Formulation of building blocks, soaps, shampoo, toothpaste , herbals drugs, surfactants, classification of surfactants, application of surfactants, ioinc surfactants, nonionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, Zwitterionic Surfactants

1. Formulation
Building Blocks
Presented by:
Pallerla Naveen Reddy,
Mpharm(pharmaceutics),
Central university of South Bihar.

2. Shampoo
Tooth paste
Soap
Surfactant
Classification
Applications

3. 1. SHAMPOO
A Shampoo is a preparation of a surfactant in a suitable form-
liquid, solid or powder which when used under the specialized
conditions will remove surface grease, dirt and skin debris from the
hair shaft and scalp without adversely affecting the user.
INGREDIENTS FOR SHAMPOO:
1) Surfactants
(a) Anionic surfactants:
*Alkyl benzene sulphonates
*Alpha olefin sulphonates
*Sulphosuccinates
(b) Non-ionic surfactants
*Fatty acid alkanolamides.

4. *Polyalkoxylated derivatives
*Amine oxides
(c) Amphoteric surfactants:
*N-alkyl amino acids
*Betains
*Alkyl imidazolines
2) Conditioning agents:
*Lanolin
*Mineral oil
*Polypeptides
*Egg derivatives
*Herbal extracts

5. 3) Viscosity modifiers:
(a) Electrolytes : Ammonium chloride, Sodium chloride
(b) Natural gums: Gum tragacanth, Gum karaya, Alginates
(C) Cellulose derivatives: Hydroxyethyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl
cellulose,Carboxymethyl cellulose
(d) Carboxyvinyl polymers: Polymer of acrylic acid cross-linked with
polyfunctional agent
(e) Others: Ethoxylated fatty acid diesters, Phosphate esters,
Polyvinyl pyrrolidones.
4) Opacifying & Clarifying agents:
Stearyl alcohol,Cetyl alcohol,Propylene glycol,Phosphates,Finely
dispersed zinc oxide,Milky emulsions of vinyl polymers
5) Preservatives:( Formaldehyde, Esters of para hydroxy benzoic
acid)
6) Perfumes

6. Procedure for preparation of shampoo
*Measure the quantity of coconut oil, olive oil , castor oil & take it in a
round bottom flask.
*Potassium hydroxide dissolved in 3/4th quantity of water was added
to it, heat it in a water bath for 70-80°C with constant shaking for 1hr.
*Take remaining quantity of water and add sodium hexamethyl
cellulose, glycerine , perfume & other ingredients.
*Then mix both the solution to form a uniform shampoo.
Types of shampoo:1)powder shampoo
2)lotion shampoo
3) liquid shampoo
4)Anti dandruff shampoo
5) conditioning shampoo

7. EVALUATION OF SHAMPOO:
1. Determination of percent of solid contents.
2. Determination of Ph.
3. Determination of viscosity
4. Foaming ability & Foam stability
5. Skin irritation test
6. Cleaning action
7. Dirt dispersion
8. Surface tension measurement
9. Eye irritation test

8. 2. TOOTHPASTE
Toothpaste is a paste or gel dentifrice used with a toothbrush as an
accessory to clean & maintain the aesthetics and health of the teeth.
INGREDIENTS OF TOOTHPASTE:
1) ABRASIVES : These are used to remove food debris and residual
stains of the teeth & to polish the teeth surface.
Examples: Precipitated calcium carbonate, Calcium phosphate,
Tricalcium phosphate, Calcium pyrophosphate.
2) Detergents & other foaming materials: These are used in
toothpaste for their cleansing action.These materials lower surface
tension, thereby promoting penetration of paste & helps in removal of
deposits & debris.Example: sodium lauryl sulphate, Monoglycerides,
Magnesium lauryl sulphate, Sodium lauryl sulphosuccinate.

9. 3) Humectants :
Humectants in toothpastes are used to prevent their drying out.
*They also impart some plasticity to toothpastes.
E.g.: Glycerin, Propylene glycol, Sorbitol.
4) Binding Agent:
Solid & liquid phases of toothpaste tends to separate in the absence
of binding agents particularly during storage.
*Binding agents disperse, swell or absorb water to form viscous
liquid phases.
E.g.: Natural gums (Gum Arabic, Gum tragacanth), Cellulose
derivatives (Carboxy methylcellulose, Sodium
carboxymethylcellulose,Hydroxyethyl cellulose) Starch ethers.

