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G-28




         Apabila mampu dieksploitasi secara
          wajar (IPTEK) => menguntungkan

             BESAR                                  SEMPIT
1. Peluang Sumda => swasembada           1. Sumda => terbatas
   (strength in depth)
                                         2. Hublu terbatas
2. Hublu terbuka
                                         3. Mudah diduduki, tetapi murah
3. Sulit diduduki, dispersi penduduk &      dalam mempertahankan diri.
   sasaran lawan.
                                         4. Efek politik kurang
4. Efek politik . Besar
                                         5. Cukup mudah mencapai pemerata-
5. Sukar mencapai kemakmuran yang           an kesejahteraan
   menyeluruh (pemerataan)
                                         6. Biaya mempersatukan kecil.
6. Biaya mempersatukan kohesivitas
   besar.
G-29



                          Satuan luas     Jumlah    Jml luas
NO    Katagori            (Juta Km2)      negara   (Juta Km2)
1    N. Raksasa           >6                 6       67,5
2    N. Luar biasa luas   2,5 - 6            3       8,55
3    N. Amat luas         1,25 - 2,5        11     19,143
4    N. Luas              0,65 - 1,25       15     14,635
5    N. Sedang            0,25 - 0,65       29     12,123
6    N. Sempit            0,125 - 0,25      21      4,075
7    N. Amat sempit       0,025 - 0,125     35      2,459
8    N. Mikro             < 0,025           25      0,169

                                           145


 Rumus haggett, Chorley, Stoddart          AM = log GA
                AM = area of magnitude              RX
                GA = luas darat
                RX = luas total
G-30




                   Penting untuk :
 Pertahanan, politik internal & ekonomi nasional/int
 Komunikasi, transportasi & sirkulatori (kohesi
  politis intern)
 Hubungan pusat - daerah - peripheri
 Posisi ibu kota & hubungan LN
 Hubungan penduduk mayoritas - minoritas
 Terbuka - setengah terbuka - tertutup
G-31
                    BENTUK NEGARA
                          VS
                       GEOGRAFI


WILAYAH TAK UTUH                  DARATAN
  Pakistan (Dulu)      Laos              Paraguay
     Malaysia          Swiss             Zambia
      Alaska           Chad

 WILAYAH UTUH                      LAUTAN
                               Negara kepulauan
                         (Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina)
     Perancis                    Negara Pulau
                         (Singapura, Taiwan, Malaysia)
                       Negara daratan berbatasan dg laut
                           As, Chili, Argentina, Italia
G-32
                    KALASIFIKASI BN

      KELAS                INDIKASI            CONTOH NEGARA YBE
NO

1    Memanjang       Panjang = + 6 x lebar     Chili, Norwegia, Swedia,
     (elongated)                               Togo, Gambia, Panama,
     attenuated)                               Malawi, Italia
2    Kompak          Homogen                   Perancis, Uruguay, Belgia,
     (Compact)       melingkar (bulat)         Poland, Sudan, Afghanistan


     Berekor         Hampir kompak             Zaire, Namibia Thailand,
3
     (Prorupt)       tapi punya koridor        Myanmar
     Terpisah        Terpecah > 1 & terpisah   -Kontinental Pakistan sebelum
4
     (Fragmented)    (Kontinental/insular)      pecah Bangladesh
                                               -Insular => Indonesia, Jepang,
                                                         Philipina

     Terjepit        Negara kantong            Vatikan, San Morino, Lesotho
5
     (Perforated)
     N. Pulau,       Circum marine             Inggris, Phil, Indonesia
6
     Kepulauan
G-33
              PERHITUNGAN MATEMATIS


        VERSI            INDEKS            VERSI
        POUND          KEKOMPAKAN      HAGGET-CHORLEY
                           (IK)



  Penyimpangan bentuk                    IK = 1,27 A
  fisik terhadap lingkaran                       L
  ideal                         A = luas wilayah, L = Panjang



 uguay 105     Belgia 167
 mania 137     Mexico 258              India IK = 0,40503
 ngaria 146    Chili 310
wiss 164
G-28




         Apabila mampu dieksploitasi secara
          wajar (IPTEK) => menguntungkan

             BESAR                                  SEMPIT
1. Peluang Sumda => swasembada           1. Sumda => terbatas
   (strength in depth)
                                         2. Hublu terbatas
2. Hublu terbuka
                                         3. Mudah diduduki, tetapi murah
3. Sulit diduduki, dispersi penduduk &      dalam mempertahankan diri.
   sasaran lawan.
                                         4. Efek politik kurang
4. Efek politik . Besar
                                         5. Cukup mudah mencapai pemerata-
5. Sukar mencapai kemakmuran yang           an kesejahteraan
   menyeluruh (pemerataan)
                                         6. Biaya mempersatukan kecil.
6. Biaya mempersatukan kohesivitas
   besar.
G-29



                          Satuan luas     Jumlah    Jml luas
NO    Katagori            (Juta Km2)      negara   (Juta Km2)
1    N. Raksasa           >6                 6       67,5
2    N. Luar biasa luas   2,5 - 6            3       8,55
3    N. Amat luas         1,25 - 2,5        11     19,143
4    N. Luas              0,65 - 1,25       15     14,635
5    N. Sedang            0,25 - 0,65       29     12,123
6    N. Sempit            0,125 - 0,25      21      4,075
7    N. Amat sempit       0,025 - 0,125     35      2,459
8    N. Mikro             < 0,025           25      0,169

                                           145


 Rumus haggett, Chorley, Stoddart          AM = log GA
                AM = area of magnitude              RX
                GA = luas darat
                RX = luas total
G-30




                   Penting untuk :
 Pertahanan, politik internal & ekonomi nasional/int
 Komunikasi, transportasi & sirkulatori (kohesi
  politis intern)
 Hubungan pusat - daerah - peripheri
 Posisi ibu kota & hubungan LN
 Hubungan penduduk mayoritas - minoritas
 Terbuka - setengah terbuka - tertutup
G-31
                    BENTUK NEGARA
                          VS
                       GEOGRAFI


