1. ALTERNATIVE
FUEL

2. PRESENTED BY :-
1) NAYAN GAYKWAD - 117
2) ANIKET BORE - 110
FROM T.E. MECHANICAL

3. ALTERNATIVE FUEL’S :-
-Natural Gas :- 1) CNG
2) LPG
-Biodiesel
-Biogas
-Hydrogen
-Ethanol
-Methen
-Propen
-Electricity

4. NATURAL GAS :-
1) LPG :-
2) CNG:-

5. LPG : - LIQUID PETROLIUM GAS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PROPERTIES
III. USES
IV. ADVANTAGES
V. DISADVANTAGES

6. INTRODUCTION
 Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum
gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to as
simply propene or butane, are flammable mixtures
of hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating
applications, cooking equipment, and vehicles.
 It is obtained as a by-product during fractional
distillation of crude petroleum oil or by cracking of
heavy oil
.

7. The average composition of LPG is as follows
Its calorific value is about 25000 kcal/m3

8. PROPERTIES
1. LPG is colorless, odorless, highly volatile.
2. It mixes quickly with air
3. Its ignition temperature is 410 to 580 degree Celsius
4. It is heavier than air
5. 1 liter of LPG produces 250 liters of vapor

9. USES
1. It is used as a domestic and industrial fue
2. It is also used as a motor fuel.
3. It is best suited to light vehicles such as
small cars, vans which normally run on
petrol

10. ADVANTAGES
1. It is easy to manipulate
2. Comparatively it is less of health hazard even in case of leakage.
3. Needs little care for maintenance.
4. It is free from CO, so it is less hazardous
5. Needs little care for maintenance
6. It is free from co2, so it is less hazardous

11. DISADVANTAGES
1. Due to its faint odor, leakage cannot beeasily detected
2. Its octane value is low.
3. Handling must be done under high pressure.
4. LPG is suitable only for the enginesworking under
high compression ratio

12. CNG :- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
I. INTRODUCTION
II. USES
III. PROPERTIES
IV.ADVANTAGES
V. DISADVANTAGES

13. INTRODUCTION
 When the natural gas is compressed, it is called Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG).
 The primary component present in CNG is methane. It is mainly
derived from natural gas.
 The natural gas can either be stored in a tank of a vehicle as
compressed natural gas (CNG) at 3,000 or 3,600 psi or as
liquefied naturalgas (LNG) at typically 20-150 psi.
 CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is mainly composed of
methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard
atmospheric pressure.
 It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of 200–248
bar (2900–3600psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes

15. USES
1. CNG is used to run anautomobile
2. commercial uses (food service, hotel, healthcare
facilities.)
3. Residential uses (cooking, heating, air conditioning)
4. Power generation
5. Industrial uses (paper, metal, chemical manufactures.

16. PROPERTIES
1. Vehicles powered by CNG produces less carbonmonoxide
and hydrocarbon emission
2. The ignition temperature of CNG is about 550°C
3. CNG require more air for ignition
4. It is less expensive than petrol and diesel
5. It is least environmentally impacting alternative fuel

17. ADVANTAGES
1. It produces less pollutants then LPG.
2. CNG is cheaper and cleaner than LPG
3. The octane rating of CNG is higher, hence the thermal efficiency
is more.
4. It does not evolve sulphur and nitrogen
5. It mixes easily with air than the other gaseous fuels
6. Noise level is much less than diesel
7. CNG vehicle limit 40% less of nitrogen oxide, 90% less of
hydrocarbons, 25% less of CO2

18. DISADVANTAGES
1. CNG vehicle needs more space for fuel storage
2. Starting problem is cold weather
3. Installation cost is quite high
4. Availability of natural gas station
5. It is harmful for health and may cause of lungs cancer
6. Engine’s life span got shortened

19. BIO-DIESEL
Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to conventional or
'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be produced from straight
vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and waste cooking
oil. The process used to convert these oils to Biodiesel is
called trans esterification.

20. What is Biodiesel?
 Biodiesel is clean burning alternative fuel source which is
derived from soybeans and animal fats.
 Biodiesel is a renewable alternative fuel produced from a wide
range of vegetable oils and animal fats.
 Pure biodiesel is compatible with most diesel engines and is
commonly blended with petroleum diesel it has same
performance as diesel.
 Biodiesel is a domestic, renewable fuel for diesel engines.
 Biodiesel can be used in any concentration with petroleum-
based diesel fuel in existing diesel engines with little or no
modification.
 Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer.

21. Biodiesel is made from animal fats or vegetable oils, renewable
resources that come from plants such as jatropha, soybean,
sunflowers, corn, olive, peanut, palm, coconut, safflower, canola,
sesame, cottonseed, etc.

