1. 1Nambi Harish
DISCLAIMER
09-09-2020
All the information, facts, statements, figures, and other data used
in this presentation is collected from different internet sources and
literature. The sources of data area appropriately disclosed in all
the slides or in reference. The data was used for education purpose
only.
Also, I do not claim ownership/copy right of any image that has
been obtained from the public domain and literature. I have
acknowledged sources of all the information as much as possible.
The educator/student can use this presentation for
education/learning purpose by acknowledging the sources of the
data being used in this presentation.

2. N.B.K.R. INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Course :: REMOTE SENSING & GIS
Course Code: 17CE31E5
C-3, Exam: 40-60
Sri. Nambi Harish (PhD)
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
N.B.K.R. Institute of Science & Technology
INTRODUCTION
TO
COURSE CONTENT
Lecture
Nambi Harishnambiharish@nbkrist.org

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INTRODUCTION
09-09-2020
“REMOTE CONTROLL”
“REMOTE” “SENSING”
“REMOTE AREA”
“REMOTE SENSING”
“Far away/distance” “believing/observing/acquiring – info.”
“Remote sensing means acquiring information of things
from a distance.”

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INTRODUCTION
09-09-2020
Watch a cricket match from the stadium
“SENSE OF SIGHT”

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INTRODUCTION
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Smell freshly cooked curry/food
“SENSE OF SMELL”

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INTRODUCTION
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HEAR A TELEPHONE/MOBILE RING
“SENSE OF HEARING”

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INTRODUCTION
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Try to feel the smoothness of a desktop
“SENSE OF TOUCH”

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INTRODUCTION
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Taking food to taste
“SENSE OF TASTE”

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INTRODUCTION
09-09-2020
“SENSE OF SIGHT”
“SENSE OF SMELL”
“SENSE OF HEARING”
“SENSE OF TOUCH”
“SENSE OF TASTE”
“Touch the object by our organs
to collect the information about
the object”

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INTRODUCTION
09-09-2020
“Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information
about the earth’s surface without actually being in
contact with it.”
This is done by “sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying
that information.”

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1.Definition
09-09-2020
“Remote sensing is the science of acquiring information
about the earth’s surface without actually being in
contact with it.”
Source: https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/earth-sciences/geomatics/satellite-imagery-air-photos/satellite-imagery-products/educational-
resources/14621
This is done by “sensing and recording reflected or
emitted energy and processing, analyzing and applying
that information.”

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2. Process of remote sensing
09-09-2020
“Computer monitor :: Eyes :: Brain”

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2. Process of remote sensing
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2. Process of remote sensing
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2. Process of remote sensing
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1. Passive Remote Sensing
2. Active Remote Sensing

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QUIK REVIEW
09-09-2020
1. Definition
2. Process of remote sensing
a. Passive Remote Sensing
b. Active Remote Sensing

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2. Process of remote sensing
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2. Process of remote sensing
09-09-2020
A. Radiation by
energy source
B. Interaction with the
earth’s atmosphere
C. Interaction with
the target
D. Record of
energy by the
sensor. F. Interpretation and
Analysis
E. Transmission, reception,
and processing.
G. Application

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A. Radiation by energy source First requirement  “Energy Source” to illuminate/radiates
EM energy.
B. Interaction with the earth’s
atmosphere
C. Interaction with the target
D. Record of energy by the
sensor.
E. Transmission, reception,
and processing.
Source  Interacts with atmosphere  Target. (Sun  Vacuum 
Earth’s Atmosphere)
Atmosp.  Target, depending on properties of both the target
and the I/C energy, some reflected.
Reflected energy  atmosphere  Sensor (Collect & Record the
EMR)
EMR  Electronic form  receiving & Processing station  image.
Image  interpreted (Visually/digitally/electronically)  to
extract info. About the target of interest.
Info.  reveal some new information / assist in solving a
particular problem.
2. Process of remote sensing

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3. SOURCE OF ENERGY
09-09-2020
“The first requirement for RS is  Energy Source .”
To illuminate the target
EMR

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4. CONCEPT OF ENERGY
09-09-2020
“Energy is the ability to do work”
“doing work” – transferred from one body to another
from once place to another.
“transfer” – Conduction, Convection, & Radiation.

