This document provides an overview of Ukraine, including its history, demographics, economy, and relations with India. It begins with a brief introduction and table of contents. Some key points: - Ukraine has had a complex history as it has been invaded and ruled by various powers over the centuries, and only gained independence in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. - It has a population of over 43 million people and its capital and largest city is Kiev. The majority of people are ethnically Ukrainian and follow Christianity. - Compared to India, Ukraine has a higher GDP per capita but lower overall GDP. Its main industries and exports include military equipment, metals, and petroleum products.

1. Table of Content
1) Brief Introduction
2) History
3) Milestones – Timeline format
4)Demographics and Socio Cultural Facts
5) Economy – Comparative Analysis with
India.
6)Major Industries and Companies
7) Polity, Government and Leadership
8)Geo Political Significance of the
Country
9)The country’s relations with India
10)Some of country’s recent news
Україна

2. Borders with:
Russia, Belarus, Moldova, Poland, Hungary, Romania, & Slovakia.
Sea frontiers:
Turkey, Georgia, & Bulgaria.
Area: 603,700 sq. km.
MAP OF UKRAINE: 95% flat
Mountains: Carpathian in the West, Highest Hoverla is 2,061 m high,
& Crimean in the South.
Administrative division:
24 regions (oblasts), AR of Crimea Kyiv (the capital), Sevastopol (naval
base) &
Kyiv (the Capital) Also known as Center of Slavic culture, the Mother of
all Rus cities, the Majestic, & the City of Gardens.
A republic in south-eastern Europe;
formerly a European soviet; the
centre of the original Russian state
which came into existence in the 9th
century.
Independence of Ukraine was
proclaimed on August 24, 1991.
Ukraine is the geographical centre of
Europe.
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3. History
Although their northern neighbours disparagingly refer to Ukrainians as
‘little Russians’, it was Ukraine that was home to the first eastern Slavic state.
So historically Ukraine is the birthplace of Russia rather than vice versa.
Another irony is that this initial state, Kyivan
Rus, was founded in the 9th century by neither
Russians nor Ukrainians, but by Vikings – an
indication of just how much foreigners have
meddled in the region’s convoluted history.
Invaded by Mongols from the east, encroached
upon by Poland and Lithuania from the west
and requisitioned by Russia from the north,
Ukraine’s national culture was principally
forged in the wild, Cossack-held steppes in the
middle. The baton of nationalism was
taken up again in the 19th century by western
Ukrainians under Austro-Hungarian rule, but it
took the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union for a
centuries-old dream of an independent state to be realised.
Cimmerians to khazars
Before Kyivan Rus, Ukraine’s prehistory is tribal. First
came the Cimmerians in the 12th century BC. Then, fierce
warrior Scythians from Central Asia settled the steppe in
the 7th century BC, while Greeks from western Asia Minor
established city-states around the Black Sea.
Successive waves of nomadic invaders (Sarmatians from
the east, Germanic Ostrogoths from northern Poland and
Huns from Mongolia) continued to sweep into Ukraine.
However, the Slavs, thought to originate from near the
borders of present-day Poland, Belarus and northwestern Ukraine, remained untouched by
these invasions. Turkic-Iranian Khazars from the Caucasus were probably the first to bring the
Slavs under subjugation, in the 8th century AD.
Kyivan rus
Meanwhile, Scandinavians – known as Varangians or Rus to the Slavs – had been exploring, trading
and setting up small states east of the Baltic since the 6th century AD. Travelling south from the Rus
power centre of Novgorod (near modern-day St Petersburg) in 879, King Oleh stopped just long
enough to declare himself ruler of Kyiv. The city handily lay between Novgorod and Constantinople
on the Dnipro River, and under Oleh’s urging it became capital of a huge, unified Rus state. At its
largest, under the rule of Volodymyr the Great (978–1015), this empire stretched from the Volga to the
Danube and to the Baltic, its prosperity based on trade along the Dnipro. Despite Nordic rule, the
territory’s underlying culture remained essentially Slavic.
As well as consolidating Rus territory, Volodymyr firmly established Orthodox Christianity as the
pre-eminent religion. By accepting baptism in 989 and marrying the Byzantine emperor’s daughter
(at Khersones outside Sevastopol), he opened the door to Byzantine artistic influences and cast
Kyivan Rus as a European, rather than Islamic Asian, state. St Sofia’s Cathedral in Kyiv is still
testament to Kyivan Rus’ greatness and the importance of Orthodox Christianity within the state.