WILAYAH TAK UTUH                  DARATAN
  Pakistan (Dulu)      Laos              Paraguay
     Malaysia          Swiss             Zambia
      Alaska           Chad

 WILAYAH UTUH                      LAUTAN
                               Negara kepulauan
                         (Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina)
     Perancis                    Negara Pulau
                         (Singapura, Taiwan, Malaysia)
                       Negara daratan berbatasan dg laut
                           As, Chili, Argentina, Italia
G-32
                    KALASIFIKASI BN

      KELAS                INDIKASI            CONTOH NEGARA YBE
NO

1    Memanjang       Panjang = + 6 x lebar     Chili, Norwegia, Swedia,
     (elongated)                               Togo, Gambia, Panama,
     attenuated)                               Malawi, Italia
2    Kompak          Homogen                   Perancis, Uruguay, Belgia,
     (Compact)       melingkar (bulat)         Poland, Sudan, Afghanistan


     Berekor         Hampir kompak             Zaire, Namibia Thailand,
3
     (Prorupt)       tapi punya koridor        Myanmar
     Terpisah        Terpecah > 1 & terpisah   -Kontinental Pakistan sebelum
4
     (Fragmented)    (Kontinental/insular)      pecah Bangladesh
                                               -Insular => Indonesia, Jepang,
                                                         Philipina

     Terjepit        Negara kantong            Vatikan, San Morino, Lesotho
5
     (Perforated)
     N. Pulau,       Circum marine             Inggris, Phil, Indonesia
6
     Kepulauan
G-33
              PERHITUNGAN MATEMATIS


        VERSI            INDEKS            VERSI
        POUND          KEKOMPAKAN      HAGGET-CHORLEY
                           (IK)



  Penyimpangan bentuk                    IK = 1,27 A
  fisik terhadap lingkaran                       L
  ideal                         A = luas wilayah, L = Panjang



 uguay 105     Belgia 167
 mania 137     Mexico 258              India IK = 0,40503
 ngaria 146    Chili 310
wiss 164
G-73
G-74
G-34
Bentuk Kompak : Prancis, Bentuk memanjang : Chili
Bentuk berekor (prorupt): Namibia (Afr. Brt. Daya)
                                                     G-35
               Myanmar (Burma)
G-36
Bentuk terpisah (fragmented) : Uni Afrika Selatan dan Malaysia   G-37
G-38




             LAUT CINA SELATAN
MA




                       BRUNEI
   LA




                                  A
                                SI
      YS




                              AY
                            AL
        IA




                           M
SU




                        KALIMANATAN
 M
  AT
    ER
      A
G-65
WAWASAN KONTINENTAL                                       G-64
                                              3 TEORI
    KARL HAUSHOFER
      (1896 - 1946)                         HAUSHOFER



1. Teori lebensraum
   * Didunia ada bangsa unggul => Aria => Jerman (Deutsch
     Ubber Alles) => melahirkan Naziisme Jerman.
   * Jerman berhak mencari lebensraum di Eropah & Afrika
     dan Jepang di Asia.
2. Teori Autarki
   Bangsa mandiri bila wilayah yang dikuasainya kaya akan
   sumda
3. Teori Pan Region
   * Dunia secara alamiah dibagi dalam 4 satuan wilayah;
   - Pan Eropa (+ Afrika) dikuasai Jerman
   - Pan America dikuasai USA
   - Pan Rusia dikuasai Rusia
   - Pan Asia dikuasai Jepang
G-66
              DICTUM MACKINDER



        * Barang siapa menguasai Eropa Timur,
                menguasai daerah jantung
       * Barang siapa menguasai daerah jantung,
                  menguasai pulau dunia
         * Barang siapa menguasai pulau dunia,
                     menguasai dunia



* Cegah Rusia & Jerman bersatu
* Perjanjian Versailles => Eropah Timur dipecah
                  menjadi beberapa negara kecil
* Bila Rusia dapat menguasai Jerman => menguasai
  pulau dunia
G-67
  Teori Haushofer                  APLIKASI
  Teori F. Ratzel                 WAWASAN
  Teori Mackinder                KONTINENTAL



               JERMAN                                    JEPANG


               NAZIISME                             NIKI CONCEPT
               JERMAN                              ASIA TIMUR RAYA


                                          1. Jepang harus beraliansi dgn Cina
1. Jerman dijepit kekuatal laut
                                          2. Kampanye penguasaan ke Asia
   Inggris & Kekuatan kontinental Rusia
                                             Selatan
2. Jerman harus menguasai Erotim &
                                          3. Ciptakan Pan Asia berdasarkan ke-
   Menanggulangi Inggris sekaligus
                                             makmuran bersama di Asia Timur
   (2 Mandala)
                                             Raya.
3. Lawan terberat Inggris => aliansi
                                          4. Konsep penciptaannya dengan sarana
   Jerman, Cina, Rusia, Jepang
                                             damai tetapi pelaksanaannya dengan
4. Pan Eropa dengan penguasa Jerman
                                             perang penaklukan.
WAWASAN MARITIME                      G-68

            MARITIME SCHOOL


       SIR WALTER RALEIGH
           ( 1552 - 1613 )



    Barang siapa menguasai lautan, menguasai
    perdagangan, barang siapa menguasai
    perdagangan menguasai kekayaan dunia,
    barang siapa menguasai kekayaan dunia
    menguasai dunia.



