1.
What is Big Data
Data which are very large in size is called Big Data. Normally we work on data of size MB(WordDoc ,Excel) or
maximum GB(Movies, Codes) but data in Peta bytes i.e. 10^15 byte size is called Big Data. It is stated that almost
90% of today's data has been generated in the past 3 years.
Sources of Big Data
These data come from many sources like
•Social networking sites: Facebook, Google, LinkedIn all these sites generates huge amount of data on a day to
day basis as they have billions of users worldwide.
•E-commerce site: Sites like Amazon, Flipkart, Alibaba generates huge amount of logs from which users buying
trends can be traced.
•Weather Station: All the weather station and satellite gives very huge data which are stored and manipulated to
forecast weather.
•Telecom company: Telecom giants like Airtel, Vodafone study the user trends and accordingly publish their plans
and for this they store the data of its million users.
•Share Market: Stock exchange across the world generates huge amount of data through its daily transaction.

2.
3V's of Big Data
1.Velocity: The data is increasing at a very fast rate. It is estimated that the volume of data will double in every 2
years.
2.Variety: Now a days data are not stored in rows and column. Data is structured as well as unstructured. Log file,
CCTV footage is unstructured data. Data which can be saved in tables are structured data like the transaction
data of the bank.
3.Volume: The amount of data which we deal with is of very large size of Peta bytes.
Use case
An e-commerce site XYZ (having 100 million users) wants to offer a gift voucher of 100$ to its top 10 customers
who have spent the most in the previous year.Moreover, they want to find the buying trend of these customers so
that company can suggest more items related to them.
Issues
Huge amount of unstructured data which needs to be stored, processed and analyzed.
Solution
Storage: This huge amount of data, Hadoop uses HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System) which uses
commodity hardware to form clusters and store data in a distributed fashion. It works on Write once, read many
times principle.
Processing: Map Reduce paradigm is applied to data distributed over network to find the required output.
Analyze: Pig, Hive can be used to analyze the data.
Cost: Hadoop is open source so the cost is no more an issue.

3.
What is Hadoop
Hadoop is an open source framework from Apache and is used to store process and analyze data which are very
huge in volume. Hadoop is written in Java and is not OLAP (online analytical processing). It is used for batch/offline
processing. It is being used by Facebook, Yahoo, Google, Twitter, LinkedIn and many more. Moreover it can be
scaled up just by adding nodes in the cluster.
Modules of Hadoop
1.HDFS: Hadoop Distributed File System. Google published its paper GFS and on the basis of that HDFS was
developed. It states that the files will be broken into blocks and stored in nodes over the distributed architecture.
2.Yarn: Yet another Resource Negotiator is used for job scheduling and manage the cluster.
3.Map Reduce: This is a framework which helps Java programs to do the parallel computation on data using key
value pair. The Map task takes input data and converts it into a data set which can be computed in Key value pair.
The output of Map task is consumed by reduce task and then the out of reducer gives the desired result.
4.Hadoop Common: These Java libraries are used to start Hadoop and are used by other Hadoop modules.

4.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial defines "man-
made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a man-made thinking power.“
So, we can define AI as:
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can behave like a
human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."
Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning, reasoning, and solving
problems
Why Artificial Intelligence?
Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the importance of AI and why should we
learn it. Following are some main reasons to learn about AI:
•With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can solve real-world problems very easily and
with accuracy such as health issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.
•With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
•With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an environment where survival of humans can
be at risk.
•AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new Opportunities.
Artificial Intelligence :

5.
Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:
•High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less errors and high accuracy as it
takes decisions as per pre-experience or information.
•High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision making, because of that AI systems can
beat a chess champion in the Chess game.
•High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same action multiple times with high
accuracy.
•Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as defusing a bomb, exploring the
ocean floor, where to employ a human can be risky.
•Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the users such as AI technology is
currently used by various E-commerce websites to show the products as per customer requirement.
•Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a self-driving car which can make
our journey safer and hassle-free, facial recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

6.
Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence
Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial intelligence. Being so
advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages which we need to keep in our mind while creating
an AI system. Following are the disadvantages of AI:
•High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it requires lots of maintenance to
meet current world requirements.
•Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI, but still they cannot work out of
the box, as the robot will only do that work for which they are trained, or programmed.
•No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer, but still it does not have the
feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for
users if the proper care is not taken.
•Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology, people are getting more dependent
on devices and hence they are losing their mental capabilities.
•No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some new ideas but still AI machines
cannot beat this power of human intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

7.
Robotics
Robotics is the term used in artificial intelligence that deals with a study of creating intelligent and efficient robots.
What are Robots?
Robots are multifunctional, re-programmable, automatic industrial machine designed for replacing human in hazardous work.
Robots can be work as:-
An automatic machine sweeper
In space
A machine removing mines in a war field
An automatic car for a child to play with
In military, etc.
Objective
The aim of the robot is to manipulate the objects by perceiving, moving, picking, modifying the physical properties of object.
What is Robotics ?
Robotics is a branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI), it is mainly composed of electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and
computer science engineering for construction, designing and
application of robots.
Robotics is science of building or designing an application of robots. The aim of robotics is to design an efficient robot.
Aspects of Robotics ?
The robots have electrical components for providing power and control the machinery.
They have mechanical construction, shape, or form designed to accomplish a particular task.
It contains some type of computer program that determines what, when and how a robot does something.