10. 5) Sweetening & flavouring agents: These are the most important
ingredients in toothpaste as they have great influence on the
acceptance of the product.
E.g.: Saccharin sodium ( 0.05-0.3% ), Chloroform,
Peppermint,Spearmint, Coriander, Caraway, Anise, Eucalyptus
6) Minor ingredients:
Titanium dioxide,pH regulators,Cellulose ethers,Carrageen.
Procedure for preparation of toothpaste:
*Take half the quantity of water, add tragacanth powder & heat it in a
water bath to get a gel.
*To the remaining quantity of water, add glycerine, sodium lauryl
sulphate, preservative & mix it thoroughly to get a clear solution.
*Weigh the required quantity of saccharin and calcium carbonate
solution & mix it with the help of mortar and pestle.

11. *To this powder, add gum tragacanth & mix well.
*Add glycerine, preservative & sodium lauryl mixture to it andtriturate
uniformly to get a paste.
*Finally add flavouring agent & triturate well.
*Transfer to a narrow mouthed plastic tube , seal & label.
Types of Toothpaste:
1) Toothpaste for whitening.
2) Toothpaste for sensitivity.
3)Anticavity formulation.

12. EVALUATION OF TOOTHPASTE:
1) Determination of hard & sharp edged abrasive particles
2) Determination of spreadability
3) Determination of fineness
4) Determination of pH
5) Determination of foaming power
6) Moisture content
7) Determination of heavy metals

13. 3. SOAPS & SYNDETBARS
*Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long chain fatty acids.
*When triglycerides in fat/oil react with aqueous NaOH or KOH , they
are converted into soap & glycerol. This is called alkaline hydrolysis
of esters.
*Since this reaction leads to the formation of soap , it is called
saponification process.
The word "Syndet" is derived from 'synthetic' combined with
detergent'.Technically, it refers to the binding that occurs between
different detergents, also called surfactants
*Syndet soap surfactants are derived from oils, fats or petroleum
products that are processed from a wide range of chemical
processes other than traditional saponification.

14. INGREDIENTS FOR MAKING SOAP:
1) Fats & oils : A Fat mixture containing saturated & unsaturated,
long & short chain fatty acids in proportion are used in manufacture of
soap.
Eg.:A very common mixture for manufacture of soap is 75% tallow &
25% coconut oil.
Saturated fatty acids with 12 to 18 carbon atoms include
lauric.myristic.palmitic,stearic & oleic acids are used.
2) Alkali: An important raw material in soap making is caustic soda.
E.g.Soda ash can saponify fatty acids & used as a builder in laundry
soaps.*Caustic potash (KOH) is also used in making soft soaps
*Potassium carbonate can be also used to saponify fatty acids.
3) Other additives: Water, Salt (Sodium chloride), Anti-oxidants,
Whiteners, Perfumes, Pigments & Colours.

15. INGREDIENTS FOR MAKING SYNDETBARS:
*Sodium cocoyl isethionate
*Sulphosuccinates
*Alpha olefin sulphonates
*Alkyl glyceryl ether sulphonate
*Sodium cocoyl monoglyceride sulphate
*Betaines
MANUFACTURE OF SOAPS & SYNDETBARS
Soap is manufactured by 3 types of processes:
1) Semi-boiled & cold process:
*In these processes, fat is reacted with strong alkali.
*After reaction is complete, the entire mass is saponified without the
separation of free glycerin.

16. *Here, the fat charge is simply heated with required amount of
caustic soda. *After saponification, other ingredients like soap
builders are added.
*If the batch is made in a kettle, it may be actually boiled but if the
batch is made in a crutcher , the temperature must be kept little
below the boiling point.
2) Full-boiled process:
*Here, large cylindrical kettles with cone bottoms equipped with open
& sometimes with closed coils for steam are used.
It includes:
Saponification reaction:- This is carried out by boiling fat with
aqueous alkali together with open steam.
Graining out & washing:- After saponification, the soap is grained
out by the addition of salt to the boiling mass.

17. *Dry salt as well as brine may be used.
*The soap rises to the top of kettle in form of rough mass as soap
which is called 'kettle wax'.
*The washings are carried out by adding water to the kettle mass.
*Finishing or Fitting operation :- The final operation in soap boiling is
fitting operation.
*Here, the soap is boiled with water & upon standing, the batch will
separate into upper layers consisting of neat soap and lower layer
consisting of niger which retains most of the coloring materials,
metallic salts & other impurities.
3) Continuous saponification-Here, fats are first converted into
fatty acids & glycerine using high pressure at 500°C in continuous fat
splitting process and fatty acids are reacted with alkali to form
soap.This method is suitable for large scale production.

