1. Geograph
y
Chapter 4

2. India is an agriculturally important country.
Agriculture produces most of the food that we consume.
 Agriculture also produces raw materials for various
industries.
Did you know ?
India is second in the world in crop output,
next to China.
 1.4 million square-kilometers of land in India is
under cultivation.
Agriculture is India's biggest
economic sector and employs 52.1%
of total work force .

3. Over years, cultivation methods in India have changed significantly
depending upon the characteristics of physical environment, technological
know-how and socio- cultural practises.
Farming varies from subsistence to commercial farming.
At present, in different parts of India, the following farming systems are
practised:
Primitive subsistence
farming
Intensive subsistence
farming
Commercial
farming
Did you
know ?
Agriculture is the
largest livelihood
provider in rural India.

4. This type of farming is still practised in few places in India. It is practised on
small patches with the help of primitive tools like hoe, dao and digging sticks,
and family or community labour. This type of farming depends upon monsoon,
natural fertility of the soil and suitability of other environmental conditions.
It is also called “slash and burn” cultivation. Farmers clear a patch of land and
produce crops to sustain their family. When soil fertility decreases, the farmers
shift and start cultivating in the same way on a fresh patch of land. This allows
nature to replenish the fertility of the soil. Productivity in this type of farming is
low as fertilisers or modern inputs are not used.

5. In
India
North-Eastern states :
Jhumming
Manipur
Chhattisgar
h
:
Pamlou
: Dipa
Andaman & Nicobar :
Dipa
Madhya
Pradesh
Andhra
Pradesh
Orissa
Western
Ghats
Rajasthan
Himalayan
Belt
: Bewar/
Dahiya
: Podu/ Penda
: Koman/
Bhringa
: Kumari
: Valre/ Waltre
: Khil
: Kuruwa
In the World
Mexico & Central America :
Milpa
Venezuel
a Brazil
Central
Africa
Indonesia
Vietnam
:
Conuco
: Roca
:
Masole
:
Ladang
: Ray

6. This type of farming is practised in areas of high population pressure on land. It is
labour- intensive farming, where high doses of biochemical inputs and irrigation are
used for obtaining higher production.
Though the right of inheritance leading to the division of land among successive
generations has rendered land-holding size uneconomical, the farmers continue to take
maximum output from the limited land in the absence of alternative source of livelihood.
Thus, there is enormous pressure on agricultural land.
Did you know ?
12% of world’s
farm land is in
India.

7. In this type of farming, higher doses of modern inputs
like HYV seeds, chemical fertilisers, insecticides and
pesticides are used in order to obtain higher
productivity. The degree of commercialisation varies
from region to region.
For example: Rice is a commercial crop on Punjab and Haryana, but in
Orissa, it is a subsistence crop.

8. Plantation is a type of commercial farming. It is the type of farming in which a single
crop is grown on a large area. The plantation has an interface of agriculture and
industry. Plantations use capital intensive inputs, with the help of migrant labourers. All
the produce is used as raw material in respective industries.
Tea plantations in Assam and North Bengal, Coffee plantations in Karnataka, Banana
plantations in Southern part of India, Rubber plantations in Kerala, Bamboo plantations
in North-East India etc. are some important plantation crops grown in India.
Since the production is mainly for market, a well-developed network of transport and
communication connecting the plantation areas, processing industries and market is
present.

9. India has three cropping seasons. They
are:

10.  Sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to
June.
 Important crops are wheat, barley, peas, gram and mustard.
States such as Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir,
Uttarakhand and western Uttar Pradesh are main rabi crop ( mainly wheat )
producing states.
Availability of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate
cyclones help in the success of these crops.
The success of green revolution in Punjab, Haryana, western Uttar Pradesh and
parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of rabi crops.
Whea
t
Mustard
Pea
s

11. Sown with the onset of monsoon in different parts of the country and
harvested in September – October.
Important crops are paddy, maize, jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, urad, cotton,
jute, groundnut and soyabean.
Some of the most important rice-growing regions are Assam, West Bengal, coastal
regions of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Maharashtra, particularly
the Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
 Recently, paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.
In states like Assam, West Bengal and Orissa, three crops of paddy are grown in a
year : Aus,
Aman and Boro.

12. Zaid season is a short season between the Rabi and Kharif seasons, during the
summer months.
 Crops produced are watermelon, muskmelon, cucumber, vegetables and fodder
crops.

13. A variety if food and non-food crops are grown in different parts of the country depending
upon the variations in soil, climate and cultivation practises.
Major crops grown in India
are:
 Rice
 Wheat Grain
s
 Millet
s
 Maize
 Pulse
s
Food crops other than
grains
 Sugarcane
 Oil seeds
 Tea
 Coffee
 Horticulture
crops
Non-food
crops
 Rubber
 Fibre
crops
 Cotton
Did you
know ?
India produces
51 major crops.

