The document provides information about basic computer hardware. It discusses the main components of a computer including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. It describes the components that make up the computer case including drive bays and expansion slots. Different types of monitors are covered such as CRT, LCD, LED, and OLED. Peripherals that can be used with computers like printers, scanners, speakers and webcams are also mentioned. The inside of the computer case contains the motherboard, CPU, and power supply unit.

1. CHAPTER - 2
BASIC HARDWARE

2. Outcome of This Chapter
⚫Identification of the basic elements of
hardware.
⚫Explanation of their functions.
⚫ How they fit together to form an
architecture
⚫Develop an understanding of the
fundamentals of hardware and software
technologies that underlie contemporary
computer-based information systems
2

3. Basic parts of the computer
⚫Computer case
⚫Monitor
⚫Keyboard
⚫Mouse
⚫Power cord
3

4. Computer case
⚫ A computer case also known as a computer chassis, tower,
system unit, cabinet, base unit or simply case.
⚫ contains most of the components of a computer excluding the
display, keyboard and mouse.
⚫ Cases are usually constructed from steel or aluminium.
⚫ Cases can come in many different sizes.
◦ vertical tower (designed to sit on the floor, height > width)
◦ flat desktop (height < width) or pizza box, designed to sit on the desk
under the computer's monitor)
⚫ Computer cases usually include sheet metal enclosures for a
power supply unit and drive bays, as well as a rear panel that can
accommodate peripheral connectors protruding from the
motherboard and expansion slots.
⚫ Most cases also have a power button or switch, a reset button,
and LEDs to indicate power status as well as hard drive and
network activity
⚫ Some cases include built-in I/O ports (such as USB and
headphone ports) on the front of the case.
4

5. 5
Fig: Vertical tower Computer Case Fig: Flat desktop Computer Case
Fig: Drive Bays Fig: Expansion Slot

6. Monitor
⚫A monitor is an electronic visual display
for computers.
⚫The monitor includes the display device,
circuitry and an enclosure.
⚫Different types of Monitor exist.
◦ Cathode Ray Tube (CRT Monitor)
◦ Liquid Crystal Display (LCD Monitor)
◦ Light Emitting Diode (LED display)
◦ Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
6

7. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT Monitor)
⚫ The first computer monitors used Cathode Ray Tube
⚫ Older CRTs have a rounded spherical or cylindrical shape screen whereas
newer CRTs have a flat screen
Advantage:
⚫ Fast response times and no motion artifacts. Works best for rapidly moving
or changing images
⚫ Operate at the highest pixel resolutions generally available. Will operate at
any resolution, geometry and aspect ratio without having to adjust the
image
⚫ Viewable from almost every angle
⚫ Best for applications that require a very accurate color and gray-scale
calibration.
⚫ Less expensive than comparable displays using other display technologies.
Disadvantage:
⚫ Fairly bright, but not as bright as LCDs
⚫ Use more power and produce more heat
⚫ Larger, weigh more and take up more space
7

8. 8
Fig: CRT Computer Monitor

9. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD Monitor)
⚫ The primary use of LCD technology as computer monitors
was in laptops where the lower power consumption, lighter
weight and smaller physical size of LCDs justified the higher
price versus a CRT.
Advantage:
⚫ Produces very bright images due to high peak intensity.
⚫ Energy efficient. Consume less than 1/3 the power of a
comparable CRT.
⚫ Take up about 40% less desk space. LCDs are thin and
compact.
⚫ Completely flat screen.
Disadvantage:
⚫ Restricted viewing angles. Viewing angles affect the brightness,
contrast and colors shown.
⚫ Considerably more expensive.
⚫ Lower contrast than CRTs due to a poor black-level.
9

10. 10
Fig: LCD Computer Monitor

11. Light Emitting Diode (LED display)
⚫An LED display is a flat panel display, which
utilizes an array of light-emitting diodes as a
video display.
⚫An LED panel is a little display, or a
component of a larger display.
⚫They are typically used outdoors in store
signs and billboards, and in recent years have
also become commonly used in destination
signs on public transport vehicles or even as
part of transparent glass area.
11

12. 12
Fig: LED Computer Monitor

13. Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
⚫Organic Light-Emitting Diode (OLED)
monitors provide higher contrast and
better viewing angles than LCDs.
⚫They require more power when
displaying documents with white or bright
backgrounds.
⚫In 2011, a 25-inch (64 cm) OLED monitor
cost $7500, but the prices are expected
to fall.
13