8.
components of robotics are:-
Power Supply - The working power to the robot is provided by batteries, hydraulic, solar power, or pneumatic power
sources.
Actuators - Actuators are the energy conversion device used inside a robot. The major function of actuators is to convert
energy into movement.
Electric motors (DC/AC)- Motors are electromechanical component used for converting electrical energy into its equivalent
mechanical energy. In robots motors are used for providing rotational movement.
Sensors - Sensors provide real time information on the task environment. Robots are equipped with tactile sensor it imitates
the mechanical properties of touch receptors of human fingerprints and a vision sensor is used for computing the depth in
the environment.
Controller - Controller is a part of robot that coordinates all motion of the mechanical system. It also receives an input from
immediate environment through various sensors. The heart of robot's controller is a microprocessor linked with the
input/output and monitoring device. The command issued by the controller activates the motion control mechanism,
consisting of various controller, actuators and amplifier.

9.
What is Blockchain?
A blockchain is a constantly growing ledger which keeps a permanent record of all the transactions that have taken
place in a secure, chronological, and immutable way.
Let's breakdown the definition,
•Ledger: It is a file that is constantly growing.
•Permanent: It means once the transaction goes inside a blockchain, you can put up it permanently in the ledger.
•Secure: Blockchain placed information in a secure way. It uses very advanced cryptography to make sure that the
information is locked inside the blockchain.
•Chronological: Chronological means every transaction happens after the previous one.
•Immutable: It means as you build all the transaction onto the blockchain, this ledger can never be changed.
A blockchain is a chain of blocks which contain information. Each block records all of the recent transactions, and
once completed goes into the blockchain as a permanent database. Each time a block gets completed, a new
block is generated.

10.
Need of Blockchain :
•Time reduction: In the financial industry, blockchain can allow the quicker settlement of trades. It does not take
a lengthy process for verification, settlement, and clearance. It is because of a single version of agreed-upon
data available between all stakeholders.
•Unchangeable transactions: Blockchain register transactions in a chronological order which certifies the
unalterability of all operations, means when a new block is added to the chain of ledgers, it cannot be removed or
modified.
•Reliability: Blockchain certifies and verifies the identities of each interested parties. This removes double
records, reducing rates and accelerates transactions.
•Security: Blockchain uses very advanced cryptography to make sure that the information is locked inside the
blockchain. It uses Distributed Ledger Technology where each party holds a copy of the original chain, so the
system remains operative, even the large number of other nodes fall.
•Collaboration: It allows each party to transact directly with each other without requiring a third-party
intermediary.
•Decentralized: It is decentralized because there is no central authority supervising anything. There are
standards rules on how every node exchanges the blockchain information. This method ensures that all
transactions are validated, and all valid transactions are added one by one.

11.
What are 3D printers?
3D printers are the hardware devices that produce 3D printing outputs in paper instead of a product. It can also
produce a 3D model from ready to print CAD files. It uses less material as compared to other manufacturing
processes. The output is generally in the form of a 3D object. 3D printers use a different material, such
as stereolithography materials, nylon, photopolymers, etc. that forms the output object.
The common uses of 3D printers are to produce a prototype, miniature models, etc., for testing or development. The term is
generally confused with regular printers. But it is different from the traditional printers.
Working on a 3D Printer
We have discussed 3D printers. But, we must be confused about how the printing process works in a 3D printer. The input of
a printer requires a file for printing. Various file formats can be used as an input file for a 3D printer. The input file is
generally a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) or STL (Standard Triangle Language) file.
It means that the required input file should be a 3D file. We can also use any 3D software to convert a flat file into a 3D file.
We can also say that the required file is a blueprint of the object to be formed. The file consists of related information, such
as geometry, color compositions, structure, materials, etc. When a file is ready as per the requirements, we can send the
file to a 3D printer. The printer uses raw materials, such as resins, thermoplastics, powders, melted solids, etc., to convert
that 3D image into a 3D model. The printing process is quick and uses fewer materials than another manufacturing process
to produce the same output.