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School Libraries Making a Difference: What
Is Your Evidence And How Do You Get It
Dr Ross J Todd
Chair, LIS Department
Center for International Scholarship in School Libraries (CISSL)
School of Communication & Information
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey
rtodd@rutgers.edu
www.cissl.rutgers.edu
www.twitter.com/RossJTodd
www.facebook.com/RossJTodd
Focus of Presentations
• Evidence-Based Practice: concepts, research
findings, issues and enablers
• Evidence-Based Approaches: Strategies for
action
• Evidence-Based Action: your processes and
action plan
Truro Public Library, MA
The EBP School Libraries Beginning
• First paper on EBP and School Libraries at IASL conference,
Auckland 2001
• (TODD, R. (2001). "Transitions for preferred futures of school
libraries: knowledge space not information place;
connections, not collections; actions, not positions; evidence,
not advocacy". International Association of School
Librarianship Annual Conference, Auckland, New Zealand,
8th-12th July, 2001. Available at: http://www.iasl-
slo.org/virtualpaper2001.html
• The Evidence-Based Manifesto for School Librarians
Todd, Ross J. School Library Journal, v54 n4 p38-43 Apr 2008
• Australian Parliament Inquiry into School Libraries and
Teacher-Librarians 2011
 Report published March
2011, tabled at Parliament
23 May 2011.
• “6.10 - The Committee has
been struck by the breadth of
anecdotal evidence that it
received demonstrating the
significant contribution to
learning outcomes in primary
and secondary schools that a
fully resourced school library,
when staffed by a fully
qualified and active teacher
librarian, can make. This
supports the findings of
Australian and international
research in this area.” (p.118)
Developing capacity as evidence-
based practitioners
“We recommend that the profession as a
whole needs to develop the capacity to
articulate needs from
research-based evidence
and local evidence
collected in the school.”
https://www.facebook.com/groups/EBPforSL/
Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)
What is it?
Evidence-Based practice
• Evolving concept in many professions as new approach to
professional practice
• 1990s: Medicine & Health Care professions; gradual take
up by many service professions: duty of care & optimum
outcomes
• 2000+ Intersection of evidence-based education &
evidence-based librarianship - international movement -
sense of urgency that school librarians engage with data
to underpin & inform practice and measure outcomes
more rigorously
Evidence-Based School Librarianship
Professional practice that systematically uses:
- research-derived evidence
- teacher /school librarian-observed evidence
meshed with experience and wisdom
- learner-reported evidence
[ decision making, development & continuous
improvement of school libraries
[ program processes and impact on student
achievement, reading / literacy outcomes
[ advocacy / promotion
[ informs ongoing research agenda
Central focus: student’s information-to-knowledge
experience enabled though school library initiatives, and
adding value to the school’s goals Local focus
Holistic Model of Evidence-Based Practice for School Libraries
Evidence FOR
Practice
FOUNDATION
INFORMATIONAL
Existing formal research provides the
essential building blocks for professional
practice:
Evidence IN
Practice
Applications /
Actions
PROCESS
TRANSFORMATIONAL
Locally produced evidence;
Data generated by practice is meshed with
research-based evidence to provide a
dynamic decision-making and learning
environment:
Librarian’s evidence / thinking / wisdom
Evidence OF
Practice
Results – impacts
& outcomes
OUTCOMES
FORMATIONAL
user-reported evidence
learner changes as result of inputs,
interventions, activities, processes
Evidence-Based Practice
Evidence
FOR
Practice
Evidence IN
Practice
Evidence OF
Practice
Alternatives to Evidence
• Beating around the bush
• Jumping to conclusions
• Throwing my weight around
• Dragging my heels
• Pushing my luck
• Making mountains out of
molehills
• Bending over backwards
• Jumping on the bandwagon
• Running around in circles
• Mouthing on
• Pulling out the stops
• Adding fuel to the fire
• Going over the edge
• Picking up the pieces
Gary Hartzell “Occupational Invisibility”
Others often do not see depth, breadth and importance of
what school librarians contribute to learning in schools
Evidence-Based Practice
Gathering evidence in YOUR local school
You are able to provide convincing evidence that answers
these questions:
“What differences do my school library and its learning
initiatives make to student learning outcomes?
“What are the differences, the tangible learning outcomes
and learning benefits of my school library”?
EVIDENCE = ADDING VALUE: Learning, Living, Life
EBP – Issues and Concerns
• Accountability: Threat to professional authority and
autonomy; “proving our worth”
• I have to be a researcher: information literacy competencies
• Our goal is lifelong learning, so how can we identify outcomes?
Evidence enables feedback for tomorrow
• EBP detracts from the job! What then is your job?
• Time: It is about priority
• Professional Development: examples
models, templates
Evidence-Based Strategies
Emphasis On Information
• Number of classes in the library
• Number of library items borrowed
• Number of students using the library at lunch times
• Number of items purchased annually
• Number of web searches
• Number of books lost
And who can do this?
Jean Piaget (1896–1980)
The principal goal of education in
the schools should be creating
men and women who are capable
of doing new things, not simply
repeating what other generations
have done; men and women who
are creative, inventive and
discoverers, who can be critical
and verify, and not accept,
everything they are offered.
http://www.accessola.com/school_lib/
Emphasis on Knowledge
Understanding how school libraries help kids learn:
Learning outcomes in terms of
– Knowledge outcomes – deep mastery of content through
inquiry
– Information processes: transformation of information
into new knowledge through inquiry
– Information technology: using tools to construct
representations of knowledge and to present new
knowledge
– Reading for learning in digital and print formats
– Independent learning: knowledge transfer
– Attitudes and values of information, learning
– Self concept and personal agency
And who can do this?
Mission Statements & Policy Documents Contexts for
Evidence
School Library Policy and Mission Statements:
• Redefine school libraries from Place to Experience, linking to
NY curriculum mission and standards
• Shift in focus from School Library as collections, access,
information literacy, to inquiry, thinking, knowledge
development and learning outcomes
Test criteria:
“Celebrate the Understood, not the Found”
Does your mission and policy statements do this?
www.wordle.net
School Libraries as Verbs
"Libraries are the verbs in the content standards. Wherever verbs
such as read, research, analyze, explore, examine, compare, contrast,
understand, interpret, investigate, and find appear in the standards,
Teacher Librarians and library resources are involved."