14. 14
Fig: OLED Computer Monitor

15. Power cord
⚫A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is
a cable that temporarily connects an
appliance to the mains electricity supply
via a wall socket or extension cord.
15
Fig: Power cord

16. Computer keyboard
⚫ In computing, a keyboard is a typewriter-style device, which uses
an arrangement of buttons or keys, to act as mechanical levers or
electronic switches.
⚫ A keyboard typically has characters printed on the keys and each
press of a key typically corresponds to a single written symbol.
⚫ However, to produce some symbols requires pressing and holding
several keys simultaneously or in sequence.
⚫ Despite the development of alternative input devices, such as the
mouse, touch screen, pen devices, character recognition and voice
recognition, the keyboard remains the most commonly used device
for direct (human) input of alphanumeric data into computers.
⚫ The keyboard is used as a text entry interface to type text and
numbers into a word processor, text editor or other programs.
Keyboards are also used for computer gaming. A keyboard is also
used to give commands to the operating system of a computer,
such as Windows' Control-Alt-Delete combination, which brings
up a task window or shuts down the machine.
16

17. Types of Keyboard
⚫Standard
Desktop computer
keyboards, such as the
101-key US traditional
keyboards or the 104-
key Windows
keyboards, include
alphabetic characters,
punctuation symbols,
numbers and a variety
of function keys.
17
Fig: Standard Keyboard

18. Types of Keyboard (Cont...)
⚫ Laptop-size:
Keyboards on laptops
and notebook
computers usually
have a shorter travel
distance for the
keystroke, shorter
over travel distance,
and a reduced set of
keys. They may not
have a numerical
keypad.
18
Fig: Laptop-size Keyboard

19. Types of Keyboard (Cont...)
⚫Handheld
Handheld
ergonomic
keyboards are
designed to be
held like a game
controller, and
can be used as
such, instead of
laid out flat on
top of a table
surface.
19
Fig: Handheld Keyboard

20. Types of Keyboard (Cont...)
⚫ Thumb-sized
Smaller external
keyboards have
been introduced
for devices
without a built-in
keyboard, such as
PDAs, and smart
phones. Small
keyboards are also
useful where there
is a limited
workspace .
20
Fig: Thumb-sized Keyboard

21. Mouse
⚫ The mouse is a peripheral that is known as a pointing
device.
⚫ It lets you point to objects on the screen, click on them,
and move them.
⚫ There are two main types of mouse:
◦ Optical Mouse: The optical mouse uses an electronic eye to
detect movement and is easier to clean.
◦ Mechanical Mouse: The mechanical mouse uses a rolling ball to
detect movement.
⚫ Generally, a mechanical mouse is less expensive, although it
may require regular cleaning to keep it working properly.
⚫ Traditionally, a mouse connects to the computer using a
USB or PS/2 connection. However, you can also buy a
wireless mouse, which can reduce clutter on your
desktop.
21

22. 22
Fig: Mouse

23. Mouse Alternatives
⚫ There are other devices that
can do the same thing as a
mouse but that has a different
look and feel.
◦ Trackball: A trackball has a ball
on top that can rotate freely. Instead
of moving the device like a mouse,
you can roll the ball with your fingers
to move the pointer. Some mobile
devices have miniature trackballs that
can be controlled with your thumb.
◦ Touchpad: A touchpad is a touch-
sensitive pad that lets you control
the pointer by making a drawing
motion with your finger. Touch pads
are common on laptop computers
23
Fig: Touchpad
Fig: Trackball

24. Front of Computer Case
⚫ Optical Disc Drive: Often
called a CD-ROM or DVD-
ROM drive.
24
Fig: Optical Disc Drive
Fig: Front of Computer Case

25. Front of Computer Case
⚫ USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port :
Can be used to connect almost any
type of device, including mouse,
keyboard, printers, and digital cameras.
⚫ Power Button: The power button is
used to power the computer on and
off.
⚫ Audio In/Audio Out: Many
computers include audio ports on the
front of the computer case that allow
you to easily connect speakers,
microphones, and headsets without
fumbling with the back of the
computer.
25
Fig: Optical Disc Drive
Fig: Power Button
Fig: Audio I/O

