Hypercalcemia is elevated calcium levels in the blood. Normal calcium levels are 2.12-2.65 mmol/L. It is uncommon, affecting 4 in 100,000 people per year, and more common in females ages 50-60. Signs and symptoms include bone pain, kidney stones, constipation, fatigue, and renal failure. Causes include primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, certain drugs, and granulomatous diseases. Diagnosis involves blood and imaging tests. Treatment consists of IV fluids, correcting electrolyte imbalances, diuretics, treating the underlying cause, bisphosphonates, steroids, and calcitonin. Untreated severe hypercalcemia can lead to osteop

1. HYPERCALCAEMIA NURDALILA SAHIDAN 4th YEAR MEDICAL STUDENT