(Oxnard Union High School District)
http://www.ouhsd.k12.ca.us/lmc/ohs/stronglib/StrongSLMP.ppt
Meta-analyses of educational research
shows that the most significant impacts
on student learning & achievement are:
• role of teacher and quality of
instruction;
• developing a supportive learning
environment;
• engaging students in discovery,
inquiry, thinking, meta-cognition,
and knowledge building
(Visible learning: a synthesis of over 800
meta-analyses relating to achievement:
[John Hattie. Routledge, 2009])
Visible Learning
What is a School Library?
The school library is the school’s physical and virtual learning
commons where inquiry, thinking, imagination, discovery, and
creativity are central to students’ information-to-knowledge
journey, and to their personal, social and cultural growth.
NJ Research Study 2009-2012
• School libraries as pedagogical centers
• Key role of the school librarian is co-teacher implementing
curriculum
• Creative pedagogies centering on inquiry, critical thinking and
development of knowledge
• School library as connector: school and community
• Digital and ethical citizenship
Center for Information, Inquiry and Innovation
• A common information grounds for supporting learning across the school
• Common place across the school for investigating and experimenting with
information and IT, examining multiple perspectives and developing deep
knowledge
• Opportunity for teams engaging in pedagogical experimentation to access
and use information and web tools to empower learning through creativity,
discovery, inquiry, cooperation, and collaboration
• Zone of intervention and socialization for learning how to function
effectively in the complex informational and technological world beyond
school
• Environment where students are guided by professionals to effectively
utilize information and the most appropriate technology tools to support
knowledge development
• 24/7 environment: support knowledge building process out of school –
central portal for knowledge development: tools, techniques, processes,
help
EBP
Knowledge
Outcomes
Intellectual Quality
Intellectual Agency
Deep knowledge
Deep understanding
Problematic knowledge
Higher order thinking
Meta-language
Substantive communication
Personal Agency
Self Confidence
Willingness to take risks
Trying new ideas and practices
Independence
Autonomy
Social and Cultural Agency
Respect for different values, cultural knowledges and viewpoints
Team building, collaboration, negotiation and decision making:
inclusivity
Knowledge integration: conceptual coherence and integration
Connect with current and future lives
Social and ethical values
Curriculum: Dimensions of Evidence
Deep Knowledge
Knowledge is deep when focus is sustained on key concepts
and ideas
Evidence:
• Sustained focus on specific topic
• Explanatory detail
• Knowledge of hierarchical and associative relationships
Sources of Evidence
• Research products
• Oral presentations
• Sustained communication
Deep Understanding
• Students are able to demonstrate meaningful understanding
of the central ideas and the relationships between them
Evidence:
• Metalanguage
• Appropriate recall of complex ideas
• Organized, structured sequence of ideas: knowledge
connections
• Presentations and discussions around topic development
• Focus questions go beyond fact finding
• Formulation of conclusions, implications
• students use complex terms relevant to their subject
• students learn to search relevant databases using complex
language
Problematic knowledge
• Students are encouraged to address multiple perspectives
and/or solutions and to recognise that knowledge is
constructed though diverse ideas
Evidence:
• Students understand the various arguments, evidences,
counterarguments
• Acknowledge conflicts in information
Sources of evidence? Assessment rubrics
Higher-order thinking
• Students are engaged in thinking that requires them to
organise, reorganise, apply, analyse, synthesise and evaluate
knowledge and information
Evidence:
• Students use information from more than one web site,
compare it, select the best to use for the purpose, decide
what is relevant for each aspect of task
• Students accurately interpret evidence
• Students construct sound conclusions
Sources of evidence?
Substantive communication
• Students regularly engage in sustained conversations about
the concepts and ideas – can manifest in oral, written,
artistic forms
Evidence:
• Increased confidence in presentations
• Increased quality of classroom discussion after library visits
• Increase in quality and frequency of questions about
research topics
• Increased retention of content which is utilized in later
discussions
Sources of evidence?
Examples of claims
• Following an inquiry-based unit of work, 70% students showed
improved ability in formulating essential questions that directed
their inquiry as compared to their previous research task
• As a result of instructional interventions focusing on the
development of arguments, students showed stronger ability to
identify claims, provide supporting evidence and to identify
rebuttals
• Students’ final products showed improved ability to analyze and
synthesize information
• Students’ research reports showed improved ability to draw
conclusions and state implications of their findings
• Students’ presentations showed ability to present different
viewpoints and to provide a strong and supported case for their
own position
Example of Claims
• 93% of the students showed mastery of strategies for
evaluating websites for misinformation and bias
• Following instructional interventions that focused on
establishing the quality of websites, 100% of the students’
bibliographies showed use of high quality websites
• Based on a pre-test of initial and final knowledge of the
Grade 8 science curriculum topic, students’ knowledge of
their topics changed from descriptive and random listing of
facts to statements that showed explanations, conflicting
knowledge and making predictions
• Students; products showed increasing complexity of
language used to describe their knowledge, and the ordering
of this knowledge into conceptually coherent units
• 83 % of the class show improved ability in thoughtfully
analyzing and evaluating major alternative points of view
Focus of Instructional Interventions
• Resource-based capabilities: These are abilities and dispositions
related to seeking, accessing and evaluating resources in a
variety of formats, including people and cultural artefacts as
sources. They also include using information technology tools to
seek out, access and evaluate these sources, and the
development of digital and print-based literacies.
• Thinking-based capabilities: These are abilities and dispositions
that focus on substantive engagement with data and
information, the processes of higher order thinking and critical
analysis that lead to the creation of representations/products
that demonstrate deep knowledge and deep understanding.
• Knowledge-based capabilities: These are the abilities and
dispositions that focus on the creation, construction and
sharing the products of knowledge that demonstrate deep
knowledge and understanding.
GIVING FOCUS TO OUTCOMES
• Reading to learn capabilities: These are the abilities and
dispositions related to the transformation, communication
and dissemination of text in its multiple forms and modes to
enable the development of meaning and understanding.
• Personal and interpersonal capabilities: These are the
abilities and dispositions related to the social and personal
aspects of leaning about self as a learner, and the social and
cultural participation in inquiry learning.
• Learning management capabilities: These are the abilities
and dispositions that enable students to prepare for, plan
and successfully undertake a curriculum-based inquiry unit.