- Sea lanes of communication and trade, colonies
- Life line of the British Commonwealth
- Maritime Power / Sea Power
G-69
                WAWASAN MARITIME
                    ( MARITIME SCHOOL )


Sea power unsur kunci mewujudkan kemakmuran & keamanan nasional
Unsur sea power : Posisi geo, bentuk bumi, luas wilayah, jml penduduk
                  watak bangsa, sifat pemerintahan.
Unity of the sea dibangun atas dasar life line (Koloni, Pelagis, Focal,
Pelagis, Koloni) adalah sarana untuk menguasai lautan dan dunia
(perdagangan)
Erasia adalah Back Bone wawasan maritim maka :
   - Rusia dominan terhadap Asteng
   - Posisi land locked Rusia merugikan sekaligus menguntungkan
   - Wilayah antara 300 - 400 => tidak stabil
   - Suez & Panama => vital untuk perdagangan
Pilar konsep Mahan, sea power, sea command, the best defence is
offence
G-70



                              GIULIO DOUHET
                               ( 1869 - 1930 )



 Kekuatan masa kini adalah kekuatan udara karena
  perang modern => Total, cepat, akurat & teknologi
  tinggi.
 Tujuan perang => moral lawan hancur
 Sasaran utama serangan udara pusat industri, pusat
  logistik & pusat pemukiman.
 Netralisasi kekuatan udara lawan => lapter, pesud,
  pusat logistik, industri penerbangan.
 Keunggulan udara => jaminan keamanan nasional
 Organisasi militer => prinsip integrasi & unifikasi
WAWASAN DIRGANTARA
                                                            G-71


     AEROSPACE SCHOOL
                          * Airpower sarana utama mematahkan
                            morale perang lawan
   CHARLES FULLER         * Pentahapan :
                            - Hancurkan kuat udara lawan
      ( 1878 -       )      - Patahkan morale perang
                            - Kuasai wilayah
                          * Airpower paling menentukan
   WILLIAM MITCHEL        * Linud untuk menghancurkan garis
                            belakang lawan
     ( 1879 - 1946 )      * Hanud => hancurkan kuat udara
                            lawan

BASIL HENRY LIDELL HART   * Hancurkan landasan sosial lawan
                          * Sistem sosial = sistim kompleks
      ( 1895 -   )

                          *   Air supremacy pada dimensi global
ALEXANDER DE SEVERSKY
                          *   Perang terbatas => pemborosan
      ( 1894 -   )        *   Serangan balas => besar-besaran
                          *   Kekuatan dominan => USA & Rusia
G-72
                 WAWASAN KOMBINASI
                    MICHOLAS J. SPYKMAN
                        ( 1893 - 1943 )


                      TEORI RIMLAND
                         (Daerah batas)

1. Marginal crescent yg mengurung heartland sebagian bersifat
   continental sebagian bersifat oceanis
2. Maritime mobility => basis baru dari struktur geopolitik
3. Seapower memungkinkan Eurasia sebagai satu unit
4. Heartland harus didukung land transportation & sea comm
5. Dictum spykman “Who controls the Rimland, rules Eurasia” who
   rules Eurasia control the destiny of the world
6. Yang dapat menguasai dunia adalah kekuatan kombinasi antara
   sea power dan land power (Air Power ?)
7. Pusat Rusia yang terletak di Eropa adalah inti heartland => akan
   menentukan Rusia sebagai world power
PAUL VIRIKO                              PERUBAHAN (REVOLUSI)
JAMES DER DERIAN                           IPTEK YANG LUAR BIASA
                                    G-80



                                               MERUBAH KONSEP
                                                   RUANG


1. In contemporary international affairs chrono politics is now more
   important than geopolitics
2. The loss of material space leads to the government of nothing but time
3. Terrotory has lost its significance in favor of the projectile
4. The strategic value of the non place of speed has definitely supplanted
   that of place
5. Space is no longer in geography - its in electronic
6. There is a movement from the geo to chrono politics the distribution of
   territory to the distribution of time.
A spinning globe in   G-83
                 Modern Geo Politik          perspective



* Term geopolitics was first coined by Rudolf Kjellen
  (Swedish Political Scientist, 1899)
* During WW II USA pushed geopolitics as a form of
  spatial thinking, if the USA was to become and think
  like a global power
* Geopolitics is best understood as a new field of
  discourse within the long established domain of geo
  power, state power and its imperative of government
* Born in imperial capitals, cultivated by a caste of
  imperial men and fixated on how modern networks like
  railways and steamship, trans mutating territoriality.
A Vertigo of a globe   G-86
Post Modern Geo Politics
                                       in a spin

 As a condition of know ledge
 *    A crisis of language of the universal and the
     absolute
 * A loss of confidence in the grand narratives of
   progress and truth.
 * Reconstruction of knowledge in computerized
 * Transition to informational capitalism
 * The rising power of MNC
 * Technological change, information acceleration and
   globalization
 * Scientific knowledge has lost its traditional
   credibility and legitimated by formal thinking not
   truth.
G-87
Geopolitical Vertigo

1. Electronic communication, accelerated modes of transport
   have provoked an intensified round of time-space
   compression.
2. The end of the cold war and globalization has provoked a
   generalized crisis of strategic discourse potential for a-tidal
   wave of global capitalism that coned drive rapid growth and
   highly beneficial integration the world is real economy weel in
   to the next century.
3. de-Territoriallization of geopolitical world order market
   becomes un-bound from the constraints of national
   government it is creating the vertigo of post-mo renders the
   absence of perspective nations space and time, unleashing
   desires for the very ordered unities and totalities of space/time
   the capitalist market is shredding.
Not                G-88
                                  as
Conceptualizing Geopolitics

       An essence of vision, strategy    Geopolitical
       an state power                     vision was
                                         triangulated

                                              by
                But as
       An imperfect name of particular   * Technology
       historical   condensation    of     * Territory
       strategic geography and govern-    * Television
       mentality.


