The document discusses the general characteristics of two fungal orders: Glomales and Entomophthorales. Glomales comprises fungi that form arbuscular mycorrhizal relationships with plant roots. They have coenocytic hyphae and produce spores in soil or roots through asexual reproduction. Entomophthorales are mainly entomopathogenic fungi that are pathogens of insects. They have coenocytic or septate mycelium and produce spores or resting spores. Some Entomophthorales species are commercially used as biological control agents against insect pests.

1. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF
GLOMALES &
ENTOMOPHTHORALES
Submitted to:- Dr. Pradeep Yadav
& Dr. Ritu Mishra
Submitted by:- Nandani Bhartiya
M.Sc. I Semester
2022-2023
Department of Botany

2.  Glomales(=Glomerales) is the order of
symbiotic fungi within the phylum
Glomeromycota
 The Glomales comprises fungi with an
arbuscular mycorrhizal habit
 The Entomophthorales are an order of
mainly entomogenous fungi
 Most species of the Entomophthorales
are pathogen of insects

3. Coenocytic hyphae, within
roots(intraradical),outside
root(extraradical)
No flagellated state in life cycle
Spores formed in soil or roots;
asexual
Endomycorrhizae or vesicular-
arbuscular mycorrhizae or symbiosis
with cyanobacteria(Geosiphon with
Nostoc)
Arbuscules –highly branched
,short-lived structures, constantly
being formed and degenerating
Vesicles- oval or
spherical,darkly staining and
function as nutrient reservoirs

4. Gigaspora margarita-lives
on roots without destroying
the plant
Geosiphon pyriformis-lives
on cyanobacteria rather than
plants
Scutellospora persica-
another root dwelling fungus
Acaulospora scrobiculata-
often found in the roots of
soyabean plants
Gigasora gigantea- fungus
with unusually large spores

6.  Mycelium is coenocytic,however it
may become divided by septa into
segments
 Sporangium that has been reduced
to a single conidium and is usually
discharged forcibly at maturity
 Thick walled resting spores is
zygospores or azygospores
 Most species are parasitic on
insects and few cases in animals
and plants or they live
saprophytically in soil

7.  spore forming microsporidium,Paranosema
locustae is a pathogen that has been used
for controlling locusts,grasshoppers and
some cricketes
 Several species of Heterorhabditis and
Steinernema are available in multiple
commercial formulations, primarily for
managing soil insect pest
 Phasmarhabditis hemaphrodita is also
available for controlling slugs in Europe

9.  Although Glomales or mycorrhizal fungi are
remarkably successful and ubiquitos
components of plant root
system,contributing to nutrient uptake in
large majority of land plants, mycorrhizal
symbiosis seems likely always to be beneficial
for fungi and also plants
 Entomophthorales can be important in both
organic and conventional producing system.It
can be used alone or in combination with
chemical,botanical pesticides

10.  Ucanr.edu
 Yourdictionary.com
 Sciencedirect.com
 Wpmucdn.com
 An introduction of fungi by H.C. Dube(third
edition)
 Introduction of FUNGI by John Webster and
Roland W.S.WEBER(Third edition)