14.  Staple food crop of a majority of the people in India.
 India is the second largest producer in the world after China.
Kharif crop which requires high temperature, (above 25 degree Celsius) and high
humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm.
 Grown in the plains of North and North-Eastern India, coastal areas and the deltaic
regions.
Development of dense network of canal irrigation and tube wells have made it
possible to grow rice in areas of less rainfall such as Punjab, Haryana and Western
Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan.

16.  Second most important cereal crop.
 Main food crop in North and North-Western part of the country.
Requires cool growing season and bright sunshine at
ripening time.
Requires 50 to 75 cm of annual rainfall evenly distributed
over the growing season.
 Important wheat growing zones – Ganga-Sutlej Plains & Black soil region in Deccan.
Major wheat producing states – Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and
parts of Madhya Pradesh.

18.  Jowar, Bajra and Ragi are the important millets grown in India.
Though, these are known as coarse grains, they have high nutritional value.
Ragi is rich in iron, calcium, other micro nutrients and roughage. It is a crop of dry
regions and grows well on red, black, sandy, loamy and shallow soils. Karnataka is the
largest producer followed by Tamil Nadu. Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim,
Jharkhand and Arunachal Pradesh are also important ragi producing states.
Jowar is the third most important food crop with respect to area and production. It is a
rain- fed crop grown in moist areas. Maharashtra is the largest producer of jowar
followed by Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
 Bajra grows well on sandy soils and shallow black soil. Rajasthan is the largest
producer
followed by Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Haryana.
Ra
gi
Jowa
r
Bajr
a

19.  Used as both food and fodder.
Kharif crop which requires temperature between 21-27 degree Celsius. And grows
well in alluvial soil.
 In states like Bihar, it is grown as rabi crop also.
 Use of modern inputs like HYV seeds, fertilisers and irrigation have contributed to
the
increasing production of maize.
Major maize producing states are Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra
Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.

20.  India is the largest producer as well as consumer of pulses in the world
 These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet.
 Major pulses grown in India are – Tur(arhar), Urad, Moong, Masur, Peas and
Gram.
Pulses need less moisture and survive even in dry conditions.
All these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from
the air, because of which it is grown in rotation with other crops.
Major pulse producing states in India are Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Rajasthan, Maharashtra and Karnataka.

21.  It is a tropical as well as sub-tropical crop.
It grows well in hot and humid climate with a temperature of 21 to 27 degree Celsius
and an annual rainfall between 75 cm and 100 cm.
 Can be grown on variety of soils and needs manual labour from sowing to harvesting.
 India is the second largest producer after Brazil.
 Main source of sugar, jaggery, khandsari and molasses.
Major sugar producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana.

22.  Example of plantation crop.
 Important beverage crop introduced in India by British.
Tea plant grows well in Tropical and sub-tropical climates endowed with deep and fertile
well- drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter.
 Tea bushes require warm and moist free climate throughout the year.
 Tea requires abundant, cheap and skilled labour.
 Tea is processed within the tea garden to restore its freshness.
Major tea producing states are Assam, hills of Darjeeling and Jalpaiguri districts, West
Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala.
 India is the leading producer as well as exporter of tea in the world.

23.  India produces about 4% of the world’s coffee.
 Indian coffee is known in the world for its good quality.
 The Arabica variety initially brought from Yemen is produced in India.
 This variety is of great demand in the world.
 Its cultivation was initially introduced on the Baba Budan Hills and even
today
its cultivation is confined to the Nilgiri in Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil
Nadu.

24.  India is the largest producer of fruits and vegetables in the
world.
 India is s producer of tropical as well as temperate fruits.
Fruits in great demand :
Mangoes of Maharashtra, Andhra
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West
Bengal.
 Oranges of Nagpur and Cherapunjee.
Bananas of Kerala, Mizoram,
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
 Lichi and Guava of Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar.
Pineapples of Meghalaya
 Grapes of Andhra Pradesh and
Maharashtra.
Apples, Pears, Apricots and Walnuts
of Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal
Pradesh.
 India produces 13% of the
world’s
vegetables.
It is an important producer of
pea, cauliflower, onion, cabbage,
tomato, brinjal and potato.
Did you
know ?
India accounts to 10 %
of the world’s fruit
production.

25. It is an equatorial crop, but under special conditions it is also grown in tropical
and sub- tropical areas.
Requires moist and humid climate with rainfall of more than 200 cm and temperature
above 25 degree Celsius.
 It is an important industrial raw material.
It is mainly grown in Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andaman and
Nicobar Islands and Garo hills of Meghalaya.
 India ranks fifth among the world’s natural rubber producers.