22. Benefits of Biodiesel
 High cetane number (average 45,8-56,9 units) High flash
point (above +100)
 Good lubricating property
 Absence of sulfur and aromatic hydrocarbons Low toxicity
of emissions
 Virtually complete biodegradability (99%) Biodiesel are
destroyed in water or soil for 28 days) Zero balance of
greenhouse gases

23. Types of Biodiesel Blend with Petroleum
100% biodiesel is referred to as B100
5% biodiesel, 95% petro diesel is labelled B5
20% biodiesel, 80% petro diesel is labelled B20
2% biodiesel, 98% petro diesel is labelled B2

24. Advantages of biodiesel fuel
1. Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum-
based diesel.
2. One of the main biodiesel fuel advantages is that it is less
polluting than petroleum diesel.
3. The lack of sulfur in 100% biodiesel extends the life of catalytic
converters.
4. Another of the advantages of biodiesel fuel is that it can also be
blended with other energy resources and oil.

25. Disadvantages of biodiesel fuel
1. At present, Biodiesel fuel is bought one and a half times more
expensive than petroleum diesel fuel.
2. Another biodiesel fuel disadvantage is that it can harm rubber
hoses in some engines.
3. As Biodiesel cleans the dirt from the engine, this dirt can then
get collected in the fuel filter, thus clogging it. So, filters have
to be changed after the first several hours of biodiesel use.

26. Use of Biodiesel
1. Biodiesel can be used pure or blended.
2. Most common blends is 5% biodiesel, 95% diesel
3. Blends above 30% may require modifications in the engine

27. How Bio-Diesel help the Environment
i. In a blended state with traditional fuel it can lower emissions
such as a 20% blend lowers CO2 emissions by 15%
ii. 100% Biodiesel can lower CO2 emissions by 75%
iii. Biodiesel produces fewer particulate matter, carbon monoxide,
and sulfur dioxide emissions
iv. It’s safe to store, handle, and transport cause of a high flash
point of 150 degrees Celsius instead of 77 degrees Celsius for
traditional fuels.

28. BIOGAS
 Biogas refers to a mixture of different gases produced by the
breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
 Biogas can be produced from raw materials such as agricultural
waste, manure, municipal waste, plant material, sewage, green
waste or food waste.

29. INTRODUCTION
 Biogas is clean environment friendly fuel.
 Biogas is generated when bacteria degrade biological material in
the absence of oxygen, in a process known as anaerobic digestion.
 Biogas generally comprise of 55-65 % methane, 35-45 % carbon
dioxide, 0.5-1.0 % hydrogen sulfide and traces of water vapor.
 The heating value of biogas is about 60% of natural gas and about
25% of propane. [Average calorific value of biogas is 20 mg/m3].
 Biogas has corrosive nature and storage of biogas is not practical.

30. PROCESS OF BIOGAS

32. UTILIZATION OF BIOGAS
I. Cooking: A biogas plant of 2 cubic meters is sufficient for
providing cooking fuel needs of a family of about five persons.
II. Lighting: Biogas is used in silk mantle lamps for lighting
purposes. The requirement of gas for powering a 100 candle
lamp (60 W) is 0.13 cubic meter per hour.
III. Power Generation: Biogas can be used to operate a dual fuel
engine to replace up to 80 % of diesel-oil. Diesel engines have
been modified to run 100 per cent on biogas. Petrol and CNG
engines can also be modified easily to use biogas.
IV. Transport Fuel: After removal of CO2, H2S and water vapor,
biogas can be converted to natural gas quality for use in
vehicles.

33. BENEFITS OF BIOGAS
• Availability Of power at affordablerates
• Reducespollution
• Reducestime wastagewhile collectingfirewood
• Reducesreliance on fossil fuels
• Saveson the environment (Reducesdeforestation)
• Improves living standardsin ruralareas
• Reducesglobal warming
• Producesgood quality enriched manure to improve soilfertility.
• Effective and convenient wayfor sanitary disposaloforganic
wastes,improving the hygienicconditions.
• Asasmokelessdomestic fuel it reducesthe incidence of eyeandlung
diseases.

35. ADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
1. Reduce Burdon on forest and fossil fuel.
2. Produces clean fuel – Helps in controlling air pollution.
3. It provides fertilizer .
4. Limited investment and production coast.
5. Relatively uncomplex , Easy to operate.

36. DISADVANTAGES
1. The process is not very attractive economically on a large
industrial scale.
2. It is very difficult to enhance the efficiency of biogas systems.
3. Biogas contains some gases as impurities, which are corrosive to
the metal parts of internal combustion engines.
4. Not feasible to set up at all the locations.