Capitalism refers to an economic system where private individuals or organizations, rather than the government, own means of production and goods are allocated through competition in a free market. In a capitalist agricultural system, market forces determine prices and distribution. The document discusses how different groups - producers, consumers, middlemen, and the government - have sometimes conflicting interests in the agricultural marketing system. It also defines agribusiness and corporate farming, and discusses the globalization of agricultural trade and use of trade network analysis.

1. GOOD DAY EVERYONE!

2. ARGRICULTURE IN A
CAPITALIST SOCITIES

3. WHAT IS A CAPITALIST SOCITIES IN
AGRICULTURE?
Capitalism refers to an economic system in which a
society's means of production are held by private individuals
or organizations, not the government, and where products,
prices, and the distribution of goods are determined mainly
by competition in a free market.

4. MARKET DRIVEN AGRICULTURE
A study of the agricultural marketing system is necessary to an understanding of the
complexities involved and the identification of bottlenecks with a view to providing efficient services in
the transfer of farm products and inputs from producers to consumers. An efficient marketing system
minimizes costs, and benefits all the sections of the society. The expectations from the system vary
from group to group; and, generally, the objectives are in conflict. The efficiency and success of the
system depends on how best these conflicting objectives are reconciled.
PRODUCER
producer-farmers want the marketing system to purchase their produce without loss of time
and provide the maximum share in the consumer’s rupee. They want the maximum possible price for
their surplus produce from the system. Similarly, they want the system to supply them the inputs at the
lowest possible price.

5. CONSUMERS
The consumers of agricultural products are interested in a marketing system that can provide food
and other items in the quantity and of the quality required by them at the lowest possible price. However, this
objective of marketing for consumers is contrary to the objective of marketing for the farmer – producers.
MARKET MIDDLEMEN AND TRADERS
Market middlemen and traders are interested in a marketing system which provides them a steady
and increasing income from the purchase and sale of agricultural commodities. This objective of market
middlemen may be achieved by purchasing the agricultural products from the farmers at low prices and selling
them to consumers at high prices.
GOVERNMENT
The objectives and expectations of all the three groups of society-producers, consumers and market
middlemen – conflict with one another. All the three groups are indispensable to society. The government has to act as a
watch-dog to safeguard the interests of all the groups associated in marketing. It tries to provide the maximum share to
the producer in the consumer’s rupee; food of the required quality to consumers at the lowest possible price; and enough
margin to market middlemen so that they may remain in the trade and not think of going out of trade and jeopardize the
whole marketing mechanism. Thus, the government wants that the marketing system should be such as may bring about
the overall welfare to all the segments of society.

6. AGRIBUSINESS AND CORPORATE
FARMING
What is agribusiness?
Agribusiness is the business sector encompassing farming and farming-related
commercial activities. It involves all the steps required to send an agricultural good to
market, namely production, processing, and distribution. This industry is an important
component of the economy in countries with arable land since agricultural products can be
exported.
Agribusiness treats the different aspects of raising agricultural products as an
integrated system. Farmers raise animals and harvest fruits and vegetables with the help
of sophisticated harvesting techniques, including the use of GPS to direct operations.
Manufacturers develop increasingly efficient machines that can drive themselves.
Processing plants determine the best way to clean and package livestock for shipping.
While each subset of the industry is unlikely to interact directly with the consumer, each is
focused on operating efficiently in order to keep prices reasonable.

7. Agribusiness is a combination of the words "agriculture" and "business" and refers
to any business related to farming and farming-related commercial activities. Agribusiness
involves all the steps required to send an agricultural good to market, namely production,
processing, and distribution. Companies in the agribusiness industry encompass all
aspects of food production. Climate change has placed intensifying pressure on many
companies in the agribusiness industry to successfully adapt to the large-scale shifts in
weather patterns.
Understanding agribusiness market forces have a significant impact on the
agribusiness sector, as do natural forces, such as changes in the earth's climate. Changes
in consumer taste alter what products are grown and raised. For example, a shift in
consumer tastes away from red meat may cause demand—and therefore prices—for beef
to fall, while increased demand for produce may shift the mix of fruits and vegetables that
farmers raise. Businesses unable to rapidly change in accordance with domestic demand
may look to export their products abroad. If that fails, they may not be able to compete
and remain in business. Climate change has placed intensifying pressure on many
companies in the agribusiness industry to remain relevant, and profitable, while adapting
to the threats posed by large-scale shifts in weather patterns.

8. WHAT IS CORPORATE FARMING?
At the core of corporate farming in the US food system is the idea that food is
merely a commodity that can be controlled and monetized for economic gain rather than a
public good that everyone has a basic human right to access.[1] US corporate industrial
farming consistently seeks to maximize profit with little or no consideration for
agriculture’s impact on animals, the environment, and the people who produce and
consume the nation’s food.
Corporate farming can also encompass corporations that do not actively manage
farmland but are part of farming supply chains, including agrichemical companies, farming
equipment companies, and information technology companies. In this article, corporate
farming refers to large-scale industrial crop or animal production by corporate entities.

9. GLOBALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE
TRADE
Food and agricultural trade expanded rapidly in the 2000s. The network of food and
agricultural trade became denser, with more countries trading with each other and greater
participation of low- and middle-income countries. One of the catalysts for this process of globalization
was trade liberalization at the multilateral and regional levels. Since the financial crisis in 2008, the
globalization process has been stagnant.
The structure of the global network of food and agricultural trade became more decentralized
between 1995 and 2019. In 1995, a few large trading hubs dominated the trade network. Over time,
together with the expansion of trade and the emergence of new players, the number of hubs increased
and the dominance of individual hubs weakened.
The imports of most countries are concentrated on a few products from a limited
number of trade partners, making them vulnerable to shocks in exporter markets. To improve their
resilience and ensure food security and healthy diets, countries should aim to diversify the products
imported and to increase their number of trade partners.

10. THE GLOBALIZATION OF FOOD AND
AGRICULTURAL TRADE
Trade connects agrifood systems and people. It plays an important role in providing
consumers worldwide with sufficient, diverse and nutritious food, and it generates income and
employment for farmers, workers and traders in the entire agricultural and food industry across
countries. Since 1995, food and agricultural trade has more than doubled in volume and calories. The
use of natural resources for the production and export of food and agricultural products, such as land
and water, has also increased.
In general, trade in goods and services became more important in the world economy and the
share of production traded increased rapidly between the first years of the new millennium and 2008.
However, this process of globalization, as measured by the share of goods and services exports in
world gross domestic product (GDP), came to a halt after the financial crisis in 2008.

12. TRADE NETWORK ANALYSIS
An increasing number of studies rely on techniques borrowed from network analysis to
analyse the patterns of trade flows. Examples include the analysis of integration and regionalization in
merchandise trade, the analysis of trade networks of various food and agricultural products and the
analysis of specialization patterns and transmission of shocks in food and agriculture.
• Links: links represent import or export flows between countries. Links are measured at the
country level for aggregate food and agriculture. The number of links indicates the number of
countries with which a specific country trades. Box 1.3 also refers to links that are measured by
country and product.
• Trade intensity: this is the value of import or export flows of a country. The trade intensity
measure used in this report is normalized so that it is defined between zero and one. A zero value
indicates that a country does not trade at all, and a value of one implies the maximum observed trade
intensity.
• Connectivity: the higher the connectivity, the more countries are connected directly with each
other (direct connectivity) and with countries that are themselves connected to many others (indirect
connectivity). Connectivity can be measured by the number of links, or by the value of products that
are traded through these links.

13. • Closeness: the closeness index indicates how “close” a country is to all
other countries in the network. It is measured by counting the shortest paths,
where each short path is defined as the strongest link, that is the link with the
highest trade intensity, between two countries.
• Hubs: the structure of the trade network in terms of hubs and a core-
periphery relationship in this report is determined based on the network
indicator known as “betweenness”. Betweenness measures the number of
times a country connects to other countries that are not directly connected
with each other. High values of this index identify countries that are trade
hubs.
• Centralization: centrality measures at country level show the position
and relative importance of a country within the global food and agricultural
trade network.
• Assortativity: assortativity describes the extent to which countries in a
specific group (for example, countries in the same region, or countries with
similar income per capita) trade with each other within the group.

14. PRIVATE PROPERTY AND LAND
OWNERSHIPS
Private property and land ownership play a crucial role in agriculture. In
many countries, including developed nations, ownership of agricultural
land is predominantly privatized, meaning individuals or entities have the
legal right to own and control the land. Here are some key aspects of
private property and land ownership in agriculture

15. • 1. Ownership rights: private property implies that individuals or organizations have
exclusive rights over the land, including the right to use, transfer, and exclude others
from it. These ownership rights are generally established through legal frameworks and
property laws.
• 2. Farming operations: private landowners have the freedom to decide and manage
the agricultural activities carried out on their land. They can choose the type of crop or
livestock production, employ technology and modern farming techniques, and make
investment decisions.
• 3. Incentives for investment: private ownership encourages investment in
agriculture as landowners have the security and expectation of returns on their
investment. They are motivated to improve their land, adopt efficient farming practices,
and invest in infrastructure and technologies to increase productivity.
• 4. Market-based decisions: landowners in private ownership systems have the
freedom to make market-based decisions related to agriculture. They can choose to sell
or lease their land, negotiate terms, and determine the price based on market demand
and supply dynamics.