26. Consumption of Natural
Rubber
Auto Tyres and
Tubes Cycle Tyres
and Tubes Camel
Back Footwears
Belts and
Hoses Latex
Foam Dipped
Goods
Others

27.  Cotton, jute, hemp and natural silk are the four major fibre crops grown in India.
The first three are derived from the crops grown in the soil, silk is obtained from
cocoons of silkworms fed on green leaves specially mulberry.
 Rearing of silk worms for the production of silk fibre is known as sericulture.

28.  India is believed to be the original home of cotton plant.
 One of the main raw material for cotton textile industry.
 India is the 3rd largest producer of cotton in the world.
 Cotton grows well in drier pars of black soil of Deccan plateau.
 Requires high temperature, light rainfall, 210 frost-free days and bright sunshine for
growth.
 Kharif crop, requires 8-10 months to mature.
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab,
Haryana Tamil Nadu, and Uttar Pradesh are major cotton producing states.

29. Agriculture has been practised in India for thousands of years. Sustained
uses of land without compatible techno-institutional changes have hindered
the pace of agricultural development.
Why has India not improved in technical and institutional reforms in
agriculture ?
In spite of development of sources of irrigation most of the farmers in large
parts of the country, still depend upon monsoon and natural fertility in order to
carry on their agriculture.
 Agriculture needs serious technical and institutional reforms.
Collectivisation, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of
zamindari etc. were given priority to bring reforms in country after
independence.

30.  Land focus was the main focus of the First Five Year plan.
 Right of inheritance had lead to fragmentation of land holdings.
 Laws of land reforms were enacted but laws of implementation were lacking.
What were the steps taken by government in agricultural reforms?
Government of India embarked upon introducing agriculture reforms to improve
Indian agriculture in the 1960s and 1970s.
 Green Revolution based on use of package technology and White
Revolution(Operation
Flood) were some of the strategies initiated to improve Indian agriculture.
But this led to the concentration of development in few selected areas.
Therefore, in the 1980s and 1990s, a comprehensive land development program was
initiated, which included both institutional and technical reforms.
Provisions for crop insurance against calamities, establishment of Grameen banks,
cooperative societies and bank for providing loan facilities to he farmers at lower rates of
interest were some steps taken.

31. Other steps taken :
Kissan Credit Card(KCC), Personal Accident Insurance Scheme(PAIS) are some
other schemes introduced by the Government of India for the benefit of the farmers.
Moreover, special weather bulletins and agriculture programmes for farmers were
introduced on the radio and television.
 The Government also announces minimum support price, remunerative and
procurement
prices for important crop to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and
middleman

32. Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated in
Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He supported Gandhiji’s concept of
gram swarajya. After
Gandhiji’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook Padyatra to spread this message
throughout
the country.
Once, when he was at Andhra Pradesh, some landless farmers demanded land for their
economic wellbeing. He assured them to talk to the Indian Government for provision of
land for them if they undertook cooperative farming.
Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to 80 land less farmers.
This was known as Bhoodan. Later he introduced his ideas throughout India.
Some Zamindars offered to distribute villages among the
landless. This was known as Gramdan. However, many
land owners chose to provide some part of their land to the
poor farmers due to the fear of land ceiling act.
This Bhoodan – Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba
Bhave is also known as Blood-less Revolution.
Vinoba

33. Contribution of agriculture to the national
economy, employment and output
Agriculture has been the backbone of Indian economy though its share in the gross
domestic product [GDP] has registered a declining trend from 1951 onwards; in 2010-
2011 about 52% of the total work force was employed by the farm sector.
Declining the share of agriculture in the GDP is the matter of serious concern because
any decline and stagnation in agriculture will lead to a decline in a other spheres of
economy having wider implications for society .
Establishment of Indian Council of
Agricultural Research (ICAR), agricultural
universities, veterinary services and
animal breeding centers, horticulture
development, research and development
in the field of meteorology and weather
forecast etc. were given priority for
improving Indian agriculture.

34. Sector Tenth Five Year
Plan 2002-
2007
11th Five Year
Plan 2007-
2012
2012-2017
Target I Target II
Agricultur
e
1.7 3.2 4.0 4.2
Industries 8.3 7.4 9.6 10.9
Services 9.0 10.0
10.0 10.0
GDP 7.2 8.2 9.0 9.5
India: Growth of GDP and Major
Sectors

35.  Though GDP rate is increasing over the years, it is not generating sufficient
employment opportunities in the country.
 Growth in agriculture id decelerating.
Indian farmers are facing a big challenge from international competition and
our government is going ahead with reduction in the public investment in
agriculture sector.
 Subsidy on fertilisers is decreased leading to increase in the cost of production.
Reduction in import duties on agricultural products have proved harmful to
agriculture in the country.
Farmers are withdrawing their investment from agriculture causing a downfall
in the employment in agriculture.