       A    discursive  constellation
       concerned amongst others thing
       with       the    envisioning,
       strategizing & disciplining of
       global space.
G-90


Territorializing specification of danger


         Totalitarian state
         Islamic fundamentalists
         Die hard communists
         Terrorist
         Criminals and devil (Saddam H)
         Pro western states (Israel,
         Saudi Arabia, Kuwait)
Postmo Geopolitics threats vs Postmo Geopolitics security
                           .
     Threat from contraband flows and proliferations
     oo The spread of nuclear weapons, plutonium                         G-91

     oo Terrorist
     oo Drugs
     oo Illegal migrants
     oo Infectious disease
     oo Money laundering
     oo Sensitive high tech assets
     oo Biological and chemical agents


     Threats to vital official flow and ports
     oo Oil pipelines                    oo Fiber optic line

     oo Subways                          oo International financial WW

     oo World trading centre             oo Global sporting spectacles

     oo Airports                         oo Computer hacker

     oo Teleports
     oo Secret data archives
EKONOMI
                                                           G-92


                     OIKOS NOMOS

1. Economy is the oldest art and the newest science
2. Management of household or estate
3. Ilmu Ekonomi hanya untuk mereka yang tidak mendapatkan
   yang mereka inginkan
4. Masalah utama yang dihadapi = Supply vs demands
  * Problem of choices
  * Scarcity
  * The use of money (Finance)
  * Production, distribution, Exchange, Consumption
5. Pelaku ekonomi => produsen, konsumen, pemasar, fasilitator
6. Obyek ekonomi => goods, services & marketing
GEOGRAFI                                G-93


                     EKONOMI


1. Economic geography is concerned with the ways and problem of
   making living with spatial interaction ( H Robinson).
2. Tata masalah yg berkaitan dengan hukum objektiv perkembangan
   dan distribusi populasi, kegiatan ekonomi dimuka bumi.
3. Subyek pembahasan => wadah & isi bumi => tata laku ekonomi
   manusia yang dipengaruhi bumi.
4. Perubahan bumi akibat kegiatan ekonomi => perusakan lingkung-
   an exploitasi sumda yang non renewable
5. Interaksi manusia & bumi ditinjau dari ekonomi
  - Peluang apa yang mungkin
  - Mana yang menguntungkan
  - Perubahan apa yang akan terjadi dari peluang yang (+)
G-94

                    GEO EKONOMI
1. Studi tentang giat ekonomi yg dipengaruhi bumi (spasial)
2. Kehidupan negara/bangsa diatas bumi => survival & growth
   (welfare) yg bertumpu pada sosio politik bangsa ybs.
3. Wawasan geoekonomik => pembenaran kehidupan polek
   berorientasi kepada etnisitas, kultural, sosial selaras dengan
   aspek geografinya.
4. Kesadaran geoekonomi (geographical economic awareness)
   => dasar perumusan kebijakan & rambu-rambu ekonomi
   bangsa.
5. Geoekonomi => tata laku ekonomi manusia berdasarkan ruang
   => tata hubungan
   * Use relationship
   * Control relationship
   * Concept of relationship
6. Pemecahan masalah geoekonomi interdisiplin & multi disiplin
7. Politik ekonomi => geoekonomi + norma moral & etika
PARAMETER GEOEKONOMI                                                              G-96




 Pandangan hidup bangsa                                          Lingkungan spatial
1. Instrumen ideal
                                                          1. Ruang hidup
2. Tatalaku bangsa pd dimensi
   dinamis                                                2. Lubensitas
3. Reformasi sosio kultural &                             3. Peluang & kuat ekonomi
   globalisasi
                                                          4. Territorial confliet
4. Kompetisi, konflik, coercion
5. Security & prosperity




     SUMDA                                 IPTEK                        DEMOGRAFI
1. Sumber & potensi ekonomi     1. Instrumen cerdas                1. Faktor produksi Vs beban
2. Permanen, temporer, rene-    2. Iptek   menemukan    Iptek      2. Unemppoyment, poverty
   wable   non     renewable,      baru
   langsung tak langsung                                           3. Kesenjangan       horizontal,
                                3. Negara agraris,    industri        vertikal, struktural.
3. Isu   pengurasan    besar       informasi
   -besaran Sumda                                                  4. Under develop country
                                4. Globalisasi, daya saing &
4. Isu pencemaran                  mobilitas                       5. Daya saing

5. Cadangan nasional            5. Manajemen Nasional              6. Refugee dan etnic move-
                                                                      ment
6. Potensi konflik
G-97

           GEOGRAFI EKONOMI
             DALAM ANGKA
1. Penduduk Dunia 1956 => 2M, 1976 => 4M, 1990 => 5M, 2000 =>
   6,5 M, akhir abad 21 15 M.
   Dua pertiga diantaranya bermukim di negara sdg berkembang
2. Penduduk berpendapatan tinggi 18%, menengah 23%, rendah
   59% (20% diantaranya hidup dibawah 1USD/HR = Eropa 200
   tahun lalu)
3. Luas bumi 145 juta Km 2, Ratio tanah/pddk = 5,6 Ha.
   59% Pddk berpenghasilan rendah => selama 34 tahun jumlah
   penduduk miskin bertambah.
4. Kegiatan ekonomi + geografi => pengrusakan lingkungan hanya
   3/5 bagian saja yang steril.
5. Kenyataan pertumbuhan ekonomi => AS = 1%, Jepang 1,8 %
   Jerman 1,4% (1992)
6. Bagaimana dinamika kedepan ? (Positive, status Quo,
   negative)
24
                 MANUSIA
                 MASYARA
                   KAT



                 MOTIVE
    UNIVERSAL                SOSIAL
     FILOSOFIS      DRIVE    POLITIS
                 OUTLOOK


IDEAL-TRANSCENDEN     HUBUNGAN DGN RUANG
                      HIDUP/MAN,MAS,LINGK,TUHAN
NURANI-VALUE SYSTEM
                      HUBUNGAN DGN SEJARAH/
                      WAKTU
25
   MANUSIA        SOSIAL POLITIK        LINGKUNGAN




                BUDAYA POLITIK/
               POLTICAL CULTURE



            MENJADI LANDASAN DAN
           MEMBERI ISI PADA PENGEM
              BANGAN WAWASAN


LUCIAN W. PYE&SIDNEY VERBA, POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLI
 TICAL DEVELOPMENT, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972
26

 ** THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF A SOCIETY CONSISTS
 OF THE SYSTEM OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS, EXPRESSIVE
    SYMBOLS,AND VALUE WHICH DEFINE THE SITU
    ATION IN POLITICAL ACTIONS TAKES PLACE,IT
  PROVIDES THE SUBJECTIVE ORIENTATION TO POLI
                       TICS



** THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF SOCIETY IS HIGHLY SIGNI
      FICANT ASPECT OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM



                               ( SIDNEY VERBA )
AZAS ARCHIPELAGO/               28
            ARCHIPELAGO PRINCIPLE

1.ARCIPELAGUS,ITALIA ,ABAD TENGAH, ARCI= PEN TING,
PELAGUS =LAUTAN,ARCIPELAGUS =LAUT
TERPENTING,VIDE 1268 PERJANJIAN REPUBLIK VENESIA
DGN RAJA MICAEL PALAEOLOGUS,LAUT AIGEA ADALAH
LAUT TERPENTING
2. BKBANG MENJADI PENGERTIAN ARC(H)IPELAGO
ADALAH WILLA DGN PULAU DIDLMNYA MRPKN SATU
KESATUAN UTUH,BARAT/INGGRIS ARCHIPELAGO=
KUMPULAN PULAUS
3. AZAS ARCHIPELAGO, HIMPUNAN PULAU SATU KATA
GORI ADALAH SATU KESATUAN YG UTUH LAUT
DISEKITARNYA ADALAH PEMERSATU

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Negara

  • 1. G-28 Apabila mampu dieksploitasi secara wajar (IPTEK) => menguntungkan BESAR SEMPIT 1. Peluang Sumda => swasembada 1. Sumda => terbatas (strength in depth) 2. Hublu terbatas 2. Hublu terbuka 3. Mudah diduduki, tetapi murah 3. Sulit diduduki, dispersi penduduk & dalam mempertahankan diri. sasaran lawan. 4. Efek politik kurang 4. Efek politik . Besar 5. Cukup mudah mencapai pemerata- 5. Sukar mencapai kemakmuran yang an kesejahteraan menyeluruh (pemerataan) 6. Biaya mempersatukan kecil. 6. Biaya mempersatukan kohesivitas besar.
  • 2. G-29 Satuan luas Jumlah Jml luas NO Katagori (Juta Km2) negara (Juta Km2) 1 N. Raksasa >6 6 67,5 2 N. Luar biasa luas 2,5 - 6 3 8,55 3 N. Amat luas 1,25 - 2,5 11 19,143 4 N. Luas 0,65 - 1,25 15 14,635 5 N. Sedang 0,25 - 0,65 29 12,123 6 N. Sempit 0,125 - 0,25 21 4,075 7 N. Amat sempit 0,025 - 0,125 35 2,459 8 N. Mikro < 0,025 25 0,169 145 Rumus haggett, Chorley, Stoddart AM = log GA AM = area of magnitude RX GA = luas darat RX = luas total
  • 3. G-30 Penting untuk :  Pertahanan, politik internal & ekonomi nasional/int  Komunikasi, transportasi & sirkulatori (kohesi politis intern)  Hubungan pusat - daerah - peripheri  Posisi ibu kota & hubungan LN  Hubungan penduduk mayoritas - minoritas  Terbuka - setengah terbuka - tertutup
  • 4. G-31 BENTUK NEGARA VS GEOGRAFI WILAYAH TAK UTUH DARATAN Pakistan (Dulu) Laos Paraguay Malaysia Swiss Zambia Alaska Chad WILAYAH UTUH LAUTAN Negara kepulauan (Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina) Perancis Negara Pulau (Singapura, Taiwan, Malaysia) Negara daratan berbatasan dg laut As, Chili, Argentina, Italia
  • 5. G-32 KALASIFIKASI BN KELAS INDIKASI CONTOH NEGARA YBE NO 1 Memanjang Panjang = + 6 x lebar Chili, Norwegia, Swedia, (elongated) Togo, Gambia, Panama, attenuated) Malawi, Italia 2 Kompak Homogen Perancis, Uruguay, Belgia, (Compact) melingkar (bulat) Poland, Sudan, Afghanistan Berekor Hampir kompak Zaire, Namibia Thailand, 3 (Prorupt) tapi punya koridor Myanmar Terpisah Terpecah > 1 & terpisah -Kontinental Pakistan sebelum 4 (Fragmented) (Kontinental/insular) pecah Bangladesh -Insular => Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina Terjepit Negara kantong Vatikan, San Morino, Lesotho 5 (Perforated) N. Pulau, Circum marine Inggris, Phil, Indonesia 6 Kepulauan
  • 6. G-33 PERHITUNGAN MATEMATIS VERSI INDEKS VERSI POUND KEKOMPAKAN HAGGET-CHORLEY (IK) Penyimpangan bentuk IK = 1,27 A fisik terhadap lingkaran L ideal A = luas wilayah, L = Panjang uguay 105 Belgia 167 mania 137 Mexico 258 India IK = 0,40503 ngaria 146 Chili 310 wiss 164
  • 7. G-28 Apabila mampu dieksploitasi secara wajar (IPTEK) => menguntungkan BESAR SEMPIT 1. Peluang Sumda => swasembada 1. Sumda => terbatas (strength in depth) 2. Hublu terbatas 2. Hublu terbuka 3. Mudah diduduki, tetapi murah 3. Sulit diduduki, dispersi penduduk & dalam mempertahankan diri. sasaran lawan. 4. Efek politik kurang 4. Efek politik . Besar 5. Cukup mudah mencapai pemerata- 5. Sukar mencapai kemakmuran yang an kesejahteraan menyeluruh (pemerataan) 6. Biaya mempersatukan kecil. 6. Biaya mempersatukan kohesivitas besar.
  • 8. G-29 Satuan luas Jumlah Jml luas NO Katagori (Juta Km2) negara (Juta Km2) 1 N. Raksasa >6 6 67,5 2 N. Luar biasa luas 2,5 - 6 3 8,55 3 N. Amat luas 1,25 - 2,5 11 19,143 4 N. Luas 0,65 - 1,25 15 14,635 5 N. Sedang 0,25 - 0,65 29 12,123 6 N. Sempit 0,125 - 0,25 21 4,075 7 N. Amat sempit 0,025 - 0,125 35 2,459 8 N. Mikro < 0,025 25 0,169 145 Rumus haggett, Chorley, Stoddart AM = log GA AM = area of magnitude RX GA = luas darat RX = luas total
  • 9. G-30 Penting untuk :  Pertahanan, politik internal & ekonomi nasional/int  Komunikasi, transportasi & sirkulatori (kohesi politis intern)  Hubungan pusat - daerah - peripheri  Posisi ibu kota & hubungan LN  Hubungan penduduk mayoritas - minoritas  Terbuka - setengah terbuka - tertutup
  • 10. G-31 BENTUK NEGARA VS GEOGRAFI WILAYAH TAK UTUH DARATAN Pakistan (Dulu) Laos Paraguay Malaysia Swiss Zambia Alaska Chad WILAYAH UTUH LAUTAN Negara kepulauan (Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina) Perancis Negara Pulau (Singapura, Taiwan, Malaysia) Negara daratan berbatasan dg laut As, Chili, Argentina, Italia