• Developed from Ohio, Delaware and Australia studies (25,000 students)
GIVING FOCUS TO OUTCOMES
Reading Challenges
• Engage with strong and thorough textual evidence to support
analysis
• Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented
in different media or formats
• Analyze and synthesize multiple interpretations
• Identify and address conflicting information
• Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and
relevant evidence
• Show how themes interact and build on one another to produce a
complex account
• Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development,
organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and
audience
• Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish
writing and other forms of idea representation
Tools and measures for charting
and documenting evidence
Dr Ross Todd
Rutgers University
NJ Schools Study: Did they learn anything?
• 10 New Jersey public schools
• Experienced and expert school librarians
• 10 teacher-school librarian teams working on curriculum
inquiry projects with 17 classroom teachers
• 574 students in Grades 6 – 12
• Data collected over four weeks:
1. Writing Task 1 (at initiation of inquiry unit)
2. Writing Task 2 (at midpoint of inquiry unit)
3. Writing Task 3 (at conclusion of inquiry unit)
4. Search Journal Log
Writing Tasks
Writing task 1 and 2 consisted of the following questions
1. Write the title that best describes your research project at this
time.
2. Take some time to think about your research topic. Now write
down what you know about this topic.
3. What interests you about this topic?
4. How much do you know about this topic? Check () one box that
best matches how much you know. Nothing, Not much, Some,
Quite a bit and A great deal
5. Write down what you think is EASY about researching your topic.
6. Write down what you think is DIFFICULT about researching your
topic.
7. Write down how you are FEELING now about your project. Check
() only the boxes that apply to you. Confident, Disappointed,
Relieved, Frustrated, Confused, Optimistic, Uncertain, Satisfied,
Anxious or Other.
Additional Questions at Writing Task 3
1. What did you learn in doing this research project? (This
might be about your topic, or new things you can do, or
learn about yourself)
2. How did the SCHOOL LIBRARIAN help you?
1. How did the TEACHER help you?
CISSL WEB SITE
• http://cissl.rutgers.edu/joomla-license/impact-studies/57-
impact-studies-slim
• Student Learning through Inquiry Measure (SLIM)
SLIM Handbook
•
SLIM Reflection Instruments and Scoring Guidelines
SLIM Scoring Sheet
Analysis of student bibliographies
• Diversity of choice of sources
• Depth / levels of knowledge
• Accuracy of citations
• Relevance to learning task
• Use of multiple formats
• Engaging with state-of-the art
knowledge – recency / accuracy
• Reasons for choice of source
Rubric Strategies
• Students’ performance in final products are scaled according to a
set of criteria that clearly define what is the range of acceptable to
unacceptable performances and/or information products look like
• Compare with previous assignments where no instructional
intervention took place
CriticalThinking:MakeThinkingVisible
www.insightassessment.com/pdf_files/​Rubric%20HCTSR.pdf
Critical Thinking Rubric
http://www.winona.edu/AIR/resourcelinks/critical%20thinking%203.pdf
History Essay: Dr Carol Gordon Information Literacy in Action
Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Mks
Introduction
/ Thesis
-weak introduction
of topic, thesis &
subtopics
-thesis is weak and
lacks an arguable
position
-adequate
introduction that
states topic ,
thesis and some
of the subtopics
- thesis is
somewhat clear
and arguable
-proficient
introduction that
states topic, thesis,
and all subtopics in
proper order
- thesis is a clear
and arguable
statement of
position
-exceptional introduction
that grabs interest of
reader and states topic,
thesis, and all subtopics
in proper order
- thesis is exceptionally
clear, arguable, well
developed, and a
definitive statement
/8
Quality of
Information
/ Evidence
-limited
information on
topic with lack of
research, details or
historically
accurate evidence
-some aspects of
paper is
researched with
some accurate
evidence from
limited sources
-paper is well
researched in
detail with
accurate & critical
evidence from a
variety of sources
-paper is exceptionally
researched, extremely
detailed and historically
accurate with critical
evidence from a wide
variety of sources
/12
Support of
Ideas /
Analysis
-limited
connections made
between evidence,
subtopics,
counterarguments
& thesis / topic
-lack of analysis
-some
connections
made between
evidence,
subtopics,
counterargumen
ts & thesis / topic
showing
-consistent
connections made
between evidence,
subtopics,
counterarguments
& thesis / topic
showing good
analysis
-exceptionally critical,
relevant and consistent
connections made
between evidence,
subtopics, counter-
arguments & thesis /
topic showing excellent
analysis
/10
History Essay
Organization /
Development of
Ideas
-paper lacks clear
and logical
development of ideas
with weak transition
b/w ideas and
paragraphs
-somewhat clear
and logical
development of
subtopics with
adequate
transitions b/w
paragraphs
-clear and logical
subtopic order that
supports thesis with
good transitions b/w
paragraphs
-exceptionally clear, logical,
mature, and thorough
development of subtopics
that support thesis with
excellent transition b/w
paragraphs
/10
Conclusion -lack of summary of
topic, thesis &
subtopics with weak
concluding ideas
-adequate
summary of topic,
thesis and some
subtopics with
some final
concluding ideas
-good summary of
topic, thesis and all
subtopics with clear
concluding ideas
-excellent summary of topic
(with no new information),
thesis & all subtopics in
proper order with
concluding ideas that leave
an impact on reader
/5
Language
Conventions
- inconsistent
grammar, spelling
and paragraphing
throughout paper
-paper has some
errors in
grammar, spelling
and paragraphing
-paper is clear, with
mostly proper
grammar, spelling
and paragraphing
-paper is very concise, clear,
with consistently proper
grammar, spelling and
paragraphing
/5
Footnotes -inconsistent use of
footnotes with
limited details and
improper format
- sometimes
inconsistent use of
footnotes with
limited details
-consistent & correct
format inserted to
validate evidence
-proper detailed format
always used consistently &
correctly to validate
evidence in paper
/5
Bibliography -lack of proper
format and limited
details with many
sources missing or
incomplete
-some errors in
MLA format with
most sources
shown and a
variety of sources
-mostly proper
MLA format used
in alphabetical order
with all sources
shown and a variety
of sources
-proper, detailed MLA
format always used in
alphabetical order with all
sources shown and a wide
variety of sources
/5
Evidence through formal feedback
strategies
Examples
• simple feedback survey every term on what the library does
“best” and “least” to help students with their school work
• Feedback at end of instructional unit: what helped and did
not help
• Feedback on quality of resources
• Feedback on what students could do better at
• Use of “How School Libraries Help” Survey instrument
(Ohio / Australia)
• Judicious use of evidence: How learning is enabled and
hindered
Student Learning Through Ohio
School Libraries
“Now, remember one time when the
school library really helped you. Write
about the help that you got, and what
you were able to do because of it”.