16. • 5. TRANSFERABILITY: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP ALLOWS FOR EASY TRANSFER OF
LAND THROUGH BUYING, SELLING, INHERITANCE, OR GIFTING. THIS FLEXIBILITY ENABLES
LAND TO CHANGE HANDS BASED ON MARKET DYNAMICS, PERSONAL PREFERENCES, OR
FAMILY CIRCUMSTANCES.
• 6. LAND CONSOLIDATION: PRIVATE OWNERSHIP CAN LEAD TO LAND CONSOLIDATION,
WHERE LARGER FARMS EMERGE THROUGH THE ACQUISITION OR CONSOLIDATION OF
SMALLER PLOTS. THIS TREND CAN RESULT IN ECONOMIES OF SCALE, INCREASED
EFFICIENCY, AND MORE SPECIALIZATION IN PRODUCTION.
• 7. POTENTIAL CHALLENGES: PRIVATE LAND OWNERSHIP IN AGRICULTURE MAY LEAD
TO ISSUES SUCH AS LAND CONCENTRATION, WHERE A FEW ENTITIES OR INDIVIDUALS OWN
A SIGNIFICANT PORTION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LAND, POTENTIALLY LIMITING
COMPETITION AND ACCESS TO LAND FOR SMALL-SCALE FARMERS. THIS CAN LEAD TO
SOCIAL INEQUALITY, RURAL DEPOPULATION, AND LOSS OF DIVERSITY IN FARMING
OPERATIONS.

17. • 8. Government regulations: while private property rights exist, governments may
implement regulations to ensure responsible land use, environmental sustainability, and
equitable access to resources. These regulations may include zoning laws,
environmental protections, and taxation policies.
It is important to note that the systems of land ownership
and property rights can vary significantly across countries
and regions, influenced by historical, cultural, and legal
factors. Additionally, some countries have communal or
state-owned land, where agricultural land is collectively
owned or managed.

18. INPUT INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE
• Though the term intensive agriculture elicits images of vast tracts of
land, monoculture, pesticides, and barns filled with thousands of animals
hardly able to stand, this is not how the practice started. Intensive farming
originated in the ancient civilizations of egypt, mesopotamia, india, pakistan,
north china, mesoamerica, and western south america with the creation of
water management systems and the domestication of large animals that could
pull plows.
• What is intensive agriculture? Intensive agriculture is a method of
farming that uses large amounts of labor and investment to increase the yield
of the land. In an industrialized society this typically means the use of
pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals that boost yield, and the acquisition
and use of machinery to aid planting, chemical application, and picking.

19. • What are the characteristics of intensive agriculture? Pasture
intensification pasture intensification is the increase in value and
production that occurs due to inputs such as money, labor, and
pesticides, specifically in the pastures on which farmed animals graze.
• In recent years there has been an increased level of interest in
methods of intensification that reduce some of its negative effects.
These include cultivating certain crops, such as soybeans, in pastures
that cows graze on.

20. • Intensive agriculture examples livestock most of the farmed animals in the
united states live a significant portion of their lives on industrial factory farms
that use a variety of intensive methods to produce more meat, dairy, or eggs
for less money. One such method is keeping the animals enclosed in small
spaces and delivering their food to them. This forces them to grow more
quickly and reduces the need for space.
• Aquaculture intensive agriculture is apparent in every part of the industry, and
aquaculture is no exception. One example is the standard practice of housing
extremely high densities of fish in artificial tanks, allowing the farmers to
control feed, oxygen levels, and a variety of other factors leading to an
increase in yield.
• Crops There are several ways that farmers who grow crops use intensive
agriculture to produce higher yields. Tactics include the use of pesticides,
insecticides, fertilizers, irrigation, and the use of genetically modified seeds.

21. WHY IS INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE BAD?
• Animal cruelty billions of animals in the united states suffer on factory farms that
employ intensive methods to increase profitability. Often they are confined in such small
spaces that they can barely move. Standard procedures include debeaking, castration,
tail docking, and dehorning. All of these frequently occur without sedation, causing large
amounts of suffering and pain for the animals that endure them.
• Deforestation Because intensive agriculture has shifted from focusing on
maximizing the productivity of small pieces of land to application on farms spanning
thousands of acres, it can often drive deforestation even before one considers the
sources of animal feed. Because the land must be easily accessible for planting,
watering, and fertilizing, trees must be removed to create large expanses of flat land.
Growing the corn and soy to feed these animals is a leading cause of deforestation
globally.
• Human health exposure to the pesticides that intensive agriculture tends to use in
large quantities can have a number of negative effects on human health. These include
irritation to the skin and eyes and negative effects on the nervous and endocrine
systems. The mismanagement of the large amounts of manure produced on cafos can
also lead to health problems in surrounding communities.

22. CONCLUSION
The intensification of farming has played an important role in the history
of agriculture. It allowed for farmers to feed growing communities
around the world. However, intensive agriculture as we know it today is
no longer sustainable or necessary. The methods employed have
countless negative impacts on the environment, human health, animal
lives, and communities, caused by the heavy use of chemicals and the
inhumane treatment of animals and workers that are trademarks of
modern-day intensive farming.

23. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING !
GODBLESS !