  • 11. G-32 KALASIFIKASI BN KELAS INDIKASI CONTOH NEGARA YBE NO 1 Memanjang Panjang = + 6 x lebar Chili, Norwegia, Swedia, (elongated) Togo, Gambia, Panama, attenuated) Malawi, Italia 2 Kompak Homogen Perancis, Uruguay, Belgia, (Compact) melingkar (bulat) Poland, Sudan, Afghanistan Berekor Hampir kompak Zaire, Namibia Thailand, 3 (Prorupt) tapi punya koridor Myanmar Terpisah Terpecah > 1 & terpisah -Kontinental Pakistan sebelum 4 (Fragmented) (Kontinental/insular) pecah Bangladesh -Insular => Indonesia, Jepang, Philipina Terjepit Negara kantong Vatikan, San Morino, Lesotho 5 (Perforated) N. Pulau, Circum marine Inggris, Phil, Indonesia 6 Kepulauan
  • 12. G-33 PERHITUNGAN MATEMATIS VERSI INDEKS VERSI POUND KEKOMPAKAN HAGGET-CHORLEY (IK) Penyimpangan bentuk IK = 1,27 A fisik terhadap lingkaran L ideal A = luas wilayah, L = Panjang uguay 105 Belgia 167 mania 137 Mexico 258 India IK = 0,40503 ngaria 146 Chili 310 wiss 164
  • 13. G-73
  • 14. G-74
  • 15. G-34 Bentuk Kompak : Prancis, Bentuk memanjang : Chili
  • 16. Bentuk berekor (prorupt): Namibia (Afr. Brt. Daya) G-35 Myanmar (Burma)
  • 17. G-36
  • 18. Bentuk terpisah (fragmented) : Uni Afrika Selatan dan Malaysia G-37
  • 19. G-38 LAUT CINA SELATAN MA BRUNEI LA A SI YS AY AL IA M SU KALIMANATAN M AT ER A
  • 20.
  • 21. G-65
  • 22. WAWASAN KONTINENTAL G-64 3 TEORI KARL HAUSHOFER (1896 - 1946) HAUSHOFER 1. Teori lebensraum * Didunia ada bangsa unggul => Aria => Jerman (Deutsch Ubber Alles) => melahirkan Naziisme Jerman. * Jerman berhak mencari lebensraum di Eropah & Afrika dan Jepang di Asia. 2. Teori Autarki Bangsa mandiri bila wilayah yang dikuasainya kaya akan sumda 3. Teori Pan Region * Dunia secara alamiah dibagi dalam 4 satuan wilayah; - Pan Eropa (+ Afrika) dikuasai Jerman - Pan America dikuasai USA - Pan Rusia dikuasai Rusia - Pan Asia dikuasai Jepang
  • 23. G-66 DICTUM MACKINDER * Barang siapa menguasai Eropa Timur, menguasai daerah jantung * Barang siapa menguasai daerah jantung, menguasai pulau dunia * Barang siapa menguasai pulau dunia, menguasai dunia * Cegah Rusia & Jerman bersatu * Perjanjian Versailles => Eropah Timur dipecah menjadi beberapa negara kecil * Bila Rusia dapat menguasai Jerman => menguasai pulau dunia
  • 24. G-67 Teori Haushofer APLIKASI Teori F. Ratzel WAWASAN Teori Mackinder KONTINENTAL JERMAN JEPANG NAZIISME NIKI CONCEPT JERMAN ASIA TIMUR RAYA 1. Jepang harus beraliansi dgn Cina 1. Jerman dijepit kekuatal laut 2. Kampanye penguasaan ke Asia Inggris & Kekuatan kontinental Rusia Selatan 2. Jerman harus menguasai Erotim & 3. Ciptakan Pan Asia berdasarkan ke- Menanggulangi Inggris sekaligus makmuran bersama di Asia Timur (2 Mandala) Raya. 3. Lawan terberat Inggris => aliansi 4. Konsep penciptaannya dengan sarana Jerman, Cina, Rusia, Jepang damai tetapi pelaksanaannya dengan 4. Pan Eropa dengan penguasa Jerman perang penaklukan.
  • 25. WAWASAN MARITIME G-68 MARITIME SCHOOL SIR WALTER RALEIGH ( 1552 - 1613 ) Barang siapa menguasai lautan, menguasai perdagangan, barang siapa menguasai perdagangan menguasai kekayaan dunia, barang siapa menguasai kekayaan dunia menguasai dunia. - Sea lanes of communication and trade, colonies - Life line of the British Commonwealth - Maritime Power / Sea Power
  • 26. G-69 WAWASAN MARITIME ( MARITIME SCHOOL ) Sea power unsur kunci mewujudkan kemakmuran & keamanan nasional Unsur sea power : Posisi geo, bentuk bumi, luas wilayah, jml penduduk watak bangsa, sifat pemerintahan. Unity of the sea dibangun atas dasar life line (Koloni, Pelagis, Focal, Pelagis, Koloni) adalah sarana untuk menguasai lautan dan dunia (perdagangan) Erasia adalah Back Bone wawasan maritim maka : - Rusia dominan terhadap Asteng - Posisi land locked Rusia merugikan sekaligus menguntungkan - Wilayah antara 300 - 400 => tidak stabil - Suez & Panama => vital untuk perdagangan Pilar konsep Mahan, sea power, sea command, the best defence is offence
  • 27. G-70 GIULIO DOUHET ( 1869 - 1930 )  Kekuatan masa kini adalah kekuatan udara karena perang modern => Total, cepat, akurat & teknologi tinggi.  Tujuan perang => moral lawan hancur  Sasaran utama serangan udara pusat industri, pusat logistik & pusat pemukiman.  Netralisasi kekuatan udara lawan => lapter, pesud, pusat logistik, industri penerbangan.  Keunggulan udara => jaminan keamanan nasional  Organisasi militer => prinsip integrasi & unifikasi