TODD, R. & KUHLTHAU, C. (2005). Student learning through Ohio
school libraries, Part 1: How effective school libraries help
students. School Libraries Worldwide, 11(1), 89-110.
Students’ Voices
• 1015 I I would have never have found the sources I needed
for the paper if not for the school library, the public library,
and the helpful people who staff those places. They even
showed me steps to work through to do the research and
complete it. They ran some classes specifically for us and
they were very very very helpful
• 1075 Well one time was when we had to do a report on
Animals and I had no clue how to find information about my
animal. So Mrs. X helped me find the information on the
computer. On the internet if its true or false – to learn that is
very important at school.
Students’ Voices
• 3532 I was working on History project and we had to have
several sources (primary documents) and the librarians
instructed the students on how to go about finding the
information we needed and compiling it into something
worthwhile. I was able to combine everything together and
earn a good grade.
• 100 I needed help doing a project for government that had
to do with presidents and they had so many books and then
the librarian helped me find web sites. But then they gave
me ways of sorting through all the ideas to extract the key
points so I could get my head around it all
• 433 It helped me find info on racism for a 10th grade
project, and made me really think about that, especially I
didn’t realize how racist some of my ideas were
• 6256 Sometimes I argue with my parents about things
and use the library to check if my opinions are true
• 1408 One time, I wanted books on Teen Suicide and they
were able to get some for me. It was helpful of them as
my cousin died that way and I could figure it out a bit
more for me.
• 6110 I guess I’ve discovered one thing. When I do my
research well, and do the proper thing with note cards
and writing in my own words, I seem to just get to know
the stuff and that makes a big help when I talk about the
stuff in class.
Students’ Voices
Personal
Reflection
• What did I learn? What worked well?
• What pleased me?
• How do I know that it was successful?
• Who can/did I share my success with?
• What did I do that helped me to:
- prepare for the task
- create new ideas
- practise new skills
- improve existing skills
- modify my learning habits
- find relevant information or materials
- organize information or materials
- correctly summarize information
- understand unfamiliar ideas
- take relevant notes
- use my existing knowledge or skills
- represent information in meaningful ways?
• What could I do differently next time?
• What factors influenced my ability to learn?
• What might help me learn more about this?
www.padlet.com
Formerly
www.wallwisher.com
Reflections: Students
• Question formulating was difficult and required a lot of thinking and deliberating.
• I was very interested in my topic, it made me think what life was like back then. I want to read
more about my topic.
• These skills have come in handy for some of my other projects.
• I saw the value of multiple sources to cross check information for reliability
• I loved making up my own questions. (This) made me more comfortable with what I
was researching.
• The thing you have to know before you start researching is if you are interested in
the topic of not. And if you are not, you will not make a big effort to find the
information you want. So, always choose a topic that you are interested in!...
• Research takes time and patience
• You don’t have to use all the information you collect.
• Instead of just writing down the facts you also need to elaborate and interpret it.
• I learnt that having a choice of topic meant that I had freedom and individuality. I
enjoyed this because I was able to work on something no-one else did. More of this
type of work would be good.
• I learnt the process of doing the assignment is just as important as the final
product.
• I now understand that I need to search for very specific information which answers
my question rather than finding general information like we usually do
Evidence through Peer Advice
• Advice to give to other
students: PQP Praise,
Question, Polish
Build a students’ guide to
doing good research, using
statements from the
students, and put this on
your library web site, or
create a funky guide for
distribution to students
Distribute to Faculty,
School Board, Parent
community
●Inquire●
●Think●Act●
●Reflect●
Turn your research upside down for success
Analysis of standardized test score data
• Matches between scores and high-use
library groups
• Matches between scores and reading
enrichment programs
• Improvement in critical thinking on
test score measures after inquiry-
based interventions
• Target gaps in scores for Library
Improvement Planning
Reading Initiatives
• Motivation to read: pre / post
reading program
• Access to reading materials
• Readers’ Advisory logs
• Reports of reading celebrations,
events, initiatives, projects +
student voice
• Impact of SSR programs
• Logs of reading amounts: free
voluntary reading and topical
reading
• Classroom reading audit
Teacher-
Related
Strategies
• Number of collaborations
• Instructional focus of
collaborations (curriculum
standards and inquiry-based
interventions
• Subject / grade levels
• Teacher observations of
student engagement
• Teacher summary of
outcomes
• Teacher summary of benefits
A tool of evidence-based practice
Action Research
• Action research is both an orientation to
inquiry and with an obligation to action
• Seeks to illuminate ‘the local’
• Provide practitioners with insight and
understanding through forms of systematic
inquiry that address issues and questions that
are of significance to those concerned
(Davis, Fletcher & Groundwater-Smith, 2009)
 Planning a change
 Acting & observing the
process & consequences
of the change
 Reflecting on these
processes & consequences
 Replanning
 Acting and observing again
 Reflecting again
 Replanning...
Spiral of self-reflective cycles
(Kemmis & McTaggart, 2005)
4 ways of approaching AR
 Lead an action research project – seek AR
partnerships in school & beyond. Start small!!
 Seek out proposed or existing AR projects in
your school with teachers
 Seek out proposed or existing AR projects
with a TL community of practice
 As a newbie AR, seek out a mentor for
support
TOOLS FOR DATA GENERATION
collection & analysis
http://www.zoomerang.com/
http://polldaddy.com/
Sticky note & collaborating apps
• http://en.linoit.com/ to collect student
feedback, capture data and publish as is
• Padlet: http://padlet.com/
• Thoughtboxes https://www.thoughtbox.es/
• Google Docs (Drive) https://docs.google.com/
• Edmodo http://www.edmodo.com/
Blogs & wikis & pics
• Edublogs http://edublogs.org/
• Wordpress http://wordpress.com/
• Blogger http://www.blogger.com/
• Wikispaces http://www.wikispaces.com/
• Glogster http://www.glogster.com/
• Pbworks http://pbworks.com/
• Flickr http://www.flickr.com/
• Photobucket http://photobucket.com/
presentation &
publication
Tools for reporting
Creative Reporting
http://theunquietlibrary.libguides.com/annual-report-2010-2011
Lib Guides
Slideshare
Issue.com
Infographics
Animoto.com
Youtube.com
Building local evidence about your
School library
Taking Action
What is important to your school community?
