1. CULTURE AND
SOCIETY AS
ANTHROPOLOGICAL
AND SOCIOLOGICAL
CONCEPTS

2. CULTURE is the process
by which a person
becomes all that they were
created capable of being.
-Thomas Carlyle

3. CULTURE
Language
Working
Schedules
Medical
Cure
Clothes Religion
Manners Food
Jokes
Folk
Art
Celebrati
ons

4. 10. CULTURE is a composite or
multifarious areas that compromise
beliefs, practices, values, attitudes,
laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a
person learns and shares as member
of society.

5.  A product of human interaction
 A social heritage that is complex and
socially transmitted
 Provides socially acceptable patterns
for meeting biological and social needs
 A distinguishing factor
 An established pattern of behavior
 Cumulative
 Meaningful to human beings

6. Non-
material
CULTURE
Ideas
Language and
Symbols
8. Religion
7. Behavior,
gesture &
habits

7. Material
CULTURE
9.
Technological
Tools
Architectural
Structures
5. Fashion &
Accessories
6. Food

8. ELEMENTS OF CULTURE
• 4. KNOWLEDGE – refers to any information
received and perceived to be true.
• 3. BELIEFS – the perception of accepted
reality. 2. REALITY refers to the existence of
things whether material or non-material.
• 1.SOCIAL NORMS – these are established
expectations of society as to how a person is
supposed to act depending on the
requirements of the time, place, or situation.

9. FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Folkways – the patterns of repetitive
behavior which becomes habitual &
conventional part of living
• Mores – the set of ethical standards
and moral obligations as dictates of
reason that distinguishes human
acts as right or wrong or good or bad

10. FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS:
• Values – Anything held to be
relatively worthy, important,
desirable, or valuable
• Technology – the practical
application of knowledge in
converting raw materials into
finished products

11. ETHNOCENTRISM
AND
CULTURAL RELATIVISM

12. CULTURALVARIATION
refers to the differences in
social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit
around the world.

13. 2 Important perceptions
on cultural variability:

14. Ethnocentrism – It is a perception
that arises from the fact that
cultures, differ and each culture
defines reality differently.
- Judging another culture solely
by the values and standards of
one’s own culture.

15. Cultural Relativism – The
attempt to judge behavior
according to its cultural context.
- The principle that an individual
person’s beliefs and activities
should be understood by others
in terms of that individual’s own
culture.

16. LOOKING BACK AT
HUMAN BIOCULTURAL
AND SOCIAL EVOLUTION

17. EVOLUTION is a natural process
of biological changes occurring
in a population across successive
generations.

18. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo Habilis
Species with a brain of a Broca’s area
which is associated with speech in
modern humans and was the 1st to
make stone tools.
The ability to make and use tools is a
unique quality to humans such that
the species is recognized to be the
first true human.
The species name means “Handy
Man.” Lived about 2.4 to 1.4 million
years ago scavenging for food.

20. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Rudolfensis
Species characterized by a
longer face, larger molar and
premolar teeth, and having a
larger braincase compared to
habilis particularly larger
frontal lobes, areas of the brain
that processes information. The
species lived about 1.9 ton to
18 million years ago.

22. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Erectus
Species name means “Upright
Man” with body proportions
similar to that of modern humans
Lived 1.89 to 143,000 years ago;
adapted to hot climates and
mostly spread in Africa and Asia.
They were the first hunters with
improvised tools such as axes and
knives, and were the 1st to
produce fire.

24. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Heidelber-
genesis
Species w/ large brow ridge and
short wide bodies that lived
about 700,000 to 200,000 years
ago in Europe and Africa. They
were the 1st of early human
species to live in colder
climates, 1st to hunt large
animals on routine basis using
spears, and 1st to construct
human shelters.

26. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Floresiensis
Species nicknamed “Hobbit”
due to their small stature
with a height of more or less
3 feet & lived 95,000 to
17,000 yrs ago in the island
of Flores, Indonesia along
with other dwarfed animal
species.

28. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Sapiens
Neandertha-
lensis
Subspecies w/ short yet
stocky in body build adapted
to winter climates especially
in icy cold places in Europe
& Asia. The subspecies, also
known as “Neanderthal
Man,” is the closest relative
of modern humans.

29. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Sapiens
Neandertha-
lensis
The first to practice burial
of their dead, hunting and
gathering food, & sewing
clothes from animal skin
using bone needles. They
lived about 200,000 to
28,000 years ago.

31. SPECIES CHARACTERISTICS
Homo
Sapiens
Sapiens
Subspecies known as Cro-
magnon characterized to be
anatomically modern humans
and lived in the last Ice Age of
Europe from 40,000 to 10,000
years ago. They were the 1st to
produce art in cave paintings
& crafting decorated tools &
accessories.