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“Radiation”
Form of energy transfer that can take place in
vacuum such as the region between sun and
the earth
4. CONCEPT OF ENERGY

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5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
“WAVE MODEL” “PARTICLE MODEL”
Waves and their Characteristics
• Amplitude
• Wavelength
• Frequency
• Period
• Velocity
Particle energy and Characteristics
• Flux
• Photons
• Quantum theory
• Planck’s equation
• All objects which have temperature above absolute zero
( 0 K or -273o C) continuously emits “EMR.”

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Waves and their Characteristics
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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AMPLITUDE
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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WAVELENGTH
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
data4rsgis@gmail.com
Name, Roll no., 12.30pm

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Frequency & Energy of a EMR
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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“Wavelength tells you the type of light* and Amplitude
tells you about the intensity of the light*.”
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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FREQUENCY
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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PERIOD & VELOCITY
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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“WAVE MODEL”
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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“PARTICLE MODEL”
• EME is measured joules (J) and Electron volts
(eV).
• The rate transfer of energy from one to
another – FLUX OF ENERGY.
• FLUX – “FLOW” – measured Watt (W).
• LIGHT is a stream of particles – “PHOTONS”
• “Quantum theory” – energy transferred in discrete packets called
“quanta/photon”
• Each particle of photon – certain quantity of energy.
• Some – high – low  wide range of energies
• Energies of photon is determined by “Plancks eq.n”
E = hν
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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We have, c=λν
 λ=c/ν
λ=hc/hν
But, W.K.T. E=hν
λ=hc/E
E =hc / λ
“the energy of quantum is inversely proportional to its wavelength.”
“Photons travel at high frequencies (shorter wavelength) – more
energetic.”
• The distribution of all photon energies over a range of observed
frequencies is embodied in the term “SPECTRUM”
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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• The photon energy level occupies a position somewhere within
this range, at a specific point in the “SPECTRUM”
“ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM”
5. ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
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• EM radiation spans an enormous range of wavelengths and
frequencies – “electromagnetic spectrum.”
• The EM spectrum is generally divided into seven regions, in order
of decreasing wavelength and increasing energy and frequency.
• The common designations are: radio waves, microwaves, infrared
(IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays.
• Typically, lower-energy radiation, such as radio waves, is expressed
as frequency;
• Moderate-energy radiation ,microwaves, infrared, visible and UV
light are usually expressed as wavelength;
• Higher-energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, is
expressed in terms of energy per photon.
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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• The region or intervals – bands/channels.
• The EM spectrum is spread from cosmic to radio waves,
RS is generally performed within the range of UV to
Microwaves region.
• Different bands of EMS are used for different types of RS
– often overlapping.
6. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
Earth’s Atm.

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
09-09-2020
Why it happens??
• Gaseous composition of the Earth’s atmosphere (from Gibbson, 2000)
Component Percentage
Nitrogen (N2) 78.08
Oxygen (O2) 20.94
Argon 0.93
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 0.0314
Ozone (O3) 0.00000004

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09-09-2020
80%
20%
Gaseous composition
1:4 (O2 : NO2)
Oxygen
Nirogen
Water
vapor
Methane Dust
particles
pollen
from
vegetation
Smoke
particles
Dust
particles
50 percent of the total particles present in the
atmosphere.
pollen
from
vegetation
7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
“The gases and the particles present in the
atmosphere cause scattering and absorption of
the electromagnetic radiation passing through it.”

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
a. ABSORPTION
• The process by which radiant energy is absorbed and converted
into other forms of energy.
• Which may take place in the atmosphere and on the terrain.
• An absorption band is a range of wavelengths (or Frequencies) in
the EMS within which radiant energy is absorbed by the
substance.
• The cumulative effect of the absorption by the various
constituents can cause the atmosphere to close down
completely in certain regions of the spectrum (no energy).
• OZONE, CARBON DIOXIDE, & WATER VAPOUR – main
atmospheric constituents.