Shout Outs: School Library Reports
• Focus on Collaborations
• Summaries of Instructional units,
highlighting instructional
interventions and links to
curriculum standards
• Summaries of learning outcomes
• Distribute to principal, library
website, board members
• Include direct evidence: tallies,
quotes
• Send to multiple recipients:
Principal, School Board, include
in parent newsletters
Shout Outs
• School library website
• Reports
• Newspaper articles
• Research journals, featured research columns
• Teacher journals, discipline-based newsletters
• Exhibitions
• Photo voice & digital story telling
Shout Outs
• Portfolios
• Discipline-based & ed admin conferences
(team approach)
• Shout out across levels of audience (decision
makers):
• School community
• Local district/region
• State
• National
• International
– Other?
“If living is seeing
I’m holding my
breath
In wonder –
I wonder
What happens
next?
A new world, a
new day to see”

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School Libraries Making a Difference: What Is Your Evidence And How Do You Get It

  • 1. School Libraries Making a Difference: What Is Your Evidence And How Do You Get It Dr Ross J Todd Chair, LIS Department Center for International Scholarship in School Libraries (CISSL) School of Communication & Information Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey rtodd@rutgers.edu www.cissl.rutgers.edu www.twitter.com/RossJTodd www.facebook.com/RossJTodd
  • 2. Focus of Presentations • Evidence-Based Practice: concepts, research findings, issues and enablers • Evidence-Based Approaches: Strategies for action • Evidence-Based Action: your processes and action plan
  • 4.
  • 5. The EBP School Libraries Beginning • First paper on EBP and School Libraries at IASL conference, Auckland 2001 • (TODD, R. (2001). "Transitions for preferred futures of school libraries: knowledge space not information place; connections, not collections; actions, not positions; evidence, not advocacy". International Association of School Librarianship Annual Conference, Auckland, New Zealand, 8th-12th July, 2001. Available at: http://www.iasl- slo.org/virtualpaper2001.html • The Evidence-Based Manifesto for School Librarians Todd, Ross J. School Library Journal, v54 n4 p38-43 Apr 2008 • Australian Parliament Inquiry into School Libraries and Teacher-Librarians 2011
  • 6.  Report published March 2011, tabled at Parliament 23 May 2011. • “6.10 - The Committee has been struck by the breadth of anecdotal evidence that it received demonstrating the significant contribution to learning outcomes in primary and secondary schools that a fully resourced school library, when staffed by a fully qualified and active teacher librarian, can make. This supports the findings of Australian and international research in this area.” (p.118)
  • 7.
  • 8.
  • 9.
  • 10. Developing capacity as evidence- based practitioners “We recommend that the profession as a whole needs to develop the capacity to articulate needs from research-based evidence and local evidence collected in the school.”
  • 12.
  • 14. Evidence-Based practice • Evolving concept in many professions as new approach to professional practice • 1990s: Medicine & Health Care professions; gradual take up by many service professions: duty of care & optimum outcomes • 2000+ Intersection of evidence-based education & evidence-based librarianship - international movement - sense of urgency that school librarians engage with data to underpin & inform practice and measure outcomes more rigorously
  • 15. Evidence-Based School Librarianship Professional practice that systematically uses: - research-derived evidence - teacher /school librarian-observed evidence meshed with experience and wisdom - learner-reported evidence [ decision making, development & continuous improvement of school libraries [ program processes and impact on student achievement, reading / literacy outcomes [ advocacy / promotion [ informs ongoing research agenda Central focus: student’s information-to-knowledge experience enabled though school library initiatives, and adding value to the school’s goals Local focus
  • 16. Holistic Model of Evidence-Based Practice for School Libraries Evidence FOR Practice FOUNDATION INFORMATIONAL Existing formal research provides the essential building blocks for professional practice: Evidence IN Practice Applications / Actions PROCESS TRANSFORMATIONAL Locally produced evidence; Data generated by practice is meshed with research-based evidence to provide a dynamic decision-making and learning environment: Librarian’s evidence / thinking / wisdom Evidence OF Practice Results – impacts & outcomes OUTCOMES FORMATIONAL user-reported evidence learner changes as result of inputs, interventions, activities, processes
  • 18. Alternatives to Evidence • Beating around the bush • Jumping to conclusions • Throwing my weight around • Dragging my heels • Pushing my luck • Making mountains out of molehills • Bending over backwards • Jumping on the bandwagon • Running around in circles • Mouthing on • Pulling out the stops • Adding fuel to the fire • Going over the edge • Picking up the pieces Gary Hartzell “Occupational Invisibility” Others often do not see depth, breadth and importance of what school librarians contribute to learning in schools
  • 19. Evidence-Based Practice Gathering evidence in YOUR local school You are able to provide convincing evidence that answers these questions: “What differences do my school library and its learning initiatives make to student learning outcomes? “What are the differences, the tangible learning outcomes and learning benefits of my school library”? EVIDENCE = ADDING VALUE: Learning, Living, Life
  • 20. EBP – Issues and Concerns • Accountability: Threat to professional authority and autonomy; “proving our worth” • I have to be a researcher: information literacy competencies • Our goal is lifelong learning, so how can we identify outcomes? Evidence enables feedback for tomorrow • EBP detracts from the job! What then is your job? • Time: It is about priority • Professional Development: examples models, templates
  • 21. Evidence-Based Strategies Emphasis On Information • Number of classes in the library • Number of library items borrowed • Number of students using the library at lunch times • Number of items purchased annually • Number of web searches • Number of books lost And who can do this?
  • 22. Jean Piaget (1896–1980) The principal goal of education in the schools should be creating men and women who are capable of doing new things, not simply repeating what other generations have done; men and women who are creative, inventive and discoverers, who can be critical and verify, and not accept, everything they are offered. http://www.accessola.com/school_lib/
  • 23. Emphasis on Knowledge Understanding how school libraries help kids learn: Learning outcomes in terms of – Knowledge outcomes – deep mastery of content through inquiry – Information processes: transformation of information into new knowledge through inquiry – Information technology: using tools to construct representations of knowledge and to present new knowledge – Reading for learning in digital and print formats – Independent learning: knowledge transfer – Attitudes and values of information, learning – Self concept and personal agency And who can do this?
