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Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 28(2): 87-93 87
Application of Quality Function Deployment in Design of
Mobile Assistive Devices
Kuen-Horng Tsai1,*
Chun-Yu Yeh2
Hsin-Chang Lo3
Chun-Ting Li1
Chan-Peng Cheng3
Guan-Liang Chang3
1
Graduate Institute of System Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan, ROC
2
School of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
3
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
Received 10 Mar 2008; Accepted 15 May 2008
Abstract
Quality function deployment (QFD), a strategy of product planning, provides a systemic process of systematizing
and constructing which priorities to enhance the energies of the product development team. QFD with design-oriented
nature serves not only as a valuable resource for designers but also a way to summarize and convert feedback from
customers into information for designers. Regarding most manual wheelchair users having suffered injuries on shoulder,
wrist and elbow, most researchers have concentrated their attention on propelling efficiency or biomechanics issues, not
operation interface based on users’ requirements. Though some innovative devices have been developed from the
engineering aspect, they are not as popular as expected in clinics because of the lack of requirements from customers,
therapists and technical professionals that are critical points in the development process for new assistive devices. The
present study utilized the systematic strategy, QFD, to extract bottleneck techniques in design of an assistive device. A
case study was performed and a new power-assisted wheelchair was developed to overcome the disadvantages of
traditional manual wheelchairs.
Keywords: Quality function deployment (QFD), House of quality (HOQ), Assistive device, Wheelchair
1. Introduction
Wheelchairs provide good stability, which have become
the most important mobility aids in daily life for disabled
people, especially patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In the
propulsion efficiency of wheelchair, the traditional manual
wheelchair has been proven to require more oxygen
consumption, and higher respiratory exchange ratio, which
causes higher heart rate during propelling [1-2]. The physical
efficiency of a manual wheelchair is less than 10% in normal
use. Furthermore, worse cardiovascular function, shoulder pain,
lower arm strength and poor posture were found in most
wheelchair users and made it more difficult for them to propel
the wheelchair [3-5]. Besides the low propulsion efficiency,
many researchers agree that propelling with an excessive range
of motion (ROM) in the shoulder joints will lead to pain and
accumulative syndrome on upper extremities. Over 50% of SCI
patients suffered from upper-extremity pain or injury, in which
shoulder pain ratio was between 31% and 73%, and carpal
* Corresponding author: Kuen-Horng Tsai
Tel: +886-6-2133111 ext. 182; Fax: +886-6-3017112
E-mail: tsaikh@mail.nutn.edu.tw
tunnel syndrome showed height ratio between 49% and 73%
[6-8].
Wheelchair designers have attempted to increase
efficiency and reduce stress in manual wheelchairs. Alternative
methods of wheelchair propulsion, such as lever-drive unit,
arm cranks, and geared hubs have been developed to increase
mechanism efficiency [9-11]. However, due to huge mass,
inconvenient transfer manner, difficult steering, etc., such
wheelchairs have not been as popular as expected. There are
many studies focused on the improvement of propulsion
mechanism or biomechanical performance; these
investigations provide valuable information for wheelchair
design [12-14]. However, there is still lack of studies about
customers’ requirements for wheelchair operation. From the
aspect of product planning, how to extract the requirements
from customers, therapists and technical professionals in the
process of wheelchair design is a critical phase but difficult
affair.
A structured method could help us to manage the product
development process more objectivity. It has advantages such
as customer-oriented development process, better integration
of design team, reduction of the produce development period,
and effectiveness in policy decision-making. Quality function
deployment (QFD) is one of the structured methods which
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  • 1. Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, 28(2): 87-93 87 Application of Quality Function Deployment in Design of Mobile Assistive Devices Kuen-Horng Tsai1,* Chun-Yu Yeh2 Hsin-Chang Lo3 Chun-Ting Li1 Chan-Peng Cheng3 Guan-Liang Chang3 1 Graduate Institute of System Engineering, National University of Tainan, Tainan 700, Taiwan, ROC 2 School of Physical Therapy, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC 3 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC Received 10 Mar 2008; Accepted 15 May 2008 Abstract Quality function deployment (QFD), a strategy of product planning, provides a systemic process of systematizing and constructing which priorities to enhance the energies of the product development team. QFD with design-oriented nature serves not only as a valuable resource for designers but also a way to summarize and convert feedback from customers into information for designers. Regarding most manual wheelchair users having suffered injuries on shoulder, wrist and elbow, most researchers have concentrated their attention on propelling efficiency or biomechanics issues, not operation interface based on users’ requirements. Though some innovative devices have been developed from the engineering aspect, they are not as popular as expected in clinics because of the lack of requirements from customers, therapists and technical professionals that are critical points in the development process for new assistive devices. The present study utilized the systematic strategy, QFD, to extract bottleneck techniques in design of an assistive device. A case study was performed and a new power-assisted wheelchair was developed to overcome the disadvantages of traditional manual wheelchairs. Keywords: Quality function deployment (QFD), House of quality (HOQ), Assistive device, Wheelchair 1. Introduction Wheelchairs provide good stability, which have become the most important mobility aids in daily life for disabled people, especially patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). In the propulsion efficiency of wheelchair, the traditional manual wheelchair has been proven to require more oxygen consumption, and higher respiratory exchange ratio, which causes higher heart rate during propelling [1-2]. The physical efficiency of a manual wheelchair is less than 10% in normal use. Furthermore, worse cardiovascular function, shoulder pain, lower arm strength and poor posture were found in most wheelchair users and made it more difficult for them to propel the wheelchair [3-5]. Besides the low propulsion efficiency, many researchers agree that propelling with an excessive range of motion (ROM) in the shoulder joints will lead to pain and accumulative syndrome on upper extremities. Over 50% of SCI patients suffered from upper-extremity pain or injury, in which shoulder pain ratio was between 31% and 73%, and carpal * Corresponding author: Kuen-Horng Tsai Tel: +886-6-2133111 ext. 182; Fax: +886-6-3017112 E-mail: tsaikh@mail.nutn.edu.tw tunnel syndrome showed height ratio between 49% and 73% [6-8]. Wheelchair designers have attempted to increase efficiency and reduce stress in manual wheelchairs. Alternative methods of wheelchair propulsion, such as lever-drive unit, arm cranks, and geared hubs have been developed to increase mechanism efficiency [9-11]. However, due to huge mass, inconvenient transfer manner, difficult steering, etc., such wheelchairs have not been as popular as expected. There are many studies focused on the improvement of propulsion mechanism or biomechanical performance; these investigations provide valuable information for wheelchair design [12-14]. However, there is still lack of studies about customers’ requirements for wheelchair operation. From the aspect of product planning, how to extract the requirements from customers, therapists and technical professionals in the process of wheelchair design is a critical phase but difficult affair. A structured method could help us to manage the product development process more objectivity. It has advantages such as customer-oriented development process, better integration of design team, reduction of the produce development period, and effectiveness in policy decision-making. Quality function deployment (QFD) is one of the structured methods which
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