26. Back of Computer Case
⚫ On the back of the
computer case are
connection ports that are
made to fit specific
devices. The arrangement
of these varies from
computer to computer,
and many companies have
their own special
connectors for specific
devices. Some of the ports
may be colour coded to
match a colour on the
device, which will help you
determine which port is
used with a particular
device.
26
Fig: Back of Computer Case

27. Back of Computer Case
⚫ Power Socket: This is where
you'll connect the power cord to
the computer.
⚫ Audio In/Audio Out: Almost
every computer has two or more
audio ports where you can connect
various devices, including speakers,
microphones, and headsets.
⚫ Ethernet Port: This port looks a
lot like the modem or telephone
port, but it is slightly wider. You can
use this port for networking and
connecting to the Internet.
⚫ USB Ports: On most desktop
computers, most of the USB ports
are on the back of the computer
case.
27
Fig: Power Socket
Fig: Audio In/Audio Out
Fig: Ethernet Port
Fig: USB Ports

28. Different Ports
⚫ Monitor Port: This is where
you'll connect your monitor
cable. In this example, the
computer has both a Display
Port and a VGA port. Other
computers may have other
types of monitor ports, such
as DVI (digital visual interface)
or HDMI (high-definition
multimedia interface).
⚫ Serial Port: This port is less
common on today's
computers. It was frequently
used to connect peripherals
like digital cameras, but it has
been replaced by USB and
other types of ports.
28
Fig: Monitor Port
Fig: Serial Port

29. Different Ports
⚫ PS/2 Port: These ports
are sometimes used for
connecting the mouse and
keyboard. Typically, the
mouse port is green, and
the keyboard port is
purple. On new
computers, these ports
have been replaced by
USB.
⚫ Parallel Port: This is an
older port that is less
common on new
computers. Like the serial
port, it has now been
replaced by USB.
29
Fig: PS/2 Port
Fig: Parallel Port

30. Expansion Slots
These empty slots
are where
expansion cards
are added to
computers. For
example, if your
computer did not
come with a
video card, you
could purchase
one and install it
here.
30
Fig: Expansion Slots

31. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫Printer: A printer
is used to print
documents, photos,
and anything else
that appears on your
screen. There are
many types of
printers available,
including inkjet, laser,
and photo printers.
You can also buy an
all-in-one printer,
scanner, and copier.
31
Fig: Printer

32. ⚫Scanners: A
scanner allows
you to copy an
image or
document and
save it to your
computer as a
digital
(computer-
readable) image.
32
Fig: Scanner
Peripherals Can Use With Computer

33. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫ Speakers/headphones:
Speakers and
headphones are output
devices, which mean they
are devices that
communicate
information from the
computer to the user.
They allow you to hear
sound and music.
Depending on the model,
they may connect to the
audio port or the USB
port. Some monitors also
have built-in speakers.
33
Fig: Speakers/headphones

34. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫ Microphone: A
microphone is a type of
input device, or a device
that receives
information from a user.
You can connect the
microphone to the
computer and use the
computer to record
sound or to
communicate with
another computer user
over the Internet. Many
computers come with
built-in microphones.
34
Fig: Microphone

35. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫ Web cameras: A web
camera or webcam is a
type of input device that
can record videos and
take pictures. It can also
transmit video over the
Internet in real time,
allowing you to do
video chat or video
conferencing with
someone in a different
part of the world.
Webcams are used
often in business, and
they also help many
friends and families stay
connected.
35
Fig: Web cameras

36. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫ Joystick or game controller:
A joystick is a lever that is used
to control computer games.
⚫ Digital cameras: A digital
camera lets you capture a
picture or video in digital form.
By connecting the camera to
your computer's USB port, you
can transfer the images from the
camera to the computer. You
can then print the images, email
them to a friend, or post them
on the Web.
36
Fig: Joystick
Fig: Digital cameras

37. Peripherals Can Use With Computer
⚫Mobile phones, MP3 players, tablet
computers, and other devices:
When you buy an electronic device such
as a mobile phone or MP3 player, check
to see if it comes with a USB cable. If it
does, this means you can connect it to
your computer.
37

38. Exercise 2.1
1. What is Computer case? Discuss the size of Computer Case.
2. Describe the layout and Major components of Computer Case.
3. Prepare a list of components of computer case.
4. What is a computer monitor?
5. Write a short description of CRT monitor?
6. Write a short description of LCD monitor?
7. Write a short description of LED monitor?
8. What is OLED?
9. What do you understand by power supply?
10. Write short note of mouse.
11. What do you mean by serial and parallel port?
12. Write short description of different peripheral devices.
38

