect on pancreatic islets
Insulin response strictly depend on the glucose
concentration and hence avoid undesirable side effects
such as hypoglycemia
Increase of blood glucose level= increase in insulin
promoting response
4-hydroxyisoleucine enriched fraction of fenugreek
extract is being used as antidiabetic agent as it is difficult
to isolate in pure form
The product is sold under brand name Sugaheal
10. Mechanism of action
Trigonelline
Improved the insulin sigalling pathway in the muscle
Activating
IR-PH GLUT4
(insulin receptor pleckstrain homology) (insulin regulated glucose receptor)
11. Galactomannan
Structurally composed of a 1,4-β
-D-mannosyl backbone substitued
by a single galactose unit α linked
at the C-6 oxygen
Major polysaccharide with rigid hydrophilic backbone
(polymanose) and galactose unit
In fenugreek galactose : mannose ratio 1:1
12. Mechanism of action
Also exert hypoglycemic effect by increasing production
of GLP-1 stimulates insulin release, glucagon, delay
the gastric emptying
Decrease in α amylase and sucrose activity
GLP-1 act on G- proteins coupled receptor of their own
Activate adenyl cyclase in cAMP
Exocytosis of insulin