33. Man’s Cultural
Evolution

34. CULTURAL
PERIOD
TIME FRAME CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Paleolithic
Age
(Old Stone
Age)
Traditionally
coincided w/ the
1st evidence of
tool
construction &
use by
Homosome 2.5
million years ago
Use simple pebble tools
Learned to live in caves
Discovered the use of
fire
Developed small
sculptures; &
monumental painting,
incised designs, & reliefs
on the walls of caves.
“Food-collecting
cultures”

35. CULTURAL
PERIOD
TIME FRAME CULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Neolithic
Age
(New
Stone Age)
Occurred
sometime
about
10,000 BCE
Stone tools were shaped
by polishing or grinding
Settlement in
permanent villages
Dependence on
domesticated plants or
animals
Appearance of such
crafts as pottery &
weaving
“Food-producing
cultures”

36. Simple Differentiation
of the Cultural
Evolution

37. PALEOLITHIC
AGE
NEOLITHIC
AGE
Unpolished
Stone Tools
Hunting and
Gathering
Nomadic Way of
Living
Polished Stone
Tools
Domestication of
plants and animals
Living in
permanent places

38. Characteristics of Human Society
1.It is a social system.
2.A society is relatively large.
3.A society recruits most of its
members from within.
4.A society sustains itself across
generations.

39. Characteristics of Human Society
5. A society’s members share a
culture.
6. A society occupies a territory.

40. TYPES OF SOCIETIES
Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
1. Hunting and
Food Gathering
Societies
• The earliest form of human society
• People survived by foraging for
vegetable foods and collecting
shellfish.
• They subsisted from day to day on
whatever was available.
• They used tools made of stones,
woods, and bones.

41. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
2. Horticultural
Societies
SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
• Involves only
producing enough food
to feed the group
• The settlements are
small
• Neighborhood is solid

42. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
2. Horticultural
Societies
SUBSISTENCE FARMING:
• Political organization is
confined in the village.
• Authority is based on
positions inherited by
males through the
kinship system.

43. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
2. Horticultural
Societies
SURPLUSFARMING:
• Practiced in thickly
populated and
permanent
settlements.
• there was occupational
specialization w/

44. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
2. Horticultural
Societies
SURPLUSFARMING:
• Social stratification was
well established.
• The community tended
to be structured by
kinship relations that
are male dominated.

45. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
3. Pastoral
Societies
• It relied on herding and
the domestication of
animals for food and
clothing to satisfy the
greater needs of the
group.

46. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
3. Pastoral
Societies
• Most pastoralists
were nomads who
followed their herd
in a never-ending
quest for pasture and
water.

47. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
3. Pastoral
Societies
• It was organized along
male-centered kinship
groups.
• It was usually united
under strong political
figures. However,
centralized political
leadership did not occur.

48. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
4. Agricultural
Societies
• These societies were
characterized by the use
of the plow in farming.
• Creation of the
irrigation system
provided farming
enough surplus for the
community.

49. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
4. Agricultural
Societies
• Ever-growing populations
came together in broad
river-valley system.
• Those who controlled
access to arable land and
its use became rich &
powerful since they could
demand the payment of
taxes & political support.

50. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
4. Agricultural
Societies
• By taxing the bulk of
agriculture surplus, the
political leaders could
make bureaucracies
implement their plans
and armies to protect
their privileges.

51. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
4. Agricultural
Societies
• Social classes became
entrenched, and the
state evolved.

52. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• It is characterized
by more than just
the use of
mechanical means
of production.

53. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• It constitutes an
entirely new form of
society that requires an
immense, mobile
diversity specialized,
high skilled ,and well-
coordinated labor
force.

54. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• Creates a highly
organized systems of
exchange between
suppliers of raw
materials and
industrial
manufacturers.

55. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• Industrial societies
are divided along
class lines.
• Industrialism brought
about a tremendous
shift f populations

56. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• Kinship plays a
smaller role in
patterning public
affairs.
• Industrial societies
are highly secularized

57. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
5. Industrial
Societies
• The predominant
form of social and
political
organization in
industrial societies
is the bureaucracy.

58. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
6. Post-industrial
Societies
• It depends on
specialized
knowledge to bring
about continuing
progress in
technology.

59. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
6. Post-industrial
Societies
• It is characterized by
the spread of
computer industries.
• Knowledge and
information are the
hallmarks of this
society.

60. Type of Human
Societies
Characteristics
6. Post-industrial
Societies
• It resulted in the
homogenization of
social relations among
individuals and the
interaction between
humans and the
natural environment.