After the death of Kyivan Rus’s last great ruler, Yaroslav the Wise, in 1054, the empire began
disintegrating into separate princedoms. When Mongol warriors sacked Kyiv in 1240, it largely
ceased to exist. According to Russian and Western historians, who believe present-day Russia,
Ukraine and Belarus all stem from Kyivan Rus, the centres of power then simply shifted north and
west, with Russia evolving from the northern princedoms of Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal. Some
Ukrainian historians, however, prefer to treat Russia as a distinct civilisation – emanating from and
returning to Novgorod after 1240.
Mongols, Tatars & Turks
The Mongol invasion that sounded the death knell for Kyivan Rus in 1240 was led
by Genghis Khan’s grandson Batu. As a result of his handiwork, a large swathe of
the Rus empire was subsumed into the so-called Golden Horde (‘horde’ meaning
region) of the Mongol empire. This encompassed much of eastern and southern
Ukraine, along with parts of European Russia and Siberia, with the city of Sarai, on
the Volga, as its capital.
Over time, Mongol leaders were gradually replaced by their Tatar colleagues and
descendants, and when the horde began to disintegrate in the 15th century, it
divided into several smaller khanates.
One of these – the Crimean Khanate – eventually became a client state of the
Constantinople-based Ottoman Turk Empire in 1475. The Crimean Tatars, as the
people of the khanate were known, made frequent slave raids into Ukrainian,
Russian and Polish territory until the 18th century. When Russia overran Crimea in
1783, it retaliated. The Tatars suffered dreadfully and often have ever since.
Reminders of their once-powerful civilisation can be seen in Bakhchysaray, which
is finally becoming resurgent in the 21st century.
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4. Galicia-volynia
Meanwhile, from 1199 under the rule of Prince Roman Mstyslavych, the region of
Galicia-Volynia (most of present-day western, central and northern Ukraine, plus
parts of northeastern Poland and southern Belarus) became one of the most
powerful within Kyivan Rus. This enclave’s geography differentiated it from the
rest of the empire. More densely populated than any other part
of Kyivan Rus, it developed a rich agricultural society.
Until 1340 Galicia-Volynia (also called Halych-Volhynia) enjoyed independent
rule under Roman, his son Danylo, grandson Lev and descendants, who kept the
Mongols at bay and helped Lviv and other cities to flourish. Political
control was wrested from this local dynasty by the Poles and Lithuanians in the
1340s, who split the kingdom between them and used it as a base to expand
eastwards into other areas of Ukraine, including Kyiv.
Cossacks
Later lionised – perhaps overoptimistically – by nationalist
writers such as Taras Shevchenko and Ivan Franko, the Cossacks are
central to the country’s identity. They arose out of the steppe in the
country’s sparsely populated mid-south. In the mid-15th century, it was
a k i n d o f n o - m a n ’ s - l a n d s e p a r a t i n g t h e
Polish-Lithuanian settlements in the northwest from the Tatars
in Crimea.
However, the steppe offered abundant natural wealth, and poorer
individuals in Polish-Lithuanian society began making longer
forays south to hunt or forage for food. The area also attracted
runaway serfs, criminals, bandits and Orthodox refugees.
Although officially under Polish-Lithuanian rule from 1569, and sometimes joining the commonwealth army as mercena
ries, the Cossacks were largely left to their own devices.
As Poland tried to tighten its control in the 17th century, there were Cossack-led uprisings to try to win greater autonomy. In 1654 the
Cossacks formed their own so-called Hetmanate to assert the concept of Ukrainian self-determination. While initially successful,
ultimately the Cossacks’ ­military uprisings only led to a change of overlord – from Polish to Russian.
Russian control
Without Ukraine and its abundant natural
wealth, Russia never would have been such
a powerful player. It also offered access to
the Black Sea, so after a series of wars with
the Turks in the 18th century, Russia was keen
to expand into southern Ukraine.
In 1772 powerful Prusia, Austria and
Russia decided to carve up Poland. Under the resulting Partitions
of Poland (1772–95), most of western Ukraine was handed
to Russia, but the far west around Lviv went to the Austrian Habs-
burg empire. The Ukrainian nationalist movement was born
in Kyiv in the 1840s, but when the tsarist authorities there banned
the Ukrainian language from official use in 1876, the movement’s
focus shifted to Austrian-controlled Lviv.
