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Introduction for scintfic writing
1. Introduction for
Scientific Writing
Dr. Nahid Sherbini
Consultant Internal Medicine & Pulmonary
Certified from Harvard Medical School - PPCR- Principles and Practice of Clinical
Research
3. Types of Scientific Publication
Oral presentations
Written presentations
Books and book chapters
Review papers
Journal articles
Newspaper articles
4. • Conference posters
• Annual reports, quarterly reports and project
reports, Conference abstracts
• Letter to journals and book reviews
Types of Scientific Publication
8. Title
Reflect the theme of the research
Be self-explanatory
Be brief
Language be simple
Be specific to a particular domain
Bracket; arithmetic figures, etc be avoided
Avoid confusing meaning
9. Title
• Specific & Short
• This forms the first impression about your research
10. Writing the Title of Research
1. Write clearly.
2. Include the main concepts.
3. Write the variables being investigated.
11. Writing the Title of Research
4. For specificity,
a) Indicate relationships among variables: difference, effect, association as the case may
be;
b) Write the target population.
5. Use a maximum of 20 substantive words (function words not included in
the count).
12. Examples
Role of broncho-alveolar lavage in approaching interstitial lung diseases
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis in Saudi Arabia: Demographic, clinical, and
survival data from two tertiary care hospitals
Outcomes of Patients Treated With Noninvasive Ventilation by a
Medical Emergency Team on the Wards
14. Writing the Outline
Functions of Outlines:
• Outlines
show points that still need research;
indicate items (topics) that have been over-researched;
form basis of research report.
17. The Introduction
1. The Background of the Study
– what leads the researcher to undertake the study.
2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems
– anything in the universe that leads to a “better life” for man.
18. The Introduction
2. The Research Problem and Sub-Problems (cont’d.)
Out of an old problem, a new problem may evolve.
A thinker is stimulated by what he reads.
An individual group has the urge to achieve and contribute something to society.
An individual likes to exercise resourcefulness, ingenuity and creativeness.
19. The Introduction
3. The Importance or Significance of the Study
Who are the probable users of the research results?
In what specific manner could the findings be used?
Will it benefit society as a whole?
Why should the problem be explored?
20. The Introduction
4. The Objectives or Hypotheses
Objectives
are set goals or those that are sought in the study;
serve as pointers in the development of the tool used in gathering data;
guide the organization of situations – in analysis of data or discussion of results.
Hypothesis
is a “hunch” that is to be tested in order that it be accepted or rejected,
21. The Introduction
4. The Objectives or Hypotheses (cont’d.)
Objectives and Hypotheses should be
specific
clearly stated
systematic in ordering situations
short
few
highly relevant to the problem
23. The Review of Related Literature
Part 1 – General concepts, principles and theories related to the study
Part 2 – Local studies done along the same line of research
Part 3 – Foreign Studies
24. The Review of Related Literature
Notes:
• The study should not be a repetition of a previous work or a replicate
of a previous study.
• The important past works of others are not overlooked.
• The study could be a verification of findings of past researchers.
25. Introduction
• Convince the reader that you have identified a research problem, worthy of investigating.
• Start very general – Broad Topic
• Highlight
• the concept
• Practical significance
• Reduce it to a narrow topic by
• Raising questions, and
• Stating answers from literature for most.
• Establish Rationale:
• Research is necessary questions for which there is no answer yet.
27. Regardless of your research area and the methodology
you choose, all research proposals must address the
following questions:
What you plan to accomplish
why you want to do it and
how you are going to do it.
Research Proposal
28. First page –
title of the research; researcher’s name; name of
institute/organization where the researcher belongs; name
of the sponsoring organization, name of the supervisor, co-
supervisor; date; etc
29. Research Proposal
A Basic Proposal Outline:
Introduction
Topic area
Research question
Significance to knowledge
30. Research Proposal
Literature review
Previous research others & yours
Interlocking findings and Unanswered questions
Your preliminary work on the topic
The remaining questions and inter-locking logic
Reprise of your research question(s) in this context
31. Methodology
Selection of appropriate approach
Tools/techniques to be used
Data collection techniques
Data processing, analysis, interpretation techniques
Data/information presentation techniques
32. Elements of Research
Proposal
• Title
• Introduction
• Statement of the problem
• Rationale/justification/significance of the research
• Review of literature
• Method
• limitations of the study
34. Budget
SUMMARY OF FUNDS REQUESTED (RO)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 TOTAL
Capital Equipment 7500 7500
Recurrent Items 8000 6000 16000 30000
Use of University Facilities 1000 1000 1000 3000
Local Travel Costs 1000 1000 1000 3000
Publication Costs 500 500 2500 2600
Miscellaneous 2000 2000 2000 6000
TOTAL 12500 18000 22500 53000
36. Common Mistakes
• To develop coherent arguments
• Too much detailed or too much short on major
issues
• Incorrect citation/references
37. DOs and DO NOTs
• DO
Produce/prepare a professional looking proposal
Make it interesting
Make it informative, meaningful
Write easy way to read
Present content in a page
Use clear headings/sub-headings
38. DOs and DO NOTs
• DO
Be concise, precise
Check spelling, grammar
Present in accurate/acceptable format
DO NOTs
Use no ward which you do not understand
Use of difficult ward unimpressive to the readers/ supervisor/ authority