  • 24. Mission Statements & Policy Documents Contexts for Evidence School Library Policy and Mission Statements: • Redefine school libraries from Place to Experience, linking to NY curriculum mission and standards • Shift in focus from School Library as collections, access, information literacy, to inquiry, thinking, knowledge development and learning outcomes Test criteria: “Celebrate the Understood, not the Found” Does your mission and policy statements do this?
  • 26.
  • 27. School Libraries as Verbs "Libraries are the verbs in the content standards. Wherever verbs such as read, research, analyze, explore, examine, compare, contrast, understand, interpret, investigate, and find appear in the standards, Teacher Librarians and library resources are involved." (Oxnard Union High School District) http://www.ouhsd.k12.ca.us/lmc/ohs/stronglib/StrongSLMP.ppt
  • 28. Meta-analyses of educational research shows that the most significant impacts on student learning & achievement are: • role of teacher and quality of instruction; • developing a supportive learning environment; • engaging students in discovery, inquiry, thinking, meta-cognition, and knowledge building (Visible learning: a synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement: [John Hattie. Routledge, 2009]) Visible Learning
  • 29. What is a School Library? The school library is the school’s physical and virtual learning commons where inquiry, thinking, imagination, discovery, and creativity are central to students’ information-to-knowledge journey, and to their personal, social and cultural growth.
  • 30. NJ Research Study 2009-2012 • School libraries as pedagogical centers • Key role of the school librarian is co-teacher implementing curriculum • Creative pedagogies centering on inquiry, critical thinking and development of knowledge • School library as connector: school and community • Digital and ethical citizenship
  • 31. Center for Information, Inquiry and Innovation • A common information grounds for supporting learning across the school • Common place across the school for investigating and experimenting with information and IT, examining multiple perspectives and developing deep knowledge • Opportunity for teams engaging in pedagogical experimentation to access and use information and web tools to empower learning through creativity, discovery, inquiry, cooperation, and collaboration • Zone of intervention and socialization for learning how to function effectively in the complex informational and technological world beyond school • Environment where students are guided by professionals to effectively utilize information and the most appropriate technology tools to support knowledge development • 24/7 environment: support knowledge building process out of school – central portal for knowledge development: tools, techniques, processes, help
  • 33. Intellectual Quality Intellectual Agency Deep knowledge Deep understanding Problematic knowledge Higher order thinking Meta-language Substantive communication Personal Agency Self Confidence Willingness to take risks Trying new ideas and practices Independence Autonomy Social and Cultural Agency Respect for different values, cultural knowledges and viewpoints Team building, collaboration, negotiation and decision making: inclusivity Knowledge integration: conceptual coherence and integration Connect with current and future lives Social and ethical values Curriculum: Dimensions of Evidence
  • 34. Deep Knowledge Knowledge is deep when focus is sustained on key concepts and ideas Evidence: • Sustained focus on specific topic • Explanatory detail • Knowledge of hierarchical and associative relationships Sources of Evidence • Research products • Oral presentations • Sustained communication
  • 35. Deep Understanding • Students are able to demonstrate meaningful understanding of the central ideas and the relationships between them Evidence: • Metalanguage • Appropriate recall of complex ideas • Organized, structured sequence of ideas: knowledge connections • Presentations and discussions around topic development • Focus questions go beyond fact finding • Formulation of conclusions, implications • students use complex terms relevant to their subject • students learn to search relevant databases using complex language
  • 36. Problematic knowledge • Students are encouraged to address multiple perspectives and/or solutions and to recognise that knowledge is constructed though diverse ideas Evidence: • Students understand the various arguments, evidences, counterarguments • Acknowledge conflicts in information Sources of evidence? Assessment rubrics
  • 37. Higher-order thinking • Students are engaged in thinking that requires them to organise, reorganise, apply, analyse, synthesise and evaluate knowledge and information Evidence: • Students use information from more than one web site, compare it, select the best to use for the purpose, decide what is relevant for each aspect of task • Students accurately interpret evidence • Students construct sound conclusions Sources of evidence?
  • 38. Substantive communication • Students regularly engage in sustained conversations about the concepts and ideas – can manifest in oral, written, artistic forms Evidence: • Increased confidence in presentations • Increased quality of classroom discussion after library visits • Increase in quality and frequency of questions about research topics • Increased retention of content which is utilized in later discussions Sources of evidence?
  • 39. Examples of claims • Following an inquiry-based unit of work, 70% students showed improved ability in formulating essential questions that directed their inquiry as compared to their previous research task • As a result of instructional interventions focusing on the development of arguments, students showed stronger ability to identify claims, provide supporting evidence and to identify rebuttals • Students’ final products showed improved ability to analyze and synthesize information • Students’ research reports showed improved ability to draw conclusions and state implications of their findings • Students’ presentations showed ability to present different viewpoints and to provide a strong and supported case for their own position
  • 40. Example of Claims • 93% of the students showed mastery of strategies for evaluating websites for misinformation and bias • Following instructional interventions that focused on establishing the quality of websites, 100% of the students’ bibliographies showed use of high quality websites • Based on a pre-test of initial and final knowledge of the Grade 8 science curriculum topic, students’ knowledge of their topics changed from descriptive and random listing of facts to statements that showed explanations, conflicting knowledge and making predictions • Students; products showed increasing complexity of language used to describe their knowledge, and the ordering of this knowledge into conceptually coherent units • 83 % of the class show improved ability in thoughtfully analyzing and evaluating major alternative points of view
  • 41. Focus of Instructional Interventions • Resource-based capabilities: These are abilities and dispositions related to seeking, accessing and evaluating resources in a variety of formats, including people and cultural artefacts as sources. They also include using information technology tools to seek out, access and evaluate these sources, and the development of digital and print-based literacies. • Thinking-based capabilities: These are abilities and dispositions that focus on substantive engagement with data and information, the processes of higher order thinking and critical analysis that lead to the creation of representations/products that demonstrate deep knowledge and deep understanding. • Knowledge-based capabilities: These are the abilities and dispositions that focus on the creation, construction and sharing the products of knowledge that demonstrate deep knowledge and understanding. GIVING FOCUS TO OUTCOMES
  • 42. • Reading to learn capabilities: These are the abilities and dispositions related to the transformation, communication and dissemination of text in its multiple forms and modes to enable the development of meaning and understanding. • Personal and interpersonal capabilities: These are the abilities and dispositions related to the social and personal aspects of leaning about self as a learner, and the social and cultural participation in inquiry learning. • Learning management capabilities: These are the abilities and dispositions that enable students to prepare for, plan and successfully undertake a curriculum-based inquiry unit. • Developed from Ohio, Delaware and Australia studies (25,000 students) GIVING FOCUS TO OUTCOMES
  • 43. Reading Challenges • Engage with strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis • Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats • Analyze and synthesize multiple interpretations • Identify and address conflicting information • Write arguments to support claims with clear reasons and relevant evidence • Show how themes interact and build on one another to produce a complex account • Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience • Use technology, including the Internet, to produce and publish writing and other forms of idea representation
  • 44.