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
• Areas of the spectrum which area not severely influenced by
atmospheric absorption – “atmospheric windows.” – useful of RS

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
b. SCATTERING
• Scattering occurs when particles or large gas molecules
present in the atmosphere interact with and cause the
electromagnetic radiation to be redirected from its original
path.
• Intensity of scattering takes place depends on
several factors including the wavelength of
the radiation, the abundance of particles or
gases, and the distance the radiation travels
through the atmosphere.

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SCATTERING
•Rayleigh scattering
•Mie scattering
•Nonselective scattering

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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c. REFRACTION & REFLECTION
• When EMR encounters substances of different densities
(air/water), refraction takes place.
• The process whereby radiation “bounces off” an object –
“REFLECTION”
7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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09-09-2020
The amount radiation onto, off of,
or through a surface per unit time
is called “radiant flux”(Φ) and
measured in watt (W).
7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)

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7. INTERACTION WITH ATMOSPHERE & EARTH
SURFACE (TARGET)
• The total amount of radiant flux in specific wavelength (λ)
incident to the terrain (Φiλ) must be account by evaluating the
amount of energy reflected from the surface (ρλ), the amount of
energy absorbed by the surface (αλ), and the amount of radiant
energy transmitted through the surface (τλ)
(Φiλ) = (ρλ) + (αλ) + (τλ)

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What is Reflectance
• Reflectance is defined as the ratio of the radiant flux reflected from the
surface or body of a material (фr) to the incident radiant flux (фi). Reflectance
is denoted by ρ (or p).
8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
• The reflectance is a ratio of radiant flux.
• It is dimensionless.
• The reflectance varies as per the
wavelength distribution of the incident
radiation. Reflectance and transmittance
are closely related concepts.

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09-09-2020
What is Reflectance
8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
• The reflectance is a ratio of radiant flux. Therefore, it is unitless.
• The reflectance varies as per the wavelength distribution of the incident
radiation.
• Reflectance and transmittance are closely related concepts.
• Reflectance can be categorized into two types. One is specular reflectance
(ρs) and the second is diffuse reflectance (ρd).
Specular reflectance is defined as the radiant flux that is not scattering or
diffusing.
For example, reflection by a mirror.
Diffuse reflectance is defined as the radiant flux that is in a scattering manner.
For example, reflection by cinema screen.

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What is Reflectance
8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
• The total reflectance is the sum of the specular reflectance and diffuse
reflectance.
• Reflectivity is defined as the property of a material to reflect the light or
radiation.
• It is a measurement of reflectance irrespective of the thickness of a
material.
• Reflectivity and Reflectance are the same for homogeneous and semi-
infinite materials. But it is different for finite and layered material.
Reflectivity

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8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
• When a light incident on a thin layer of material, the internal reflection effect
causes the reflectance. It is varying with surface thickness. While reflectivity
is a value that applies to thick reflecting objects.
• Reflectivity is the limit value of reflectance when the sample is thick. It is the
intrinsic reflection of the surface.
• Reflectance is a fraction of electromagnetic power reflected form material or
surface. Reflectivity is a property of a material.
Reflectance vs Reflectivity

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8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
• When a light incident on a sample, it will reflect from the sample. Reflected
light consists of specular reflected light and diffuse reflected light.
Reflection Measurement
(shiny surface)
(rough surface )
• Measure both reflected light and
combine them to measure the total
reflected light.
• Reflectance measurement measure
relative or absolute reflected light.
• Relative reflectance measurement
calculates the proportional amount of
reflected light, relative to the amount
of reflected light from a reference
plate.

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• The equation to measure the relative reflectance is;
8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE

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The reflectance of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in
reflecting radiant energy.

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8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE
 Spectral Reflectance Curve
• The reflectance is a function of the wavelength of the
electromagnetic energy.
• Spectral reflectance or Spectral reflectance curve is a graph
of Wavelength vs %Reflectance.
• The spectral reflectance curve is a measure of how much
energy it will reflect at a different wavelength.
• Spectral reflectance is different for different earth surface
features.
• It is a curve that provides information about reflectance of
material or surface for different wavelengths throughout the
visible spectrum, by determining the color of material or
surface.