39. Analytical Questions 2.1
1. What are the difference between vertical tower and flat desktop
computer case?
2. Give comparison between LED & OLED monitor.
3. What are the difference between CRT and LCD monitor?
4. Which type of monitor is best suited for use?
5. What type of mouse is best suited for use?
6. List the ports and button name of front computer case.
7. List the ports and button name of back computer case.
8. For imaging and multimedia output what types of devices are used?
39

40. Inside a Computer
⚫Motherboard-
⮚known as the mainboard, system board,
planar board or logic board.
⮚Main printed circuit board (PCB) found in
computers and other expandable systems.
⮚Motherboard often include sound cards, video
cards, network cards, hard drives, or other
forms of persistent storage; TV tuner cards,
cards providing extra USB or FireWire slots
and a variety of other custom components.
40

41. 41
Fig: Motherboard

42. Inside a Computer
⚫CPU/Processor-
⮚Central Processing Unit also called a
processor or brain of the computer.
⮚Whenever you press a key, click the
mouse, or start an application, you're
sending instructions to the CPU.
⮚The CPU fits into the motherboard's
CPU socket, which is covered by the
heat sink.
⮚A processor's speed is measured in
megahertz (MHz), or millions of
instructions per second; and gigahertz
(GHz), or billions of instructions per
second.
⮚Intel and AMD are manufacturer of
CPU. 42
Fig: Processor

43. Inside a Computer
⚫Power supply unit-
⮚The power supply unit in
a computer converts
the power from the
wall outlet to the type of
power needed by the
computer.
⮚It sends power through
cables to the
motherboard and other
components.
⮚If you decide to open the
computer case and take a
look, make sure to
unplug the computer
first. 43
Fig: Power supply unit

44. Inside a Computer
⚫RAM (random access
memory)-
⮚RAM is your system's short-
term memory.
⮚Whenever your computer
performs calculations, it
temporarily stores the data in
the RAM until it is needed.
⮚This short-term memory
disappears when the
computer is turned off.
⮚RAM is measured in
megabytes (MB) or
gigabytes (GB).
44
Fig: RAM

45. Inside a Computer
⚫Hard drive-
⮚The hard drive on
your computer is where
the software is installed,
and it's also where your
documents and other
files are stored.
⮚The hard drive is long-
term storage, which
means the data is still
saved even if you turn
the computer off or
unplug it.
45
Fig: Hard drive

46. Connecting to the Internet
⚫ How do I connect to the Internet?
Before you can access the Internet, there are
three things you need:
⮚Internet service
⮚Modem
⮚Web browser.
⚫ Which service is best for me?
It all depends on:
⮚where you live?
⮚how much speed you need?
46

47. Connecting to the Internet
⚫Choosing an Internet service provider:
⮚Speed
⮚Price
⮚Ease of installation
⮚Service record
⮚Technical support
⮚Contract terms
47

48. Hardware in Computer Networking
⚫Modem-
⮚A modem is a type
of hardware device
that converts between
analog and digital data
in real time for two-
way network
communication.
⮚The term is short
for MODulator
dEModulator.
48
Fig: Modem

49. Hardware in Computer Networking
⚫Router-
⮚A router is a hardware
device that allows you
to connect several
computers and other
devices to a single
Internet connection.
⮚Many routers are
wireless.
⮚Most routers also act as
a hardware firewall.
49
Fig: Router

50. Hardware in Computer Networking
⚫Network card-
⮚A network card is a piece
of hardware that allows
computers to
communicate over a
computer network.
⮚computers have a
network card built into
the motherboard.
⮚The network card will
have an Ethernet port, a
wireless connection, or
both.
50
Fig: Network card

51. Exercise 2.2
1. Write down about the different components inside of a computer?
2. For which purpose network card is used?
3. Give a short comparison of RAM and ROM.
4. Write short note on different expansion cards.
5. Note about: CPU and Motherboard.
6. What is ISP?
7. Write short note on Router, Network Card and Modem.
51
Analytical Questions 2.2
1. Can the Bluetooth card serve the purpose of network card?
2. What will be the characteristics for a good internet service
provider?

52. Thank You
52