36. What is food security system ?
In order to ensure availability of food to all sections of society,
our government carefully designed a national food security
system.
 It consists of two components: buffer stock and public distribution system (PDS).
PDS is a program which provides food grains and other essential commodities at
subsidised prices in rural and urban areas.
The primary objective of this policy is to ensure food grains to common people at
affordable prices.
 The policy focuses on growth in agriculture production and on fixing the support price
for
procurement of wheat and rice, to maintain the stock.
Food Corporation of India (FCI) procures and stocks food grains, whereas
distribution is ensured by PDS.
Did You Know ?
India is the
largest waster

37. How are food grains procured? What are the disadvantages and advantages of
this
method?
FCI procures food grains from the farmers at the Minimum Support Price (MSP).
 The government used to provide subsidies on agricultural inputs like fertilisers,
water etc.
But these have now reached sustainable levels and have also led to
large scale inefficiencies in the use of these scarce inputs.
Excessive use of water and fertilisers have led to water logging, salinity and
depletion of micronutrients in the soil.
The high MSP subsidies in input and committed FCI purchases have
distorted the cropping pattern.
Wheat and paddy crops grown in Punjab and Haryana are for the MSP they get,
which has
created serious imbalance in inter-crop parities.
How are consumers divided? What are its drawbacks/disadvantages?
 Consumers re divided into: below poverty line(BPL) and above poverty line(APL).
However this categorisation is not perfect as a
number of deserving poor are excluded from BPL
category and some of the so called APL slip back to
BPL, because of the failure of one crop and it is
administratively difficult to accommodate such shifts.

38. How can we become self sufficient ?
Self sufficiency can be attained if government provides proper agricultural infrastructure,
credit linkage and also encourages the use of latest techniques.
Instead of concentrating only on wheat or rice, the food crop with a better growth
potential in that particular area mist be encouraged.
Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availability of electricity etc.
may also attract private investments in agriculture.
 The focus on increasing food grain production which should be on a sustainable basis
and also
free trade in grains will create massive employment and reduce poverty in rural areas.
What is the future of India’s food security?
Shift from cultivation of food crops to cultivation of fruits, vegetables, oil-seeds and
industrial crops. This has led to reduction of net sown area under cereals and pulses.
 Competition for land between non-agricultural uses and agriculture has reduced net
sown area
 Productivity of land is declining due to fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides.
Scarcity of water has led to reduction of area under irrigation whereas inefficient
water management has led to water logging and salinity

39. Cereals 2006-2007 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011
Rice 93.4 96.7 99.2 89.10 95.3
Wheat 75.8 78.6 80.7 80.80 85.9
Coarse 18.0 17.4 16.3 16.6 16.5
Pulses 14.2 14.8 14.6 14.70 18.1
Total 201.4 207.5 210.8 201.2 215.8
India : Food grains production ( million
tonnes)

40. Why has food grains production remained stagnant or fallen for five consecutive
years? ( From the above table)
The reasons are:
 Land degradation
 Reduced water storage in aquifers due to unsustainable pumping.
Inadequate storage and marketing facilities. Farmers have to pay high prices for
HYV seeds, fertilisers etc. but lack bargaining power to fix prices in their favour.
 Higher the supply, lower is the demand. This cause distress sale.
 Therefore, there can be no food security without security of small farmers.

41. In the 19th century when European traders came to India, Indian spices were exported to
different countries of the world and farmers were encouraged to grow these crops. Even
today it is one of the important export items from India.
During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and eventually cotton
was exported to Britain as a raw material for their textile industries. The Champaran
movement started in 1917 in Bihar because the farmers of that region were forced to
grow Indigo for British textile industries.
Under globalization, particularly after 1990, Indian farmers have been exposed to new
challenges. Despite India being an important producer of rice, cotton, rubber, tea, coffee,
jute and spices,
our agricultural products are not able to compete with developed countries due to their
highly subsidized agriculture in those countries.

42. To make agriculture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the
improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. . The green revolution
promised much. But it is being alleged that it has caused land degradation. The
keyword today is “gene revolution” which includes genetic engineering.
In fact organic farming is much in vogue today because it is
practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and
pesticides. Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative
manner.
Indian farmers have a bleak future if they continue growing food
grains on the holdings that grow smaller and smaller as the
population rises. Indian farmers should diversify their cropping
pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This will increase
incomes and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously
India’s diverse climate can be harnessed to grow a wide range of
high- value crops.
Did you know ?
Organic agriculture will
adapt to climate change
more quickly.