The 20th
Century
Ukraine’s situation changed in the aftermath of the First World War with
the breaking down of both the
Russian and Austro-Hungarian
empires: an independent Ukraine
finally arose after several centuries
of imperialism. However, from the
ruins of the two empires were born
not one, but two different
republics: the National Republic of
Ukraine (Kyiv) and the National
Republic of Western Ukraine. It was
only in 1919 that a unification plan
was put forth, too late to allow
Ukraine to maintain its independence. As well, its troubled history and
lack of national defence made difficult the emergence of a strong state
able to cope with the instability of the period difficult.
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5. Between the two world wars
Ukraine’s short-lived independence deteriorated in March 1921 with the sign-
ing of the Riga Treaty which ended the fight between the Russian and Polish
armies, and split Ukrainian territory between them. The majority of Ukraine
became a socialist Republic of the Soviet Union, enjoying a certain degree of
autonomy, at least on paper.
After a relative tolerance from Moscow towards the Ukrainian culture –
tolerance aiming to “convince” the population mostly peasantry of the well
founded proletarian revolution, occurred the Stalinist repression with its fate
of purges and famines. In his fight against bourgeoisie and peasantry, he
tried hard to repress all kind of identity or religious affirmation –
deporting or executing 4/5 of the Ukrainian elite. To bring into line the
peasantry which resisted to the collectivization, exceptional and unworkable
quotas of production were established on harvests. This policy turned
dramatically and led to the biggest drama in Ukrainian history :
the Holodomor. Those famines caused the death of more than 7 millions of
Ukrainian between 1932 and 1933 and are still not recognized by Russian
government.
The Second World War
The events preceding the Second World War prompted Ukrainian nationalists’ push for
independence. Carpathian Ukraine was the first to declare independence in 1939, before
being invaded by Hungary. Later, in June 1941, A Ukrainian State was proclaimed by the
OUN, but its leaders were executed or exiled by the Germans shortly thereafter. After the
reversal of the Nazi-Soviet alliance by Nazi Germany, Ukraine became a mere theatre for
German-Russian conflict. The Nazis invaded the Soviet army on the lands of Ukraine in the
summer of 1941 (Lviv in June; Kyiv in September; the Crimea in July of 1942).
The Ukrainian people were also victim to the extermination policy of the Nazi regime.
Around 1.5 million Jews were executed in a two year span in Ukraine and more than 2 million
forced laborers were from Ukraine. In addition, the greater part of many towns’ harvests
were confiscated, which led to another famine. The Red Army started to regain control of
Ukraine in late 1943 and Stalin hurried to repress nationalists considered Nazi collabora-
tors. The Soviet regime also deported 250 000 Tatars of Crimea in a two day span for the
same reason. The Second World War was particularly hard for Ukrainians; causalities are
estimated at around 6 million victims and the country was left totally devastated. That being said, the borders set at the
Yalta Conference in February 1945 – the same borders that remain to this day – gathered for the first time all Ukrainian
people under one
The Soviet period
After Stalin died, de-Stalinization was initiated by Khrushchev to allow for
the development of heavy industry (a sector in which Ukraine surpassed
previous records), coal mining, agriculture, and even as
Ukrainian culture and identity. However, this cultural
renewal was limited by a counterproductive repression policy.
Indeed, the Ukrainian KGB, known to be the toughest in Soviet Union,
suppressed all nationalist claims, unacceptable due to the prosperity of Ukraine, the fruits of which
were being reaped by the Soviet Union.
The Brezhnev era was marked by a period of political stagnation and
economic decline. Grain importation became necessary to feed the Ukrainian people.
Repression of dissidents increased greatly. Some historians believe that deportation of Ukrainian nationalists
to gulags only strengthened their convictions and endowed them with concrete political claims.
Perestroika (reorganization) and glasnost (transparency) undertaken by the Gorbachev
administration in the 1980s quelled the fears of many Ukrainians rather than cementing the communist regime.
Finally, political protest would be possible within the Union.
The independence
There were two nationalist movements in 1989 that played
a fundamental role: the Shevchenko Scientific society and
the Rukh movement. The latter enjoyed electoral success
in its support of the independent 'Democratic Bloc' during
Supreme Soviet elections of March 1990.
Under the pressure of student movements and other forms of street protest in
Kyiv in the autumn of 1990 that this one part of communists, displeased with
perestroika, joined the the independents and made a vote for independence
possible.
Finally, the declaration of Independence, voted on unanimously by Parliament
on the 24th
of August 1991, superseded the rule of the Communist Party and
marked Ukrainian as the official language in official statute of the newly
independent country. This independence was confirmed on a larger scale by
the referendum of 1st
December 1991, which granted Ukraine international
recognition. L. Kravchuk, former member of the 'pro-sovereignty' faction of the
Communist Party, was elected President of Ukraine on the same day.