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8. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE CURVE

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8. SPECTRAL SIGNATURE

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8. SPECTRAL SIGNATURE

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“Remote sensing is based on the measurement of
reflected or emitted radiation from different bodies.”
 Physical and chemical state (e.g. moisture),
 Surface roughness
 Geometric circumstances (e.g. incidence angle of the sunlight).
 Surface features are colour, structure and surface texture.
 Reflectance properties
 These differences of reflectance - to identify different earth surface features
or materials by analyzing their spectral reflectance patterns or spectral
signatures.
 These signatures can be visualized in so called spectral reflectance curves as
a function of wavelengths.
8. SPECTRAL SIGNATURE

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9. Advantages of remote sensing technology
09-09-2020
 Large area coverage: Remote sensing allows coverage of very large areas which
enables regional surveys on a variety of themes and identification of extremely
large features.
 Remote sensing allows repetitive coverage which comes in handy when
collecting data on dynamic themes such as water, agricultural fields and so on.
 Remote sensing allows for easy collection of data over a variety of scales and
resolutions.
 A single image captured through remote sensing can be analyzed and
interpreted for use in various applications and purposes. There is no limitation
on the extent of information that can be gathered from a single remotely
sensed image.

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 Remotely sensed data can easily be processed and analyzed fast using a
computer and the data utilized for various purposes.
 Remote sensing is unobstructive especially if the sensor is passively recording
the electromagnetic energy reflected from or emitted by the phenomena of
interest. This means that passive remote sensing does not disturb the object
or the area of interest.
 Data collected through remote sensing is analyzed at the laboratory which
minimizes the work that needs to be done on the field.
 Remote sensing allows for map revision at a small to medium scale which
makes it a bit cheaper and faster.
9. Advantages of remote sensing technology

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 Color composite can be obtained or produced from three separate band images
which ensure the details of the area are far much more defined than when only
a single band image or aerial photograph is being reproduced.
 It is easier to locate floods or forest fire that has spread over a large region
which makes it easier to plan a rescue mission easily and fast.
 Remote sensing is a relatively cheap and constructive method reconstructing a
base map in the absence of detailed land survey methods.
9. Advantages of remote sensing technology

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10. Disadvantages of remote sensing technology
09-09-2020
 Remote sensing is a fairly expensive method of analysis especially when
measuring or analyzing smaller areas.
 Remote sensing requires a special kind of training to analyze the images. It is
therefore expensive in the long run to use remote sensing technology since
extra training must be accorded to the users of the technology.
 It is expensive to analyze repetitive photographs if there is need to analyze
different aspects of the photography features.
 It is humans who select what sensor needs to be used to collect the data,
specify the resolution of the data and calibration of the sensor, select the
platform that will carry the sensor and determine when the data will be
collected. Because of this, it is easier to introduce human error in this kind of
analysis.

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 Powerful active remote sensing systems such as radars that emit their own
electromagnetic radiation can be intrusive and affect the phenomenon being
investigated.
 The instruments used in remote sensing may sometimes be un-calibrated which
may lead to un-calibrated remote sensing data.
 Sometimes different phenomena being analyzed may look the same during
measurement which may lead to classification error.
 The image being analyzed may sometimes be interfered by other phenomena
that are not being measured and this should also be accounted for during
analysis.
10. Disadvantages of remote sensing technology

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 Remote sensing technology is sometimes oversold to the point where it feels
like it is a panacea that will provide all the solution and information for
conducting physical, biological or scientific research.
 The information provided by remote sensing data may not be complete and
may be temporary.
 Sometimes large scale engineering maps cannot be prepared from satellite
data which makes remote sensing data collection incomplete.
10. Disadvantages of remote sensing technology

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I. Land Use Mapping
II. Weather Forecasting
III. Environmental Study
IV. Study of Natural Hazards
V. Resource exploration
11. Applications of remote sensing technology