  • 45. Tools and measures for charting and documenting evidence Dr Ross Todd Rutgers University
  • 46. NJ Schools Study: Did they learn anything? • 10 New Jersey public schools • Experienced and expert school librarians • 10 teacher-school librarian teams working on curriculum inquiry projects with 17 classroom teachers • 574 students in Grades 6 – 12 • Data collected over four weeks: 1. Writing Task 1 (at initiation of inquiry unit) 2. Writing Task 2 (at midpoint of inquiry unit) 3. Writing Task 3 (at conclusion of inquiry unit) 4. Search Journal Log
  • 47. Writing Tasks Writing task 1 and 2 consisted of the following questions 1. Write the title that best describes your research project at this time. 2. Take some time to think about your research topic. Now write down what you know about this topic. 3. What interests you about this topic? 4. How much do you know about this topic? Check () one box that best matches how much you know. Nothing, Not much, Some, Quite a bit and A great deal 5. Write down what you think is EASY about researching your topic. 6. Write down what you think is DIFFICULT about researching your topic. 7. Write down how you are FEELING now about your project. Check () only the boxes that apply to you. Confident, Disappointed, Relieved, Frustrated, Confused, Optimistic, Uncertain, Satisfied, Anxious or Other.
  • 48. Additional Questions at Writing Task 3 1. What did you learn in doing this research project? (This might be about your topic, or new things you can do, or learn about yourself) 2. How did the SCHOOL LIBRARIAN help you? 1. How did the TEACHER help you?
  • 49. CISSL WEB SITE • http://cissl.rutgers.edu/joomla-license/impact-studies/57- impact-studies-slim • Student Learning through Inquiry Measure (SLIM) SLIM Handbook • SLIM Reflection Instruments and Scoring Guidelines SLIM Scoring Sheet
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  • 51. Analysis of student bibliographies • Diversity of choice of sources • Depth / levels of knowledge • Accuracy of citations • Relevance to learning task • Use of multiple formats • Engaging with state-of-the art knowledge – recency / accuracy • Reasons for choice of source
  • 52. Rubric Strategies • Students’ performance in final products are scaled according to a set of criteria that clearly define what is the range of acceptable to unacceptable performances and/or information products look like • Compare with previous assignments where no instructional intervention took place
  • 55. History Essay: Dr Carol Gordon Information Literacy in Action Criteria Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Mks Introduction / Thesis -weak introduction of topic, thesis & subtopics -thesis is weak and lacks an arguable position -adequate introduction that states topic , thesis and some of the subtopics - thesis is somewhat clear and arguable -proficient introduction that states topic, thesis, and all subtopics in proper order - thesis is a clear and arguable statement of position -exceptional introduction that grabs interest of reader and states topic, thesis, and all subtopics in proper order - thesis is exceptionally clear, arguable, well developed, and a definitive statement /8 Quality of Information / Evidence -limited information on topic with lack of research, details or historically accurate evidence -some aspects of paper is researched with some accurate evidence from limited sources -paper is well researched in detail with accurate & critical evidence from a variety of sources -paper is exceptionally researched, extremely detailed and historically accurate with critical evidence from a wide variety of sources /12 Support of Ideas / Analysis -limited connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterarguments & thesis / topic -lack of analysis -some connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterargumen ts & thesis / topic showing -consistent connections made between evidence, subtopics, counterarguments & thesis / topic showing good analysis -exceptionally critical, relevant and consistent connections made between evidence, subtopics, counter- arguments & thesis / topic showing excellent analysis /10
  • 56. History Essay Organization / Development of Ideas -paper lacks clear and logical development of ideas with weak transition b/w ideas and paragraphs -somewhat clear and logical development of subtopics with adequate transitions b/w paragraphs -clear and logical subtopic order that supports thesis with good transitions b/w paragraphs -exceptionally clear, logical, mature, and thorough development of subtopics that support thesis with excellent transition b/w paragraphs /10 Conclusion -lack of summary of topic, thesis & subtopics with weak concluding ideas -adequate summary of topic, thesis and some subtopics with some final concluding ideas -good summary of topic, thesis and all subtopics with clear concluding ideas -excellent summary of topic (with no new information), thesis & all subtopics in proper order with concluding ideas that leave an impact on reader /5 Language Conventions - inconsistent grammar, spelling and paragraphing throughout paper -paper has some errors in grammar, spelling and paragraphing -paper is clear, with mostly proper grammar, spelling and paragraphing -paper is very concise, clear, with consistently proper grammar, spelling and paragraphing /5 Footnotes -inconsistent use of footnotes with limited details and improper format - sometimes inconsistent use of footnotes with limited details -consistent & correct format inserted to validate evidence -proper detailed format always used consistently & correctly to validate evidence in paper /5 Bibliography -lack of proper format and limited details with many sources missing or incomplete -some errors in MLA format with most sources shown and a variety of sources -mostly proper MLA format used in alphabetical order with all sources shown and a variety of sources -proper, detailed MLA format always used in alphabetical order with all sources shown and a wide variety of sources /5
  • 57. Evidence through formal feedback strategies Examples • simple feedback survey every term on what the library does “best” and “least” to help students with their school work • Feedback at end of instructional unit: what helped and did not help • Feedback on quality of resources • Feedback on what students could do better at • Use of “How School Libraries Help” Survey instrument (Ohio / Australia) • Judicious use of evidence: How learning is enabled and hindered
  • 58. Student Learning Through Ohio School Libraries “Now, remember one time when the school library really helped you. Write about the help that you got, and what you were able to do because of it”. TODD, R. & KUHLTHAU, C. (2005). Student learning through Ohio school libraries, Part 1: How effective school libraries help students. School Libraries Worldwide, 11(1), 89-110.
