History of Pakistan..

1. History of Pakistan
lecture 04
By Rizwan saeed

2. Advent of Europeans in subcontinent
 1497 portugese king Manuel-1 sent Vasco da gama in 1498
 1498 he reached Port of Calicut
 They enjoyed 100 years of unopposed trade with india
 Had control over major ports in India
 Made Goa the capital of their activities

3. Arrival of English
 1583 Queen Elizabeth-1 dispatched ship Tyger to subcontinent to explore
trade opportunities
 1600 a group of merchants were given trade monopoly in subcontinent
 Decemer 31,1600 East India company established first office in Bombay
 1608 company’s first ship Hector arrived at port of Surat
 1615 sir Thomas Roe got the permission to establish factory at Surat(from
whom? And famous for?)

4. Continued…
 By 1700 British became strong enough to challenge Dutch and French rivals
 Dutch company came in 1602 and French company came in 1664
 French company established after Francois Bernie visit to India(served as
personal physician of Aurangzeb).
 After 1740’s French and British started supporting rival Indian rulers in
Internal wars(any prominent war worth mentioning?)

5. British military expansion
Built William fort in Calcutta
1717 company got custom tax exemption
Violated trade agreement with Bengal government
 1750 sobadar of Bengal nawab Aliwardi khan
 He died in 1756 and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daula succeeded him

6. Continued…
 Had a dislike for the British
 Attacked Calcutta fort and Black hole tragedy happened.
 1757 battle of Plassey Nawab Siraj ud Daula vs Robert Clive
 Nawab was defeated due to treachery of his uncle Mir Jafar
 Mir jafar paid compensation of 24 paragnas and 300000 pounds to company

7. Continued…
 1759 war of Bedara of Chinsurah, Mir jafar+Dutch vs company= company won
 1764 battle of Buxar, Mir Qasim(son in law of Jafar) + Alamgir 2+ nawab of
Oudh vs Company=Company won
 Nizam-ud-din became new nawab
 2 deputy Nawabs were also appointed
 1.Shehtab Roy
 2.Ali Raza khan

8. Continued…
 1765 east India company granted
Diwani power (authority to collect
revenue) in Bengal,Bihar,Orrisa by
defeating Shah Alam
 Initiated Anglo-Maysore(last war against
which leader and where?) wars in 1767
and Anglo-Maratha wars in 1775

9. Cntinued…

10. Continued…
 The power struggle initiated among Sikhs,Muslims,Marhattas internally
weakened the Indian empire
 By mid18th century the had built forts in India and generated military to
protect those forts
 British and French fought 3 Caranatac wars from 1746-1763. won by British
1.First Carnatic war.1746-1748
2.Second Carnatic war.1749-1754
3.Third Carnatic war.1756-1763

11. Continued…
 From 1757-1772 governor of Bengal used to represent British Interests in India
 1n 1773 Governor general of India was appointed by British, first holder was
Warren Hastings(replaced by Viceroy in 1858 , lord canning was first viceroy)
 British followed 2 methods to gain control
 1. use of sanad(subsidiary agreement) between them and local ruler
 control of Foreign affairs,Defense, communications
was transferred to company
 2.Military conquest or direct annexation of territories
3.Doctrine of lapse(lord Dalhousie 1852)

12. Continued…
 By 1823 they became masters of two third of India
 Annexed Sindh in 1843
 Fought first Anglo-Afghan wars(1839-1919)
 Annexed Punjab in ? After defeating which emire?
 Fought decisive war in 1857 known as war of indeendence

13. War of Independence 1857-1858
 Causes
 1.company innovations telegraph,railway seen as cultural invasions
 2.Greased cartridges
 3.new military reforms 27000 people were imprisoned
 4.Missionary activities(Lord macualay’s education report 1835)
 5.economic policy new agricultural taxes were levied
 6.uncontrolled expansion of British

14. The war
 March 1857 a sepoy named Mangal Pandey attacked British officers at the
military garrison in Barrackpore
 He was arrested and later executed
 April sepoy troopers at Meerut refused the Enfield cartridges, and, as
punishment, they were given long prison terms
 comrades, who rose on May 10, shot their British officers, and marched
to Delhi, where there were no European troops,local joined them.

15. British response
 British operations to suppress the rise were divided into three parts.
1. First came the desperate struggles at Delhi, Kanpur, and Lucknow during
the summer
2. the operations around Lucknow in the winter of 1857–58, directed by Sir
Colin Campbell
3. finally the “mopping up” campaigns of Sir Hugh Rose in early 1858.
 Peace was officially declared on July 8, 1859.