18. EVALUATION OF SOAPS & SYNDETBARS
1) Determination of clarity
2) Determination of pH
3) Determination of foam height
4) Determination of percentage of free alkali
5) Determination of alcohol insoluble matter

19. SURFACTANT
*Surfactant are compounds that lower the surface tension
(interfacial tension) between two liquids and a liquid and a solid.
*Surfactants are amphiphilic compound with two opposing portions,
one part is hydrophilic (head) and other is hydrophobic (tail).
*A surfactant interact with both polar and non-polar molecules.
*The 'tails' of most surfactants are fairly similar consisting of a
hydrocarbon chain, which can be branched, linear or aromatic.
e.g-fluorosurfactant have fluorocarbon chain.

20. Classification of Surfactants:
*Surfactant can be classified based on charge groups present in their
head.
*A nonionic surfactant do not have any charge groups over its
head.*The head of an ionic surfactant carries a net charge.
*If the charge is negative, the surfactant is more specifically called
anionic and if the charge is positive, it is called cationic.
*If a surfactant contains a head with two oppositely charged groups, it
is termed as zwitterion.
1. Anionic surfactants
2. Cationic surfactants
3. Non-ionic surfactants
4. Zwitterionic/amphoteric surfactants

21. (a)Anionic surfactants:
*In solution, the head is negatively charged.
*These surfactants are the most widely used type of surfactant for
preparing shampoos because of its excellent cleaning properties and
high hair conditioning effects.
*Anionic surfactants are particularly effective at oil cleaning and
oil/clay suspension.
*The most commonly used anionic surfactants are alkyl sulphates,
alkyl ethoxylate sulphates and soaps.
*Most of the anionic surfactants are carboxylate ,sulfate and
sulfonate ions.

22. (b) Cationic Surfactants:
*In solution, the head of the cationic surfactant is positively charged.
*Cationic surfactants are quaternary ammonium compounds and
they are mostly used for their disinfectant and preservative
properties as they have good bactericidal properties.
*They are used on skin for cleansing wounds or burns.
*Mostly used cationic surfactants are cetrimide which has tetradecyl
trimethyl ammonium bromide with minimum amount of dodecyl and
hexadecyl compounds
*Other cationic surfactants are benzalkonium
chloride,cetylpyridinium chloride etc.

23. (c) Non-lonic Surfactants:
*Those surfactants do not have any electrical charge, which makes
them resistant to water hardness deactivation.
*They are less irritant than other anionic or cationic surfactants.
*The hydrophilic part contains the polyoxyethylene ,polyoxypropylene
or polyol derivatives.
*The hydrophobic part contains saturated or unsaturated fatty acids or
fatty alcohols They are excellent grease/oil removers and emulsifiers.
*The non ionic surfactant can be classified as:
1)The Polyol esters includes glycol and glycerol esters and sorbitan
derivatives.
2)Polyoxyethylene esters includes polyethylene glyecol (PEG 40,

24. PEG -50,PEG- 55).
3)The most commonly used non-ionic surfactants
(poloxamers) are ethers of fatty alcohols.
(d) Amphoteric/Zwitterionic Surfactants:
*These surfactants are very mild, making them particularly suited for
use in personal care preparations over sensitive skins.
*They can be anionic (negatively charged), cationic (positively
charged) or non-ionic (no charge) in solution, depending on the
acidity or pH of the water.
*Those surfactants may contain two charged groups of different sign.
*Whereas the positive charge is almost always ammonium but the

25. Source of the negative charge may vary (carboxylate, sulphate,
sulphonate).
*These surfactants have excellent dermatological properties.
*They are frequently used in shampoos and other cosmetic products, and also in
hand dishwashing liquids because of their high foaming properties.

26. Applications of Surfactant:
*Snowboard Wax
*Foaming.
*Cleaning/Detergents (40%)
*An adhesive
*An emulsifier
*Defoaming
*Textiles
*Quantum dot coating
*Biocides (Sanitizers)
*Hair Conditioners (after
shampoo)
*Fabric Softener
*An ink
*Paint
*Paper Production
*Anti-fogs
*Mining (Flotation)
*Shampoos
*Cosmetics
*Toothpastes
*Food
*Oil dispersants
*Wetting
*Ski Wax

27. References:
*Gaurav K Sharma, Jayesh Gadiya,Formulations, toothpaste, creams,
shamp00: A Textbook of Cosmetic Formulations May 2018,51-67, 16-28.
*Cosmetics-formulation, manufacturing andquality control by P.P.sharma
4th edition vandana publications page no.539-554,615-633.
*Melgardt De Villiers, PhD, AntimicrobialPreservatives, page no: 203-
204,213.

28. Thank you