  • 28. WAWASAN DIRGANTARA G-71 AEROSPACE SCHOOL * Airpower sarana utama mematahkan morale perang lawan CHARLES FULLER * Pentahapan : - Hancurkan kuat udara lawan ( 1878 - ) - Patahkan morale perang - Kuasai wilayah * Airpower paling menentukan WILLIAM MITCHEL * Linud untuk menghancurkan garis belakang lawan ( 1879 - 1946 ) * Hanud => hancurkan kuat udara lawan BASIL HENRY LIDELL HART * Hancurkan landasan sosial lawan * Sistem sosial = sistim kompleks ( 1895 - ) * Air supremacy pada dimensi global ALEXANDER DE SEVERSKY * Perang terbatas => pemborosan ( 1894 - ) * Serangan balas => besar-besaran * Kekuatan dominan => USA & Rusia
  • 29. G-72 WAWASAN KOMBINASI MICHOLAS J. SPYKMAN ( 1893 - 1943 ) TEORI RIMLAND (Daerah batas) 1. Marginal crescent yg mengurung heartland sebagian bersifat continental sebagian bersifat oceanis 2. Maritime mobility => basis baru dari struktur geopolitik 3. Seapower memungkinkan Eurasia sebagai satu unit 4. Heartland harus didukung land transportation & sea comm 5. Dictum spykman “Who controls the Rimland, rules Eurasia” who rules Eurasia control the destiny of the world 6. Yang dapat menguasai dunia adalah kekuatan kombinasi antara sea power dan land power (Air Power ?) 7. Pusat Rusia yang terletak di Eropa adalah inti heartland => akan menentukan Rusia sebagai world power
  • 30. PAUL VIRIKO PERUBAHAN (REVOLUSI) JAMES DER DERIAN IPTEK YANG LUAR BIASA G-80 MERUBAH KONSEP RUANG 1. In contemporary international affairs chrono politics is now more important than geopolitics 2. The loss of material space leads to the government of nothing but time 3. Terrotory has lost its significance in favor of the projectile 4. The strategic value of the non place of speed has definitely supplanted that of place 5. Space is no longer in geography - its in electronic 6. There is a movement from the geo to chrono politics the distribution of territory to the distribution of time.
  • 31. A spinning globe in G-83 Modern Geo Politik perspective * Term geopolitics was first coined by Rudolf Kjellen (Swedish Political Scientist, 1899) * During WW II USA pushed geopolitics as a form of spatial thinking, if the USA was to become and think like a global power * Geopolitics is best understood as a new field of discourse within the long established domain of geo power, state power and its imperative of government * Born in imperial capitals, cultivated by a caste of imperial men and fixated on how modern networks like railways and steamship, trans mutating territoriality.
  • 32. A Vertigo of a globe G-86 Post Modern Geo Politics in a spin As a condition of know ledge * A crisis of language of the universal and the absolute * A loss of confidence in the grand narratives of progress and truth. * Reconstruction of knowledge in computerized * Transition to informational capitalism * The rising power of MNC * Technological change, information acceleration and globalization * Scientific knowledge has lost its traditional credibility and legitimated by formal thinking not truth.
  • 33. G-87 Geopolitical Vertigo 1. Electronic communication, accelerated modes of transport have provoked an intensified round of time-space compression. 2. The end of the cold war and globalization has provoked a generalized crisis of strategic discourse potential for a-tidal wave of global capitalism that coned drive rapid growth and highly beneficial integration the world is real economy weel in to the next century. 3. de-Territoriallization of geopolitical world order market becomes un-bound from the constraints of national government it is creating the vertigo of post-mo renders the absence of perspective nations space and time, unleashing desires for the very ordered unities and totalities of space/time the capitalist market is shredding.
  • 34. Not G-88 as Conceptualizing Geopolitics An essence of vision, strategy Geopolitical an state power vision was triangulated by But as An imperfect name of particular * Technology historical condensation of * Territory strategic geography and govern- * Television mentality. A discursive constellation concerned amongst others thing with the envisioning, strategizing & disciplining of global space.
  • 35. G-90 Territorializing specification of danger Totalitarian state Islamic fundamentalists Die hard communists Terrorist Criminals and devil (Saddam H) Pro western states (Israel, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait)
  • 36. Postmo Geopolitics threats vs Postmo Geopolitics security . Threat from contraband flows and proliferations oo The spread of nuclear weapons, plutonium G-91 oo Terrorist oo Drugs oo Illegal migrants oo Infectious disease oo Money laundering oo Sensitive high tech assets oo Biological and chemical agents Threats to vital official flow and ports oo Oil pipelines oo Fiber optic line oo Subways oo International financial WW oo World trading centre oo Global sporting spectacles oo Airports oo Computer hacker oo Teleports oo Secret data archives