16. Continued…
 Reasons for failure
 1.lack of leadership
 2.lack of equipment
 3.revolt in some areas only, no revolt occurred in North western india and
south india
 4.financial constraints
 5.no defined aim

17. Continued…

18. The Britsh rule
 1858 government of India act was passed under which authority transferred to
british crown
 Indian councils act 1861
 1.five members were added in Viceroy’s council
 2.6-12 members were added to legislative council of governor general
 3.legislative council members could only discuss but could not question

19. Continued…
 1883 local self government act
 1.formation of muncipal and district councils
 2.joint electorate
 3.Sir syed was in favor of nominated members instead of elected
 1885 Formation of Indian National Congress
 1.By lord Octavian Hume in Bombay
 2.First president was Womesh Chander Bennerjee

20. Continued…
 1892 Indian councils act
 1.members of legislative council could discuss budget
 2.local bodies were given right to send their elected members to legislative
council
 3.no safe guard for muslims provided

21. Continued…
 Joint vs separate electorate debate

22. Muslims’ Renaissance
 Aligarh Movement
 founded by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan f/n Mir Muttaqi
 Accompanied by nawab Mohsin-ul-mulk,Viqar-ul-mulk,Hali,Shibli,Maulvi Nazir
ahmad,Chiragh ali and M.Hayaat
 Born on 17 October 1817 in Delhi
 1839 his father passed away
 1840 he was appointed as deputy judge

 Muslims had a dislike for English after 1835 education report


23. Continued…
 Sir Syed’s trinity of ideas
 1. salvation for the Muslims of British India
 2. Aloofness from Politics
 3. Dedication to Education.
 services of Aligarh movement
 Educational services
 1.Muradabad achool 1859
 2.scientific society Ghazipur 1864

24. Continued…

 3.Ghaziabad school 1862
 4.Aligarh institute gazette 1866
 5.1869 Sir Syed’s visit to Britain in 1869 and studied education system
 6. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Muslamanan-i-Hind 1870 ,after return from Britain
 7.M.A.O school in 1875,became college in 1877 and university in 1920
 8.Anglo-Muhammadan educational conference 1886
 Political services
 1.Risala asbab-e-baghawat-e-hind 1858
 2.Sarkash-e-zila Binjour


25. Continued…
 3.British Indian Association(to convey grievance) 1866
 4.Loyal Muhammadans of India
 5.Hindi-urdu controversy of 1867;led to two nation theory
 Religious services
 1.Khutbat-e-Ahmadiya(in response to William Mure’s Life Of
Muhammad(S.A.W)
 2.Esaays on life of Prophet(S.A.W)
 3.Rah-e-Sunnah wa radd-e-biddat


26. Continued…
 Social services
 1.Asar-ul-sanadeed
 2.Tabaeen-ul-kalaam
 3.tehzeeb-ul-akhlaq
 4.Aunjuman-e-taraqie urdu 1886(by Abdul Haq
 5.Ahkam-e-ta’ame ahl-e-kitaab

27. Continued…
Achievements of Sir syed
1.1877 member of imperial council
2.member of educational council in India
3.member of public service commission
4. honorary degree of LLD from University of Edinburgh in 1889
Sir syed died in 1898

28. Other movements
 Darul uloom Deoband
 1. founded in 1886 by Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi, Fazlur Rahman
Usmani, Sayyid Muhammad Abid
 2. Haji syed Abid Hussain was the first Mohtammam
 3. Maulana Muhammad yaqoob nanotvi was first president
 4. Maulana mehmood ul hassan was first pupil

29. Continued…
 Aims and objectives:
 Providing comprehensive information to the Muslims about their religion and
making arrangements for teaching of Quraan, Tafseer, Hadees, etc.
 Invoking the spirit of Islam among the students.
 Propagation and teaching of Islam.
 Preserving the freedom of thoughts and knowledge.
 Establishment of Arabic institution for the propagation of Islam.

30. Continued…
 Anjuman-e-himayate Islam
 1.founded in 1884 in lahore
 2. founded by Khalifa Qazi Hameed-ud-Din
 3.Founded after incident of conversion of a syed lady to Christianity in 1883
 aims and objectives:
 1. Providing for the religious and general education for male and female Muslims students.
 2. Protection and propagation of Islamic values against the Christian missionaries and Hindu
revivalists.
 3. To counteract the propaganda against Islam through speeches and publications.


31. Continued…
 Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama 1894
 1. founded by Maulana Muhammad Ali Almongiri
 objectives
1. Remove sectarianism among the ranks of the Muslims
2. Elimination of the prevailing extremist educational ideas and to make
them coherent
3. Improvement of the educational syllabus
4. Elimination of social evils
5. Improvement of all aspects of Muslims’ lives
6. Muslim separation from politics
7. Establishment of a grand educational institution to impart all sorts of
education both, religious and secular


32. Resurgence of Indian nationalism
 Arya samaj
 Brahmo samaj
 Shuddhi movement

33. Resurgence of Muslim nationalism
 Reformists’ teachings
 Faraizi movement by Haji Shariat Ullah in 1819 icluding leader like Dudu Mian
and Titu mir
 Aligarh movement
 Darul uloom deoband
 Urdu-Hindi controversy
 Formatoin of Indian national congress
 Led Muslims to form their own political party in the form of All India Muslim
league in 1906

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Regards: Team RS