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6. Milestones - Timeline
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7. Demographics
 Population: 43 million (2014)
 Capital: Kiev
 Area: 603,700 sq km (233,090 sq miles)
 Major languages: Ukrainian (official), Russian
 Major religion: Christianity
 Life expectancy: 64 years (men),
75 years (women) (UN)
 Monetary unit: 1 hryvnya = 2.55 Indian Rupee
 Main exports: Military equipment, metals, pipes,
machinery, Petroleum products, textiles,
agricultural products.
 GNI per capita: US $6,540 (PPP, 2013)
 International dialling code: +380
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8. Socio Cultural
Facts
Ethnic Make-up:
Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%,
Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8%
(2001 census)
Religions:
Ukrainian Orthodox - Kyiv Patriarchate 19%, Orthodox (no particular jurisdiction) 16%,
Ukrainian Orthodox - Moscow Patriarchate 9%, Ukrainian Greek Catholic 6%, Ukrainian
Autocephalous Orthodox 1.7%, Protestant, Jewish, none 38%
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9. India GDP 1,498.87 USD (2013)
Ukraine GDP 177.4 billion USD (2013)
Between Ukraine and India
 India has a higher GDP
 Ukraine has a higher GDP per capita
 Ukraine has a lower unemployment rate
 Ukraine has higher current account balance
Economy – Comparative
Analysis with India
Currency
Ukraine - Hryvnya
India - Rupee
GDP per capita
Ukraine $7,500
INDIA $3,900
Human Development
Index
INDIA 0.586
Ukraine 0.734
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10. Major Industries
and Companies
Oil & gas:
Institute of Oil Transportation
UkrTransNafta
Retail:
EpiCentre K, home improvement/gardening
Fozzy Group, retail
Technology:
EKTA, display tech
Travel & leisure
Aerosvit Airlines:
Ukraine International Airlines
Utilities:
Ukrtelecom
Basic materials:
Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works, iron ore
Ingulets Iron Ore Enrichment Works, iron
Kryvorizhstal, steel
Zaporizhstal, steel
Consumer goods
ATB-Market, grocery
Chumak, food processing
Nemiroff, alcoholic beverages
Obolon CJSC, beverages
Roshen, confectionery
Karl Marx Confectionery Factory
Industrials:
Aeromeh, machinery
Aeros, aircraft
Antonov, aircraft
AvtoZAZ, automotive
Azovstal Iron and Steel Works, steel/iron
Berdichev machine-building plant, machinery
Bogdan group, automotive
FOM-Ukraine, political/polling
Holography Ltd.
Interpipe Group
InvestUkraine
Kaalbye Group
Headliners Shipping
Motor Sich, engines
Novokramatorsky Mashinostroitelny Zavod, heavy equipment
Yuzhmash
Ukrainian Automobile Corporation, automotive
Ukrspetsexport
Financials
ASKA Insurance Company, insurance
Bank Forum, banking
BG Capital, investment banking
ESTA Holding, real estate
KDD Group, real estate
PrivatBank, banking
SCM Holdings, investments
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11. Politics, Government
and Leadership
Government type: Republic
Administrative divisions: 24 provinces (oblasti, singular - oblast'), 1 autonomous republic* (avtonomna respublika), and 2
municipalities (mista, singular - misto) with oblast status**; Cherkasy, Chernihiv, Chernivtsi, Crimea or Avtonomna Respublika
Krym* (Simferopol'), Dnipropetrovs'k, Donets'k, Ivano-Frankivs'k, Kharkiv, Kherson, Khmel'nyts'kyy, Kirovohrad, Kyiv**, Kyiv,
Luhans'k, L'viv, Mykolayiv, Odesa, Poltava, Rivne, Sevastopol'**, Sumy, Ternopil', Vinnytsya, Volyn' (Luts'k), Zakarpattya
(Uzhhorod), Zaporizhzhya, Zhytomyr
Legal system: civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts
Judicial branch: highest court(s): Supreme Court of Ukraine (consists of 95 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial,
and administrative chambers, and a military panel); Constitutional Court (consists of 18 justices)
Political parties and leaders:
Batkivshchyna ("Fatherland") [Yuliya TYMOSHENKO]
Communist Party of Ukraine or CPU [Petro SYMONENKO]
Party of Regions [vacant]
People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh) [Borys TARASYUK]
People's Party [Volodymyr LYTVYN]
Radical Party [Oleh LYASHKO]
Socialist Party of Ukraine or SPU [Oleksandr MOROZ]
Svoboda ("Freedom") [Oleh TYAHNYBOK]
Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reforms or UDAR [Vitaliy KLYCHKO]
Union [Lev MIRIMSKY]
United Center [Viktor BALOHA]
Flag description:
Two equal horizontal bands of azure (top) and golden yellow represent
grain fields under a blue sky
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12. Geo Political
Significance of the
Country
If Russia were to regain control over Ukraine with its 46 million people, major
resources and access to the Black Sea, Russia would automatically regain the
wherewithal to become a powerful imperial state.