  • 37. EKONOMI G-92 OIKOS NOMOS 1. Economy is the oldest art and the newest science 2. Management of household or estate 3. Ilmu Ekonomi hanya untuk mereka yang tidak mendapatkan yang mereka inginkan 4. Masalah utama yang dihadapi = Supply vs demands * Problem of choices * Scarcity * The use of money (Finance) * Production, distribution, Exchange, Consumption 5. Pelaku ekonomi => produsen, konsumen, pemasar, fasilitator 6. Obyek ekonomi => goods, services & marketing
  • 38. GEOGRAFI G-93 EKONOMI 1. Economic geography is concerned with the ways and problem of making living with spatial interaction ( H Robinson). 2. Tata masalah yg berkaitan dengan hukum objektiv perkembangan dan distribusi populasi, kegiatan ekonomi dimuka bumi. 3. Subyek pembahasan => wadah & isi bumi => tata laku ekonomi manusia yang dipengaruhi bumi. 4. Perubahan bumi akibat kegiatan ekonomi => perusakan lingkung- an exploitasi sumda yang non renewable 5. Interaksi manusia & bumi ditinjau dari ekonomi - Peluang apa yang mungkin - Mana yang menguntungkan - Perubahan apa yang akan terjadi dari peluang yang (+)
  • 39. G-94 GEO EKONOMI 1. Studi tentang giat ekonomi yg dipengaruhi bumi (spasial) 2. Kehidupan negara/bangsa diatas bumi => survival & growth (welfare) yg bertumpu pada sosio politik bangsa ybs. 3. Wawasan geoekonomik => pembenaran kehidupan polek berorientasi kepada etnisitas, kultural, sosial selaras dengan aspek geografinya. 4. Kesadaran geoekonomi (geographical economic awareness) => dasar perumusan kebijakan & rambu-rambu ekonomi bangsa. 5. Geoekonomi => tata laku ekonomi manusia berdasarkan ruang => tata hubungan * Use relationship * Control relationship * Concept of relationship 6. Pemecahan masalah geoekonomi interdisiplin & multi disiplin 7. Politik ekonomi => geoekonomi + norma moral & etika
  • 40. PARAMETER GEOEKONOMI G-96 Pandangan hidup bangsa Lingkungan spatial 1. Instrumen ideal 1. Ruang hidup 2. Tatalaku bangsa pd dimensi dinamis 2. Lubensitas 3. Reformasi sosio kultural & 3. Peluang & kuat ekonomi globalisasi 4. Territorial confliet 4. Kompetisi, konflik, coercion 5. Security & prosperity SUMDA IPTEK DEMOGRAFI 1. Sumber & potensi ekonomi 1. Instrumen cerdas 1. Faktor produksi Vs beban 2. Permanen, temporer, rene- 2. Iptek menemukan Iptek 2. Unemppoyment, poverty wable non renewable, baru langsung tak langsung 3. Kesenjangan horizontal, 3. Negara agraris, industri vertikal, struktural. 3. Isu pengurasan besar informasi -besaran Sumda 4. Under develop country 4. Globalisasi, daya saing & 4. Isu pencemaran mobilitas 5. Daya saing 5. Cadangan nasional 5. Manajemen Nasional 6. Refugee dan etnic move- ment 6. Potensi konflik
  • 41. G-97 GEOGRAFI EKONOMI DALAM ANGKA 1. Penduduk Dunia 1956 => 2M, 1976 => 4M, 1990 => 5M, 2000 => 6,5 M, akhir abad 21 15 M. Dua pertiga diantaranya bermukim di negara sdg berkembang 2. Penduduk berpendapatan tinggi 18%, menengah 23%, rendah 59% (20% diantaranya hidup dibawah 1USD/HR = Eropa 200 tahun lalu) 3. Luas bumi 145 juta Km 2, Ratio tanah/pddk = 5,6 Ha. 59% Pddk berpenghasilan rendah => selama 34 tahun jumlah penduduk miskin bertambah. 4. Kegiatan ekonomi + geografi => pengrusakan lingkungan hanya 3/5 bagian saja yang steril. 5. Kenyataan pertumbuhan ekonomi => AS = 1%, Jepang 1,8 % Jerman 1,4% (1992) 6. Bagaimana dinamika kedepan ? (Positive, status Quo, negative)
  • 42. 24 MANUSIA MASYARA KAT MOTIVE UNIVERSAL SOSIAL FILOSOFIS DRIVE POLITIS OUTLOOK IDEAL-TRANSCENDEN HUBUNGAN DGN RUANG HIDUP/MAN,MAS,LINGK,TUHAN NURANI-VALUE SYSTEM HUBUNGAN DGN SEJARAH/ WAKTU
  • 43. 25 MANUSIA SOSIAL POLITIK LINGKUNGAN BUDAYA POLITIK/ POLTICAL CULTURE MENJADI LANDASAN DAN MEMBERI ISI PADA PENGEM BANGAN WAWASAN LUCIAN W. PYE&SIDNEY VERBA, POLITICAL CULTURE AND POLI TICAL DEVELOPMENT, PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS, 1972
  • 44. 26 ** THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF A SOCIETY CONSISTS OF THE SYSTEM OF EMPIRICAL BELIEFS, EXPRESSIVE SYMBOLS,AND VALUE WHICH DEFINE THE SITU ATION IN POLITICAL ACTIONS TAKES PLACE,IT PROVIDES THE SUBJECTIVE ORIENTATION TO POLI TICS ** THE POLITICAL CULTURE OF SOCIETY IS HIGHLY SIGNI FICANT ASPECT OF THE POLITICAL SYSTEM ( SIDNEY VERBA )
  • 45. AZAS ARCHIPELAGO/ 28 ARCHIPELAGO PRINCIPLE 1.ARCIPELAGUS,ITALIA ,ABAD TENGAH, ARCI= PEN TING, PELAGUS =LAUTAN,ARCIPELAGUS =LAUT TERPENTING,VIDE 1268 PERJANJIAN REPUBLIK VENESIA DGN RAJA MICAEL PALAEOLOGUS,LAUT AIGEA ADALAH LAUT TERPENTING 2. BKBANG MENJADI PENGERTIAN ARC(H)IPELAGO ADALAH WILLA DGN PULAU DIDLMNYA MRPKN SATU KESATUAN UTUH,BARAT/INGGRIS ARCHIPELAGO= KUMPULAN PULAUS 3. AZAS ARCHIPELAGO, HIMPUNAN PULAU SATU KATA GORI ADALAH SATU KESATUAN YG UTUH LAUT DISEKITARNYA ADALAH PEMERSATU