  • 59. Students’ Voices • 1015 I I would have never have found the sources I needed for the paper if not for the school library, the public library, and the helpful people who staff those places. They even showed me steps to work through to do the research and complete it. They ran some classes specifically for us and they were very very very helpful • 1075 Well one time was when we had to do a report on Animals and I had no clue how to find information about my animal. So Mrs. X helped me find the information on the computer. On the internet if its true or false – to learn that is very important at school.
  • 60. Students’ Voices • 3532 I was working on History project and we had to have several sources (primary documents) and the librarians instructed the students on how to go about finding the information we needed and compiling it into something worthwhile. I was able to combine everything together and earn a good grade. • 100 I needed help doing a project for government that had to do with presidents and they had so many books and then the librarian helped me find web sites. But then they gave me ways of sorting through all the ideas to extract the key points so I could get my head around it all
  • 61. • 433 It helped me find info on racism for a 10th grade project, and made me really think about that, especially I didn’t realize how racist some of my ideas were • 6256 Sometimes I argue with my parents about things and use the library to check if my opinions are true • 1408 One time, I wanted books on Teen Suicide and they were able to get some for me. It was helpful of them as my cousin died that way and I could figure it out a bit more for me. • 6110 I guess I’ve discovered one thing. When I do my research well, and do the proper thing with note cards and writing in my own words, I seem to just get to know the stuff and that makes a big help when I talk about the stuff in class. Students’ Voices
  • 62. Personal Reflection • What did I learn? What worked well? • What pleased me? • How do I know that it was successful? • Who can/did I share my success with? • What did I do that helped me to: - prepare for the task - create new ideas - practise new skills - improve existing skills - modify my learning habits - find relevant information or materials - organize information or materials - correctly summarize information - understand unfamiliar ideas - take relevant notes - use my existing knowledge or skills - represent information in meaningful ways? • What could I do differently next time? • What factors influenced my ability to learn? • What might help me learn more about this?
  • 64. Reflections: Students • Question formulating was difficult and required a lot of thinking and deliberating. • I was very interested in my topic, it made me think what life was like back then. I want to read more about my topic. • These skills have come in handy for some of my other projects. • I saw the value of multiple sources to cross check information for reliability • I loved making up my own questions. (This) made me more comfortable with what I was researching. • The thing you have to know before you start researching is if you are interested in the topic of not. And if you are not, you will not make a big effort to find the information you want. So, always choose a topic that you are interested in!... • Research takes time and patience • You don’t have to use all the information you collect. • Instead of just writing down the facts you also need to elaborate and interpret it. • I learnt that having a choice of topic meant that I had freedom and individuality. I enjoyed this because I was able to work on something no-one else did. More of this type of work would be good. • I learnt the process of doing the assignment is just as important as the final product. • I now understand that I need to search for very specific information which answers my question rather than finding general information like we usually do
  • 65. Evidence through Peer Advice • Advice to give to other students: PQP Praise, Question, Polish Build a students’ guide to doing good research, using statements from the students, and put this on your library web site, or create a funky guide for distribution to students Distribute to Faculty, School Board, Parent community ●Inquire● ●Think●Act● ●Reflect● Turn your research upside down for success
  • 66. Analysis of standardized test score data • Matches between scores and high-use library groups • Matches between scores and reading enrichment programs • Improvement in critical thinking on test score measures after inquiry- based interventions • Target gaps in scores for Library Improvement Planning
  • 67. Reading Initiatives • Motivation to read: pre / post reading program • Access to reading materials • Readers’ Advisory logs • Reports of reading celebrations, events, initiatives, projects + student voice • Impact of SSR programs • Logs of reading amounts: free voluntary reading and topical reading • Classroom reading audit
  • 68. Teacher- Related Strategies • Number of collaborations • Instructional focus of collaborations (curriculum standards and inquiry-based interventions • Subject / grade levels • Teacher observations of student engagement • Teacher summary of outcomes • Teacher summary of benefits
  • 69. A tool of evidence-based practice Action Research • Action research is both an orientation to inquiry and with an obligation to action • Seeks to illuminate ‘the local’ • Provide practitioners with insight and understanding through forms of systematic inquiry that address issues and questions that are of significance to those concerned (Davis, Fletcher & Groundwater-Smith, 2009)
  • 70.  Planning a change  Acting & observing the process & consequences of the change  Reflecting on these processes & consequences  Replanning  Acting and observing again  Reflecting again  Replanning... Spiral of self-reflective cycles (Kemmis & McTaggart, 2005)
  • 71. 4 ways of approaching AR  Lead an action research project – seek AR partnerships in school & beyond. Start small!!  Seek out proposed or existing AR projects in your school with teachers  Seek out proposed or existing AR projects with a TL community of practice  As a newbie AR, seek out a mentor for support
  • 72. TOOLS FOR DATA GENERATION collection & analysis
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  • 77. Sticky note & collaborating apps • http://en.linoit.com/ to collect student feedback, capture data and publish as is • Padlet: http://padlet.com/ • Thoughtboxes https://www.thoughtbox.es/ • Google Docs (Drive) https://docs.google.com/ • Edmodo http://www.edmodo.com/
  • 78. Blogs & wikis & pics • Edublogs http://edublogs.org/ • Wordpress http://wordpress.com/ • Blogger http://www.blogger.com/ • Wikispaces http://www.wikispaces.com/ • Glogster http://www.glogster.com/ • Pbworks http://pbworks.com/ • Flickr http://www.flickr.com/ • Photobucket http://photobucket.com/
  • 81. Building local evidence about your School library Taking Action What is important to your school community?
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  • 83. Shout Outs: School Library Reports • Focus on Collaborations • Summaries of Instructional units, highlighting instructional interventions and links to curriculum standards • Summaries of learning outcomes • Distribute to principal, library website, board members • Include direct evidence: tallies, quotes • Send to multiple recipients: Principal, School Board, include in parent newsletters
  • 84. Shout Outs • School library website • Reports • Newspaper articles • Research journals, featured research columns • Teacher journals, discipline-based newsletters • Exhibitions • Photo voice & digital story telling
  • 85. Shout Outs • Portfolios • Discipline-based & ed admin conferences (team approach) • Shout out across levels of audience (decision makers): • School community • Local district/region • State • National • International – Other?
  • 86. “If living is seeing I’m holding my breath In wonder – I wonder What happens next? A new world, a new day to see”