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A uniform
energy sources
Non – interfering
atmosphere
Series of unique energy
– matter interaction at
the earth’s surface
Super sensor
Realtime data
handling system
12. IDEAL REMOTE SENSING SYSTEM

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13. HISTORY OF REMOTE SENSING & INDIAN SPACE
PROGRAM
09-09-2020
How and why technology has been developed ??
The Middle
age
(1908 – 1945)
The Modern
age
(1946
onwards)

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1839
Balloon photography
Topographic surveying
1860
Gaspar Felix Tournachon (Nadar)
Enemy troop Movement – WW-I
(Franco – Prussian)
1860
James Wallace Black
Photographed Boston @1200 ft altitude
1882
G.R. Lawrence
KITES, for aerial views over cities of America
1903
Julius Neubronne
Breast-mounted camera for pigeons
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Early age)

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Collage of pigeons with Julius
Neubronner's cameras and three aerial
photos taken by the method. The
photos were taken in the early 1900s in
Germany.

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1908
Wilbur Wright
First aerial motion picture of Italy
1918
American Civil War, WW –I Military use,
French unit – 10,000 photographs a night
1940
Dr. Eggerton, developed Camera strobe
W.W- II, Germany – applications.
1940
Beginning of WW –II
V-1 Rockets, radar, water depth detectors
1940
Beginning of WW –II
Safe landings, vegetation indicators.
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Middle age)

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1946-50
Rockets & Ballisitc missiles –
carry camera
1946
V-2 rocket from Germany – launched by US
Army from White sands, New Mexico.
1954
Westinghouse + US Air Force
“Side-looking airborne radar system”
First movement towards active RS
1957
Soviet Union – World’s first artificial sat.
“Sputnik”
1960
US – earth observation and exp. Weather sat.
“Television and Infrared Obs. Sat. “TIROS”
Viewed earth cloud cover @ 450 –miles orbit
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Modern age/ Space age)

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1965
9 more TIROS – launched
IR radiometers – Earth’s heat distribution
1965
TIROS 8 – first automatic picture
transmission equip.
1960
Man entered in the space – specific
targets and schedule.
1962
Zaitor & Tsuprun
9-lens multi-spectral camera – 9 different films – filters
1968
APOLLO – 9 mission
First Multi-spectral photography
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Modern age/ Space age)

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1972
LANDSAT -1
Multi-spectral Scanner (MSS) –
imaged earth from 900km @ 80
resolution
1978
Seasat – Synthetic aperture radar
1980’s
Dr. Alexander F.H. Geotz
Airborne Visible-Infrared Imaging Spectrometer
(AVIRIS)
1986
France – SPOT-1
(System Probatorie de la Obersvation de la Terre)
1999
IKONOS II
Private Organization (Geo Eye Inc.)
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Modern age/ Space age)

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1962
Indian Committee for Space Research
(INCOSPAR) – Thumba Equatorial Rocket
Launching Station (TERLS)@ THUMBA
1963
First sounding-rocket
“Nike-Apache”
1969
Launchign SLV’s and Rockets from Sriharikota.
INCOSPAR  ISRO
1972
Department of Space (DOS)
1979
India – third-world country
To develop its own RS satellite
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Modern age/ Space age)

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1975
Aryabhatta (C-1 Intercosmos, USSR)
1979
Bhaskar –I
(C-1 Intercosmos, USSR)
1980
ROHINI (SLV-3 E2, India)
1981
ROHINI (SLV-3 D1, India)
1981
APPLE (Ariane –I Europe)
HISTORY OF REMOTE
SENSING (Modern age/ Space age)

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SUMMARY OF THE SESSION
09-09-2020
1. Process of remote sensing
2. Source of energy
3. Concept of energy
4. Electromagnetic radiation
a. Electromagnetic energy
i. Wave model
ii. Particle model
5. Concepts related to EMR
6. Electromagnetic spectrum
7. Interaction with atmosphere & earth surface (Target)
8. Spectral reflectance curve
9. Spectral signature curve
10. Advantages and Disadvantages of RS
11. Applications of RS
12. History of RS

89. END OF SESSION
See you again in the next session
MODULE – I
END