Number of key gas pipelines from Russia to Western Europe run through
Ukraine. In pure economic terms, a shift to Russia would likely change the
dynamics of how Western Europe is powered.
Ukraine is a huge country, and a huge country with a well-developed military
industrial complex.
Country could become a failed state and a "giant bazaar for customers seeking ICBM
[Intercontinental ballistic missiles] and other deadly technologies."
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13. Bilateral treaties and agreements
More than 17 bilateral agreements have been signed between India and Ukraine, including agreements on
Co-operation in Science and Tech., Foreign Office Consultation, Co-operation in Space Research, Avoidance
of Double Taxation and Promotion and Protection of Investments.
Political relations
India has friendly relations with Ukraine. Annual Foreign Office consultations are held at Secretary level. The Deputy Foreign Minister in charge of the Asia region represents the Ukrainian side in these consultations. Ukraine has been positively
co-operating with India at the international level also. Ukraine supports the resolution of the issue of Jammu & Kashmir on the basis of Simla agreement. Ukraine also supports reforms of the UN structure.
Trade relations
The India Ukraine trade relation and economic co-operation has developed on the basis the long-standing friendship between the two countries. In March, 1992 the Treaty on Friendship and Co-operation was signed between India and Ukraine, providing a
major boost to India-Ukraine trade relations.
India Ukraine trade relations have been developing at a very fast pace. There has been a threefold increase in the India Ukraine trade during 2003-2005 and it has exceeded US$1 billion. Ukraine imports from India have doubled and stand at US$ 3,214
million in 2006, while Ukraine exports to India have increased by 3.6 times and stands at US$ 7,369 million in 2006. The total turnover in India Ukraine trade during 2005-2006 has exceeded US$ 3.1 billion (as of January, 2014). The main items being
imported by Ukraine from India are drugs, pharmaceutical production,Ores and minerals, tobacco products, tea, coffee, spices, silk and jute. The main items imported by India from Ukraine are chemicals, equipment, machines and engines.
Both the Ukrainian and Indian governments take part in the sessions of the Ukraine Indian Inter-Governmental Commission which hold the Joint Business Council Meeting of Ukraine-India. This has given a major boost to India Ukraine trade relations. After
Russia, Ukraine is India's second largest trading partner in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Ukraine is not a new member in the Indian industry as its enterprises are actively involved and form the backbone of Indian power sector and
heavy industries among others.
There are such joint stock companies as 'Ukrindustry' that has won contracts for conducting coke battery reconstruction at the plants of metallurgy in Rourkela and Bokaro. There are also Azovmash and Novokramatorskyi machine building plants that
supply oxygen converter manufacturing equipment. India-Ukraine trade relations has also been successful in increasing co-operation between the two countries in technology and scientific field.
Science and technology relations
Under the Agreement signed between India and Ukraine in May 1992, the Joint S&T Committee meets annually to discuss implementation of projects, holding of exhibitions and co-operation in scientific
research.The Committee last met in Kiev in October 2007 and approved 11 S&T projects for implementation. Days of Ukrainian Science and Technology were held in New Delhi in December 2004. National
Space Agency of Ukraine and ISRO have ongoing co-operation in the space sector. Ukraine has a very strong IT Sector. Many offshore call centres have been successful. Aptech Limited from Mumbai has
signed an Agreement in May 2004 with International Institute of Personnel Management (the biggest IT training centre in Ukrai ne) to organise IT
programmes for schools and institutions in Ukraine. Bio-technology is the latest sector where companies such as Biocon, Genome etc. are co-operating with each other. It also supplies turbines for thermal,
hydel and nuclear power plants.
In 2005, then President A P J Abdul Kalam expressed interest in strengthening co-operation with Ukraine in the field of space research during a speech given to Indians in Ukraine. He and members of
the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) later visited the Ukrainian space agency Yuzhnoye, one of the largest rocket manufacturing units in the world.
The country’s relations
with India
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